American biologist
Donald Kennedy
|
---|
|
|
|
In office
August 1, 1980 ? September 1, 1992
|
Preceded by
| Richard Wall Lyman
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Gerhard Casper
|
---|
|
In office
1979?1980
|
Preceded by
| Gerald J. Lieberman
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Albert M. Hastorf
|
---|
|
In office
April 4, 1977 ? June 30, 1979
|
President
| Jimmy Carter
|
---|
Preceded by
| Alexander M. Schmidt
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jere E. Goyan
|
---|
|
|
Born
| (
1931-08-18
)
August 18, 1931
New York City
,
New York
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| April 21, 2020
(2020-04-21)
(aged 88)
Redwood City, California
, U.S.
|
---|
Spouses
|
Robin Hamill
(
m.
1987)
|
---|
Children
| 4
|
---|
Education
| Harvard University
(
AB
,
MS
,
PhD
)
|
---|
Profession
| Professor, journalist, scientist
|
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|
Donald Kennedy
(August 18, 1931 ? April 21, 2020) was an American scientist, public administrator, and academic. He served as
Commissioner
of the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration
(1977?1979), President of
Stanford University
(1980?1992), and Editor-in-Chief of
Science
(2000?2008). Following this, he was named president emeritus of Stanford University; Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, emeritus; and senior fellow of the
Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Donald Kennedy was born on August 18, 1931, in
New York City
, the son of Barbara Bean and William Dorsey Kennedy.
[1]
He attended
Dublin School
through high school
and went on to attend
Harvard University
, where he received an
A.B.
degree in 1952, an
M.S.
degree in 1954, and a
Ph.D.
in 1956, all in
Biology
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
His doctoral dissertation was titled
Studies on the Frog
Electroretinogram
.
[6]
Career
[
edit
]
Teacher
[
edit
]
From 1956 to 1960, Kennedy taught biology at
Syracuse University
, receiving tenure by 1960.
[7]
[8]
His research included the patterns of neural action in crayfish, demonstrating some of the connection principles among nerve cells that impose the sequences underlying a behavioral event. Kennedy showed that some single neurons, which he termed "command" neurons, could produce a complex, fixed-action pattern of locomotory behavior.
[9]
Arriving at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1960, Kennedy was granted
tenure
in 1962.
[10]
In 1967 he was appointed chairman of the Department of Biology in the School of Humanities and Sciences.
[11]
He was one of the founding faculty in the Program in Human Biology. Kennedy served ten years on the board of directors of the
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
,
[12]
where he served as director from 1973 to 1977.
[4]
[5]
FDA Commissioner
[
edit
]
For 26 months he served as Commissioner of the United States
Food and Drug Administration
during the
Carter Administration
, appointed by the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
,
Joseph Califano
, in April 1977. In the next two-plus years Kennedy and the FDA dealt with issues such as the fallout from the attempt to ban
saccharin
, and the risks of
antibiotic resistance in humans
from agricultural antibiotic use
[13]
[14]
and worked on provisions of the proposed Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978.
[5]
Stanford presidency
[
edit
]
After stepping down from the FDA in June 1979, Kennedy returned to Stanford, where he served as provost.
[5]
In 1980 he became president of Stanford University and served in that position until 1992.
[4]
While president, he inaugurated overseas campuses in Kyoto, Japan, and Oxford, England, the Institute for International Studies,
[15]
the Stanford Center for the Humanities,
[16]
the Haas Public Service Center, and the Stanford-in-Washington campus. One of his focuses was on improving the quality of undergraduate education.
[17]
In the mid-1980s, he led a $1.1 billion fundraising effort to improve the facilities of the university,
[18]
and the total raised was $1.2 billion.
[12]
In 1990 Kennedy hosted
Mikhail Gorbachev
on an international visit to Stanford.
[17]
In 1990 he received the
American Academy of Achievement’s
Golden Plate Award at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois.
[19]
Over his tenure, Kennedy fostered the growth of the university's endowment to $2 billion, which was the fifth-largest in the United States.
[20]
He also led Stanford to divest all investments in
South Africa
during
apartheid
after student protests,
[21]
and changed the "Western Culture" credit requirements to "Cultures, Ideas, and Values" in an attempt to encompass non-Western cultures.
