Scottish Jacobite and hereditary chief
Donald Cameron of Lochiel
(
c.
1695
? 26 October 1748), popularly known as the
Gentle Lochiel
,
[4]
was a Scottish
Jacobite
, soldier and
hereditary chief
of
Clan Cameron
, traditionally loyal to the exiled
House of Stuart
. His support for
Charles Edward Stuart
proved pivotal in the early stages of the
1745 Rising
. Lochiel was among the Highlanders defeated at the
Battle of Culloden
, and thereafter went into hiding before eventually fleeing to France.
Born into a
Non-juring
Episcopalian
and staunchly Jacobite family, his father was permanently exiled after the
1715 Rising
and when his grandfather
Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel
died in 1719, Donald assumed his duties as
Chief
(
Scottish Gaelic
:
Loch Iall, Mac Dhomhnaill Dubh
) of
Clan Cameron
(
Scottish Gaelic
:
Clann Camshron
). The Clan held a strategic importance out of proportion to numbers due to the compact nature of their lands and ability to act as a cohesive unit; in contrast, many of their rivals were scattered across different areas and riven by internal feuds. Despite considerable misgivings in launching the rebellion, Lochiel and his clan played an important role in the course of the rising, being among the most prominent of the Highland chiefs and commanding a regiment which was widely regarded as being the most elite and reliable component of the Jacobite army.
Defeated and wounded at Culloden, Lochiel was forced into hiding in company with Prince Charles and other senior Jacobites. Upon escaping to France in late 1746, he was appointed Colonel of the Regiment d'Albanie, the
Scottish Guards
of the
French Royal Army
, and made a member of the
Order of Saint Michael
by
Louis XV
. He was to command his regiment during the
War of the Austrian Succession
, but died at
Bergues
, French Flanders on 23 October 1748.
Early life
[
edit
]
Donald Cameron was born circa 1695, although some sources record 1700,
[4]
[a]
the eldest son of
John Cameron of Lochiel
(1663?1747), a committed Jacobite who participated in the
1708 attempt
, the
1715
and
1719 Risings
, and was made a
Lord of Parliament
in
Jacobite peerage
.
As a result, his father spent the rest of his life in exile and when his grandfather
Sir Ewen Cameron
died in 1719, Donald became acting clan chief and was thereafter known as Lochiel.
Donald Cameron's mother, Lady Isobel
Campbell of Lochnell
, came from a mainly Jacobite
cadet branch
of
Clan Campbell
. She was the younger sister of
Sir Donald Campbell of Lochnell
, who commanded one of the
Independent Highland Companies
in the service of the
Whig
-
single party state
in the 1745 rising,
[4]
only to become important to
Scottish Gaelic literature
after it ended. Sir Donald was listed in Scottish Gaelic
national poet
Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
's 1751 anti-Whig and anti-Campbell satire poem
An Airc
("The Ark") as an honourable man who was to be welcomed aboard the
new Ark
as a true Jacobite at heart, during the second
Great Flood
prophesied to imminently strike all upon Clan Campbell's lands.
[6]
Lochiel's brothers included John Cameron of Fassiefern (1698?1785),
Alexander Cameron
(1701?1746),
Archibald Cameron
(1707?1753),
and
Colony of Jamaica
Sugar Planter
Ewan Cameron.
After converting to
Roman Catholicism
from the
Non-Juring
Scottish Episcopal Church
, Fr.
Alexander Cameron
became a
Jesuit priest
, a clandestine missionary in
Lochaber
and
Strathglass
for the illegal and underground
Catholic Church in Scotland
, and a
Jacobite Army
military chaplain
to the Clan Cameron Regiment.
He was captured soon after the
Battle of Culloden
and died of the hardships of his imprisonment aboard a
prison hulk
while awaiting trial. Fr. Cameron is currently being advanced by the
Knights of St Columba
for possible
Canonization
as a Saint and a
Martyr
by the
Roman Catholic Church
.
