American painter
Douglas Volk
|
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Douglas_Volk.jpg/220px-Douglas_Volk.jpg) Volk in 1917
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Born
| Stephen Arnold Douglas Volk
(
1856-02-23
)
February 23, 1856
|
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Died
| February 7, 1935
(1935-02-07)
(aged 78)
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Alma mater
| Ecole des Beaux-Arts
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Occupation(s)
| Painter, muralist, educator
|
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Spouse
|
Marion Larrabee
(
m.
1881; died 1925)
|
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Children
| 4
|
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Parent(s)
| Emily Clarissa King (Barlow) Volk
Leonard Wells Volk
|
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Awards
| Beck Gold Medal
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Signature_of_Stephen_Arnold_Douglas_Volk_%281856%E2%80%931935%29.png/150px-Signature_of_Stephen_Arnold_Douglas_Volk_%281856%E2%80%931935%29.png) |
Stephen Arnold Douglas Volk
(February 23, 1856 ? February 7, 1935)
[1]
was an American portrait and figure painter, muralist, and educator. He taught at the
Cooper Union
, the
Art Students League of New York
, and was one of the founders of the
Minneapolis School of Fine Arts
. He and his wife Marion established a summer artist colony in western Maine.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
He was born in
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
,
[2]
to Emily Clarissa King (Barlow) Volk and the sculptor
Leonard Wells Volk
. He was named for his mother's maternal cousin,
Stephen A. Douglas
, the
Democratic Party
presidential nominee in 1860, who lost to
Republican
presidential nominee
Abraham Lincoln
. Congressman Lincoln posed for a bust by Leonard Volk in early 1860, and the sculptor made plaster casts of his face and hands. Four-year-old Douglas entertained the future president.
[3]
Volk spent his childhood in Chicago, but his family moved to Europe when he was fourteen. He began studying art in Rome, and attended the
Ecole des Beaux-Arts
in
Paris
(1873 to 1879), where he was a pupil of
Jean-Leon Gerome
.
[4]
At age nineteen, he exhibited at the
Paris Salon
of 1875.
[5]
Career
[
edit
]
The Second Minnesota Regiment at Missionary Ridge, c. 1906, Governor’s Reception Room at the
Minnesota State Capitol
Ye Maiden's Reverie
(1898),
Berkshire Museum
He returned to the United States, and was hired as an instructor at the
Cooper Union
in New York City, where he taught from 1879 to 1884 and from 1906 to 1912.
[4]
He helped to found the
Minneapolis School of Fine Arts
in 1886, and served as its director until 1893. He taught at the
Art Students League of New York
(1893 to 1898), the
National Academy of Design
(1910 to 1917), and intermittently at the
Society for Ethical Culture
.
[4]
He was also a working artist, noted for his figure and portrait paintings. He exhibited three works at the 1893
World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago, where the group won a medal, his first major award. One of the three, a "story picture" titled
The Puritan Maiden
, featured a young woman huddled against a tree in a bleak winter landscape. The footprints in the snow of her (unseen) lover lead away into the distance ? "
The snows must melt, the trees bud and roses bloom, ere he will come again.
"
[6]
It had been painted twelve years earlier, but became enormously popular at the Exposition and later through engraved copies.
Family members posed as models for a number of his most famous paintings.
Puritan Mother and Child
(1897), featured his wife in historical costume embracing their youngest son, and was part of the group that won a gold medal at the 1915
Panama-Pacific Exposition
in San Francisco. It is now in the collection of the
Carnegie Museum of Art
in Pittsburgh.
The Young Pioneer
(1899), a full-length portrait of his son Gerome in rustic costume holding a canoe paddle, won first prize at the 1899 Colonial Exhibition in Boston. It was bought for the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
in 1906,
[7]
but later deaccessioned.
The Boy with the Arrow
(1903), which featured his son seated on a rock with Kezar Lake in the distance, won the 1903 Carnegie Prize from the Society of American Artists, a silver medal at the 1904
Louisiana Purchase Exposition
in St. Louis, and the 1907 gold medal at the Carolina Art Association. It is now in the collection of the
Smithsonian American Art Museum
.