[22]
Kennedy resigned in 1992 following congressional hearings over whether the university improperly billed the government for research expense as part of the Stanford Indirect Costs Controversy,
[23]
[24]
[25]
which included billing for widening his bed and for the purchase of antiques for his home.
[26]
The issue was settled out of court, and led to no charges.
[27]
According to
The New York Times
, "Stanford University and the Navy ... settled [the] fraud case involving research expenses, with the university repaying a small fraction of the Navy's original claim and the Navy saying that an investigation had found no wrongdoing by the university." Following his presidency, Kennedy wrote a memoir entitled
A Place in the Sun: A Memoir
.
Later career
[
edit
]
He remained at Stanford after resigning from the presidency. In 1997 Kennedy published the book
Academic Duty
, which advocated for university professors to pay more attention to the teaching part of their duties, and to make an effort to connect their research with the wider public.
[29]
From 2000 until 2008, he was editor-in-chief of
Science
,
[30]
[4]
the weekly published by the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
. In 2010, he received
Wonderfest
's
Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization
.
[31]
Kennedy was a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
, the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, the
American Philosophical Society
, and the
California Academy of Sciences
.
[32]
[33]
According to his Stanford biography, Kennedy's research interests related to "policy on such trans-boundary environmental problems as: major land-use changes; economically-driven alterations in agricultural practice; global climate change; beyond coal; and alternative energy sources".
[4]
He was president emeritus of Stanford University, Bing Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, and emeritus and senior fellow of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies by courtesy.
[34]
Personal life and death
[
edit
]
Kennedy's first marriage, to Jeanne Dewey, ended in divorce. In 1987, Kennedy married Robin Hamill.
[35]
Kennedy had two children from his first marriage and two stepchildren with Hamill.
Kennedy had a
stroke
in 2015 and in 2018 moved to Gordon Manor, a residential care home in
Redwood City, California
. He died there from
COVID-19
on April 21, 2020, at age 88, during the
COVID-19 pandemic in California
.
[16]
[37]
[38]
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Ehrlich, Paul R.
;
Sagan, Carl
; Kennedy, Donald;
Roberts, Walter Orr
(1984).
The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War
. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
ISBN
0283991461
.
OCLC
848880075
.
- Kennedy, Donald (1997).
Academic Duty
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
ISBN
0674002229
.
OCLC
476342946
.
- Kennedy, Donald (1998).
The Last of Your Springs
. Stanford, California: Stanford Historical Society.
ISBN
9780966424904
.
OCLC
39074223
.
- Kennedy, Donald (2017).
A Place in the Sun: A Memoir
. Stanford, California: Stanford University Libraries.
ISBN
9780911221619
.
OCLC
988256135
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Kennedy chronology"
.
news.stanford.edu
. Stanford University. July 29, 1991. Archived from
the original
on July 29, 2010
. Retrieved
September 10,
2011
.
- ^
News Release: Kennedy chronology
Archived
May 19, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
- news website of Stanford University
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Donald Kennedy, PhD"
.
FSI Stanford Media Guide
. Stanford University. Archived from
the original
on December 15, 2012
. Retrieved
January 28,
2010
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Donald Kennedy, Ph.D."
US Food and Drug Administration
. Retrieved
January 28,
2010
.
- ^
Kennedy, Donald (1956).
Studies on the frog electroretinogram
(PhD). Harvard University
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
– via lib.harvard.edu.
- ^
Brodie, Harlow Keith Hammond; Banner, Leslie (June 30, 2019).
The Research University Presidency in the Late Twentieth Century: A Life Cycle/case History Approach
. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 139.
ISBN
9780275985608
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Donald Kennedy, Former Syracuse University Professor and Stanford University President, Passes of COVID-19"
.
SU News
. April 24, 2020
. Retrieved
April 28,
2020
.
- ^
Zucker, Robert S. (1972).
"Crayfish Escape Behavior and Central Synapses. I. Neural Circuit Exciting Lateral Giant Fiber"
(PDF)
.
Journal of Neurophysiology
.
35
(5): 599?620.
doi
:
10.1152/jn.1972.35.5.599
.
PMID
5054506
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
– via mcb.berkeley.edu.