Dr. Archibald Cameron was a physician who escaped with Lochiel in 1746, but was arrested when he returned to Scotland in 1753 and became the last Jacobite executed for
high treason
at
Tyburn
in June.
In 1729, Lochiel married Anne Campbell (1707?1761), who like his mother came from a Jacobite branch of the
Campbell clan
.
[10]
Anne was the daughter of
Sir James Campbell, 5th Baronet
, a prominent Argyll
laird
and
Chief
of
Clan Campbell of Auchinbreck
; her hand in marriage compelled Lochiel to install extensive gardens and extensions upon the property at Achnacarry Castle.
They had three sons and four daughters.
He visited his exiled father in Paris and in his youth was undoubtedly instilled with
Jacobitism
by his father and others.
In 1729, Lochiel became the main Jacobite agent in the Highlands for
Prince James Francis Edward Stuart
; who was termed "the Old Pretender" by Whig partisans, and "The King over the Water" by the Jacobites. Meanwhile,
Murray of Broughton
had the same role in the Lowlands.
Career
[
edit
]
Pre-1745
[
edit
]
In the decades following the failed 1719 Rising,
Highland
society and economy became more integrated with the outside world but remained one of the poorest areas of Europe.
Poverty was particularly marked in the
Western Isles
and
Lochaber
, made worse by fines imposed after the 1715 Rising; this led to abuses such as the secret and illegal sale of clan members into
human trafficking
and
indentured servitude
by
MacDonald of Sleat
and
Norman MacLeod
.
[14]
Highland chiefs traditionally assigned the estate management of clan territory to
tacksmen
, generally relatives, who both trained and led local clansmen during military service in addition to their rent collecting duties. However, the military aspects of clan system had been in decline for many years, the last significant inter-clan battle being
Maol Ruadh
in August 1688 which meant paying for a capacity that was rarely used.
In 1737, the
Duke of Argyll
abolished the tacksman role, instead renting clan lands to the highest bidder.
[16]
Lochiel allegedly wished to do the same but was prevented from doing so by exiled Stuart
heir presumptive
Prince James Francis Edward Stuart
, whose chances of retaking the throne still depended upon Lochiel's military capability.
One lesson learned by the Whig-controlled central government after the failed
1719 Rising
was the high risk of continued reliance on
Scottish clan chiefs
to police the Highlands. To offset this, between 1725 and 1738,
George Wade
built a network of
military roads
, connecting garrisons at
Fort Augustus
,
Ruthven Barracks
and
Fort William
, first built by
Cromwell
in 1654 to control Cameron lands in Lochaber.
[17]
These reduced the power of Jacobite chiefs like Lochiel, Glengarry, Clanranald,
Keppoch
and
Appin
; combined with their dire financial position, by 1743 they were reportedly faced with "selling their land or conforming."
Largely dormant since 1719, the prospects for a Stuart restoration revived in 1740 when the
War of the Austrian Succession
again pitted Britain against King
Louis XV
of France, who sought ways to divert as much of the
British Army
as possible from the key battlefield in Flanders. Lochiel and six colleagues, including his father-in-law Sir James Campbell, formed an association committing to a
regime change
war aimed at a Stuart restoration, but only with French military backing.
[19]
In late 1743,
Louis XV
proposed a landing in England to restore the Stuarts;
Prince Charles
travelled to
Dunkirk
to join the invasion force but the plan was abandoned in March 1744 after the French fleet was severely damaged by winter storms.
Prince Charles suggested an alternative landing in Scotland; in August, he met Jacobite agent
Murray of Broughton
in
Paris
, telling him he was "determined to come ...though with a single footman".
The 1745 Rising
[
edit
]
After Murray shared this with the Jacobite Buck Club, Lochiel and others signed a declaration urging Charles not to do so, unless he brought 6,000 French troops, money and weapons.