Critic Charles H. Caffin found Volk's historicist work formulaic but sincere:
Generally, he paints a bit of the pine forest, rude and solemn, and places in it a girl or boy; with such differences of motive as are suggested by the titles "Song of the Pines," "Thoughts of Youth," "The Woodland Maid." The figures are types of healthful beauty, with earnest faces and large eyes peering into the beyond. The spirit of the nation's past and of its best hopes for the future seem to be figured in these types. The sober dignity of the color schemes, warm browns, rich woodland greens and glimpses of brilliant blue, enforce the serene impressiveness of these pictures. One realizes that they are the outcome of a sincere and purposeful mind.
[8]
He was one of eight American artists commissioned by the National Art Committee to depict major figures from the Great War (
World War I
).
[9]
His three portraits –
King Albert I of Belgium
(1919), standing in uniform on a battlefield;
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
(1919?20), seated at his desk;
General John J. Pershing
(1920?21), standing in uniform with his horse's reins in his hand – were donated to the
National Portrait Gallery
. The first two were later transferred to the
Smithsonian American Art Museum
. An abandoned version of Volk's Pershing portrait showed the general standing beside the grave of an unknown soldier.
[10]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Marion, Portrait of the Artist's Daughter
(1914),
University of Rochester
The Boy with the Arrow
(
Portrait of the Artist's Son
) (1903),
Smithsonian American Art Museum
In 1881 Volk married artist Marion Larrabee (1859–1925). She became the first instructor at the
Minneapolis School of Fine Arts
.
[
citation needed
]
Together, they had four children:
- Leonard Volk (1882–1891), who died young.
- Wendell Volk (1884–1953), a printmaker and woodcarver who married Jessie J. McCoig (d. 2004), also an artist,
c.
1931
.
- Marion Volk (1888–1973), who married Ezra R. Bridge in 1913.
[11]
- Gerome Volk (1890–1959), who married Alice I. Masterton in 1939.
[12]
Volk retired to Maine following his wife's 1925 death. He died at
Fryeburg, Maine
on February 7, 1935.
[4]
Hewnoaks and Sabatos
[
edit
]
The Volks began spending their summers in
Center Lovell, Maine
in the 1890s, and in 1904 bought a farmhouse on 25 acres along the shore of Kezar Lake. They renovated the house and added to it, naming it "Hewnoaks," and eventually building four additional cottages and an artist's studio for Volk.
[13]
Numerous artists and craftspeople came to study with them over the years. Many of their friends in the
Arts and Crafts Movement
were houseguests, including artists
J. Alden Weir
,
Frank Benson
,
Childe Hassam
, and
William Merritt Chase
; architect
John Calvin Stevens
, interior designer John Scott Bradstreet, and Swedish-born woodcarver Karl A. von Rydingsvard.
[14]
Von Rydingsard carved frames for a number of Volk's paintings, and taught woodcarving to Wendell Volk.
[15]
By the turn of the century, Marion Larrabee Volk had begun using traditional
area looms
to weave textiles and rugs. Rather than cotton, she became known for handwoven
woolen
work. Her designs were based on motifs from Native American art, and she made her own dyes out of natural materials ?
apple
, yellow
oak
and
maple
tree bark;
goldenrod
,
barberry
,
St. John's wort
and
madder
root. In a communal effort with her children and local residents, she produced "Sabatos" rugs and textiles, named for a nearby mountain.
[16]
Wendell Volk created silkscreen prints for the wool designs, and printed a treatise on the Sabatos work on his hand presses. Sabatos textiles are visible in the background of Douglas Volk's 1914 portrait of his daughter Marion.
The Volk family held the large property for 100 years. Jessie McCoig Volk, Wendell's widow, was the last to live there. Following her death in 2004, the property was bequeathed to the
University of Maine
, and a portion of the family records went to the
Smithsonian Institution
. University officials arranged for an auction of much of the property's contents and family papers, including art and craftwork by the Volks, and art they had collected. In October 2006, the contents grossed more than $700,000 at auction, drawing especially high prices for two paintings by the illustrator
Howard Pyle
and photographs of Native Americans by the
Norwegian
Frederick Monsen
[
no
]
(1865?1929).
[13]
One item sold at the 2006 auction was Marion Larrabee Volk's first Sabatos rug.
[17]
It is now in the collection of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
.
[18]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Life-mask of Abraham Lincoln (1860), cast by Leonard Volk
1954 U.S. postage stamp, based on a portrait by Douglas Volk
His students included artists
Russell Cowles
, Benjamin Orso Eggleston, Susan Ricker Knox, Ada Murphy, Ella Bennett Sherman, Adele Rogers Shrenk, and Helen Maria Turner.