- ^
"Donald Kennedy, Ph.D."
US Food and Drug Administration. February 9, 2019
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
Johnson, Howard Wesley (August 24, 2001).
Holding the Center: Memoirs of a Life in Higher Education
. MIT Press.
ISBN
9780262600446
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
– via Google Books.
- ^
a
b
Brodie, Harlow Keith Hammond; Banner, Leslie (June 30, 2019).
The Research University Presidency in the Late Twentieth Century: A Life Cycle/case History Approach
. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 140.
ISBN
9780275985608
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
– via Google Books.
- ^
"The Trouble with Antibiotics"
.
FRONTLINE
.
- ^
"Inside an Early Attempt to Restrict Antibiotic Use on Farms"
.
FRONTLINE
.
- ^
"Stanford President Kennedy to step down next year"
.
news.Stanford.edu
. Archived from
the original
on October 15, 2019
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Ingram, Julia; Malenko, Anastasia (April 21, 2020).
"Former Stanford President Donald Kennedy dies of COVID-19"
.
The Stanford Daily
.
- ^
a
b
Gross, Jane (July 30, 1991).
"Stanford Chief Quits Amid Furor on Use Of Federal Money"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
"Buddy, can you spare a billion?"
.
New Scientist
. Reed Business Information. February 19, 1987. pp. 56?57
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
.
www.achievement.org
.
American Academy of Achievement
.
- ^
Richards, Evelyn (July 31, 1991).
"Stanford Sees End Of Era In Kennedy Resignation"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
.
- ^
Drugmand, Dana.
"Stanford's Coal Divestment: Meet 2 Students?And 1 President?Who Made It Happen"
.
yesmagazine.org
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
"Bennett Assails New Stanford Program"
.
The Washington Post
. April 19, 1988
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
.
- ^
"Stanford President, Beset by Controversies, Will Quit"
.
Los Angeles Times
. July 30, 1991.
- ^
Mervis, Jeffrey (August 18, 1991).
"Kennedy Resigns As Indirect Costs Controversy Mounts"
.
The Scientist
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
.
- ^
Maher, Brent D. (February 2019).
"Technically Allowed: Federal Scrutiny of Stanford University's Indirect Cost Expenditures and the Changing Context for Research Universities in the Post-Cold War Era"
.
History of Education Quarterly
.
59
(1): 97?127.
doi
:
10.1017/heq.2018.52
.
ISSN
0018-2680
.
S2CID
150907486
.
- ^
Shao, Maria (March 10, 1991).
"The Cracks In Stanford's Ivory Tower"
.
Bloomberg
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
.
- ^
"Stanford, government agree to settle dispute over research costs"
. Stanford University. Archived from
the original
on June 20, 2019
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
"Academic Duty"
.
Emory Report
. Emory University.
Archived
from the original on February 23, 2001
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
Mervis, Jeffrey (April 23, 2020).
"Donald Kennedy, who led Science through turbulent times, dies at 88"
.
Science
. AAAS.
doi
:
10.1126/science.abc4229
. Retrieved
May 25,
2020
.
- ^
"Sagan Prize Recipients"
.
Wonderfest.org
. 2011
. Retrieved
September 10,
2011
.
- ^
"Donald Kennedy"
.
IslandPress.org
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
.
- ^
Feiwel, George R. (January 1, 2016).
Arrow and the Foundations of the Theory of Economic Policy
. Springer.
ISBN
9781349073573
. Retrieved
June 30,
2019
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Donald Kennedy, Emeritus"
.
stanford.edu
. Stanford University
. Retrieved
April 22,
2020
.
- ^
Anderson, Nick (April 24, 2020).
"Donald Kennedy, who led Stanford to rising national influence, dies of coronavirus at 88"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
May 18,
2020
.
- ^
Sullivan, Kathleen J. (April 21, 2020).
"Donald Kennedy, Stanford's eighth president, dead at 88"
. Stanford University.
Archived
from the original on April 23, 2020
. Retrieved
April 21,
2020
.
- ^
"Former Stanford President Donald Kennedy dies at 88 of COVID-19"
.
Palo Alto Weekly
. April 21, 2020.
Archived
from the original on April 23, 2020
. Retrieved
April 21,
2020
.
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