He painted at least nine posthumous portraits of Lincoln, basing them on the
plaster
life-mask
that his father had made in 1860.
[4]
One of them hangs in the
Lincoln Bedroom
at
The White House
. Another appeared on a U.S. postage stamp issued in the 1950s, and is now at the
National Gallery of Art
.
His intimate portraits of friends and acquaintances were among his most effective works.
[4]
These included educator
Felix Adler
(1914, Metropolitan Museum of Art), art dealer
William Macbeth
(1917, Brooklyn Museum), and New York governor
Alfred E. Smith
(1921, New York State Capitol). He was an advocate for teaching drawing and art to children, and published a monograph,
Art Instruction in the Public Schools
(1894).
[19]
In addition to the museums listed below, Volk's work can be found in the collections of the
Albright?Knox Art Gallery
, the
Montclair Art Museum
, the
Muskegon Museum of Art
, the
Portland Museum of Art
, and elsewhere.
[5]
The Hermitage Museum and Gardens in Norfolk, Virginia owns several of his paintings,
[20]
and its Tudor Revival building features extensive carving by his friend von Rydingsvard.
[21]
"Hewnoaks," Volk's property in Maine, has been preserved and operates as a summer artist colony.
[22]
Honors
[
edit
]
Dr. Felix Adler
(1914), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Volk was elected to the Society of American Artists in 1880. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1898, and became a full academician in 1899. The two organizations merged in 1906, and he served on the Academy's council from 1916 to 1919, and as its recording secretary from 1920 to 1926.
[23]
He was a member of the Architectural League of New York, the National Society of Portrait Painters, and the Society of Mural Painters.
[4]
- 1875 – Exhibited at Paris Salon –
In Brittany
.
- 1876 – Exhibited at
Centennial Exposition
, Philadelphia –
In Brittany
,
Vanity
.
- 1878 – Exhibited at Paris Salon –
Portrait of Miss T.
- 1889 – Exhibited at
Exposition Universelle
, Paris –
The Puritan Captives
,
After the Reception
.
- 1893 – Medal,
World's Columbian Exposition
, Chicago – Group:
Mending the Canoe
,
[24]
The Puritan Maiden
,
Portrait of Mrs. Lowry
.
- 1899 – Shaw Prize, Society of American Artists, New York City –
The Woodland Maid
.
- 1899 – 1st prize, Colonial Exhibition, Boston –
A Colonial Youth
(
The Young Pioneer
).
- 1901 – Silver medal,
Pan-American Exposition
, Buffalo – Group:
The Woodland Maid
,
Song of the Pines
,
The Maiden's Reverie
,
Thoughts of Youth
.
[25]
- 1903 – Carnegie Prize, Society of American Artists, New York City –
The Boy with the Arrow
.
- 1904 – Silver medal,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition
, St. Louis –
The Leetle Canadienne
(
The Boy with the Arrow
).
- 1907 – Gold medal,
Carolina Art Association
, Charleston –
The Boy with the Arrow
.
- 1910 – Proctor Portrait Prize, National Academy of Design, New York City –
Marion of Hewnoaks
.
- 1910 – Saltus Gold Medal, National Academy of Design, New York City –
The Little Sister
(
Little Marion
).
- 1915 – Isaac N. Maynard Prize, National Academy of Design, New York City –
Dr. Felix Adler
.
- 1915 – Gold medal,
Panama-Pacific Exposition
, San Francisco – Group:
Marion of Hewnoaks
,
Maid of the Manor
,
Mother and Child
.
- 1915 – Gold medal, National Arts Club, New York City –
Among the Lilies
.
- 1916 –
Beck Gold Medal
,
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
, Philadelphia –
Dr. Felix Adler
.
- 1921 – Cross of the
Order of Leopold II
. Presented by King
Albert I of Belgium
.
Selected works
[
edit
]
Paintings
[
edit
]
- In Brittany
(1875). Exhibited at the 1875 Paris Salon, and the 1876
Centennial Exposition
in Philadelphia.
- Domestic Life in Normandy
(1878)
- In the Studio: Portrait of Miss H.
(1880),
Joslyn Art Museum
, Omaha, Nebraska.
[26]
- The Puritan Maiden
(1881).
[27]
Part of the group that won a medal at the 1893
World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago.
- Accused of Witchcraft
(1884). Deaccessioned from
Corcoran Museum of Art
, c. 1951.
[28]
- After the Reception
(1887),
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
.
[29]
Exhibited at the 1889
Exposition Universelle
in Paris.
- Portrait of John Scott Bradstreet
(c. 1890),
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
.
[30]
- Little Marion
(
The Little Sister
) (c. 1895),
National Academy Museum
, New York City.
[31]
[32]
Winner of the 1910 Saltus Gold Medal from the National Academy of Design.
- Puritan Mother and Child
(1897),
Carnegie Museum of Art
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
[33]
[34]
Part of the group that won a gold medal at the 1915
Panama-Pacific Exposition
in San Francisco (as
Mother and Child
).
- Ye Maiden's Reverie
(1898),
Berkshire Museum
, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Part of the group than won a silver medal at the 1901
Pan-American Exposition
in Buffalo.
- The Young Pioneer
(
A Colonial Youth
) (1899).
[35]
Winner of the gold medal at the 1899 Colonial Exhibition in Boston. Ex-collection:
Metropolitan Museum of Art
, George A. Heard Fund purchase, 1906.
[36]
- A Woodland Maid
(1899),
High Museum of Art
, Atlanta, Georgia.
[37]
[38]
Winner of the 1899 Shaw Prize from the Society of American Artists, and part of the group that won a silver medal at the 1901
Pan-American Exposition
in Buffalo.
- The Boy with the Arrow
(
Portrait of the Artist's Son
) (1903),
Smithsonian American Art Museum
.
[39]
Winner of the 1903 Carnegie Prize from the Society of American Artists,
[2]
a silver medal at the 1904
Louisiana Purchase Exposition
(as
The Leetle Canadienne
), and the 1907 gold medal at the Carolina Art Association.
- Colonial Belle
(
A Belle of the Colonies
) (1904).
[40]
- Ave Maria, Mary, Blessed Virgin
(1907),
Berkshire Museum
, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Its carved frame is attributed to Karl A. von Rydingsvard.
[41]
- Abraham Lincoln
(1908, reworked 1917),
National Gallery of Art
, Washington, D.C.
[42]
- Marion, Portrait of the Artist's Daughter
(
Mrs. Ezra R. Bridge
) (1914), Memorial Art Museum,
University of Rochester
.
[43]
- Portrait of
Dr. Felix Adler
(1914),
Metropolitan Museum of Art
, New York City.
[44]
Winner of the 1915 Maynard Prize from the National Academy of Design, and the 1916
Beck Gold Medal
from the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
.
- Portrait of William Macbeth
(1917),
Brooklyn Museum
.
- Portrait of Governor
Alfred E. Smith
(1921),
New York State Capitol
, Albany.
- Portrait of John Cotton Dana
(1923),
Newark Museum
, Newark, New Jersey.
[45]
- Self-Portrait
(1923), National Academy of Design, New York City.
[46]
[47]
- Portrait of Frank L. Babbott
(1925),
Brooklyn Museum
.
[48]
- Portrait of Major-General John G. Foster
(1930),
United States Military Academy
Museum, West Point, New York.
[49]
- Portrait of Major-General Gordon Granger
(1931), United States Military Academy Museum, West Point, New York.
[50]
- Lincoln, the Ever-Sympathetic
(1931),
Lincoln Bedroom
,
The White House
.
Great War portraits
[
edit
]
Murals
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
-
Accused of Witchcraft
(1884). Deaccessioned from
Corcoran Museum of Art
.
-
-
Father Hennepin Discovering the Falls of St. Anthony
(1905),
Minnesota Historical Society
-
Ave Maria
(1907),
Berkshire Museum
-
The Fur Trading Period of Des Moines
, (1912), Polk County Courthouse, Des Moines, Iowa
-
William Macbeth
(1917),
Brooklyn Museum
-
They Shall Not Perish
(1918), World War I poster.
-
Prime Minister David Lloyd George
(1919?20),
Smithsonian American Art Museum
-
Governor Alfred E. Smith
(1921),
New York State Capitol
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Stephen A. Douglas Volk and Leonard Wells Volk"
, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 4 April 2011
- ^
a
b
Gilman, D. C.
; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
"Volk, Douglas"
.
New International Encyclopedia
(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^
"The Boy who painted Lincoln,"
Schenectady Gazette
, March 3, 1913.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Burke, Doreen Bolger (1980).
American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Catalogue of Works
. New York City: Press of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 287.
ISBN
9780870992445
.
- ^
a
b
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
"Volk, Douglas"
.
Encyclopedia Americana
.
- ^
A Puritan Maid
,
National Academy Notes
, vol. 1, p. 21.
- ^
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Report of the Trustees
, (New York: Smith, Elder & Company, 1907), p. 54.
- ^
"Pictures by Douglas Volk"
,
The Artist
, vol. 30, no. 1 (January 1901), p. xx.
- ^
"Exhibition of war portraits : signing of the Peace treaty, 1919, and portraits of distinguished leaders of America and of the allied nations painted by eminent American artists for presentation to the National portrait gallery"
. New York : National Art Committee. July 6, 1921
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
General Pershing (abandoned version)
, From Live Auctioneers. The subject is sometimes misidentified as General Patton.
- ^
Ezra R. Bridge
, from FamilySearch.
- ^
Marriage record of Gerome D. Volk and Alice I. Masterson
, from Maine Genealogy.
- ^
a
b
Mark Sisco, "Treasures from Hewnoaks"
Archived
July 26, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
,
Maine Antiques Digest
, October 2006, accessed 4 April 2011
- ^
"Rydingsvard Divorce Case"
,
The New York Times
, p. 3, September 30, 1897, accessed June 1, 2022.
- ^
"Karl von Rydingsgard"
,
Art & Decoration
, Vol. 5, Artspur Publications, 1914, p. 199.
- ^
"Art Notes"
,
The New York Times
, p. 9, March 7, 1902, accessed June 1, 2022.
- ^
Robert Edwards,
"Sabatos rugs and printed textiles,"
from American Decorative Art.
- ^
Sabatos Rug
, from Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^
Douglas Volk,
"Art Instruction in the Public Schools" (part 2)
,
The Art Interchange
vol. 35, no. 1 (July 1895), pp. 4-5.
- ^
"SIRIS - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Hermitage Museum, box window carved by von Rydingsvard"
. Archived from
the original
on April 2, 2015
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Hewnoaks"
.
hewnoaks.org
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
Stephen Arnold Douglas Volk
Archived
April 2, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, from National Academy of Design.
- ^
"Mending the Canoe"
. Archived from
the original
on April 2, 2015
. Retrieved
March 18,
2015
.
- ^
"Brush and Pencil: An Illustrated Magazine of the Arts of Today"
. Phillips. July 6, 1902
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Portrait of Miss H."
Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
A Puritan Maid
, from LiveAuctioneers.
- ^
"Accused of Witchcraft, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
After the Reception
, from Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
- ^
Portrait of John Scott Bradstreet
, from Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
- ^
Little Marion
Archived
April 2, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, from National Academy Museum.
- ^
"Little Marion, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"The Burr McIntosh Monthly"
. Burr McIntosh Publishing Company. July 6, 1908
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Puritan Mother and Child, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
Young Pioneer
, from
School Arts Magazine
, vol. 13 (May 1914), pp. 668-71.
- ^
Academy, Buffalo Fine Arts (July 6, 1907).
"Academy Notes"
. Buffalo fine arts academy, Albright art gallery
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
– via Google Books.
- ^
Boston, Curtis & Cameron (July 6, 1907).
"The Copley Prints: Reproductions of Notable Paintings Publicly & Privately Owned in America; Also of the Mural Decorations in the New Library of Congress, the Boston Public Library & Other Public Buildings"
. Curtis & Cameron
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Woodland Nymph, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"The Boy with the Arrow, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Colonial Belle, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Ave Maria"
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
Abraham Lincoln
, from National Gallery of Art.
- ^
"The Artist's Daughter, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
Felix Adler
, from Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^
"John Cotton Dana (1856-1929), (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Self-Portrait"
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Stephen Arnold Douglas Volk (a Self-Portrait), (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Frank L. Babbott, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Maj. Gen. John G. Foster (1823-1874), (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger (1822-1876), (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Albert, King of the Belgians, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Lloyd George, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"John Joseph Pershing (1860-1948), (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Father Hennepin Discovering the Falls of St. Anthony, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
Second Minnesota Regiment at the Battle of Mission Ridge.
- ^
"Second Minnesota Regiment at the Battle of Mission Ridge, (painting)"
.
siris-artinventories.si.edu
. Retrieved
July 6,
2023
.
- ^
The Fur-Trading Period of Des Moines
,
Yearbook of the Architectural League of New York
(1914).
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Douglas Volk
at Wikimedia Commons
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