When Charles landed on
Eriskay
in July, Lochiel refused to meet him but was eventually persuaded, although his brother John Cameron of Fassefern warned emotion would prevail over his judgement. This proved correct and Lochiel's commitment persuaded others, including his cousin
Ewen MacPherson of Cluny
, who deserted from
Loudon's Highlanders
before
Prestonpans
. The process took over three weeks and Lochiel finally did so only when Charles gave him a personal guarantee for "the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," and Glengarry provided a written undertaking to raise the Macdonalds.
Lochiel's decision was not a surprise to John Cameron or
Duncan Forbes
, senior government legal officer in Scotland. This suggests it was largely emotional, although his own account claims he did so 'after fruitless attempts to persuade [Charles] to go back where he came from.'
It is often claimed the government forced him into it by ordering his arrest but there is little evidence this was a factor; warrants for Lochiel, Glengarry, Clanranald and others were issued in late June, a month before Charles landed and not executed. The reluctance of the Jacobite chiefs to participate was well-known and preventive detention a commonly used means for providing sympathisers an excuse not to do so.
[25]
The ability of clan chiefs to quickly mobilise large numbers of men derived from 'regalian rights' giving them wide-ranging powers over their clansmen and Lochiel demanded that his clansmen take up arms. Those who would not were
flogged
or threatened with eviction, both of which were supervised by Dr. Archibald Cameron and which was allegedly a factor in his later betrayal by fellow Cameron clansmen when he returned to Scotland in March 1753.
The Rebellion was launched at
Glenfinnan
on 19 August; the initial Jacobite force consisted of 900 to 1,100 men, mostly Camerons and MacDonalds, including Lochiel's nephew, Donald MacDonald of Kinlochmoidart (1705?1746). While Lochiel had no military experience, he proved a competent regimental commander and the Camerons one of the more reliable Jacobite units. His initiative was credited for the bloodless capture of
Edinburgh
in September, while the Camerons also fought at
Prestonpans
, a battle lasting less than 15 minutes. It was notable for a furious argument between Charles and
Lord George Murray
, the senior Scottish commander, whose fractured relationship became increasingly evident as the campaign progressed.
Prestonpans surprised both the government and Jacobites, who spent the next six weeks debating next steps. For the many dispossessed and exiled members of both the
Gaelic nobility of Ireland
and Ireland's former
Old English
gentry who also fought alongside the Jacobite Army, only the
House of Stuart
's restoration could achieve
Catholic Emancipation
, the
Attainder
of the
nouveau riche
Anglo-Irish
landlords, and the
fully devolved government
of Ireland promised in 1689 by King
James II & VII
.
For Highland Scots Jacobites, the motivations were very similar; putting a permanent end to the Whig policies of
coercive
Anglicisation
enforced by
corporal punishment
in the schools, the
religious persecution
of Scottish Catholics and Episcopalians, and, in particular, the Whig Party's
1707 abolition
of the
Parliament of Scotland
in favor of
centralizing government power
in London. For this reason,
Scottish Gaelic
literary scholar
John Lorne Campbell
has written in his groundbreaking volume
Highland Songs of the Forty-Five
, "the Rising of 1745 was the natural reaction of the Jacobite clans and their sympathisers in the Highlands against what had been, since the
coming
of
William of Orange
in 1690, a calculated
genocidal
campaign against the
religion of many
and the
language of all
Highlanders."
[28]
Lochiel's nickname 'Gentle' came from his insistence that no reprisals be taken against known Whigs after the capture of Edinburgh, a wise approach for anyone seeking to win hearts and minds while fighting for
regime change
. But similarly to other Highland clan chiefs, Lochiel had very little interest in invading England and was increasingly unconvinced by Prince Charles' promises.
Strategy was determined by the War Council, dominated by the West Highland chiefs who provided the bulk of the Jacobite Army, including Lochiel, Keppoch, Young Clanranald, Glengarry and Stewart of Appin.
They agreed to invade England on 31 October but only with great reluctance and only with the condition that Charles' claims to have received assurances of both English and French support were forthcoming.
The failure of these to materialise led to a majority of the Council voting, ironically at the same time when
King George II
was about to flee back to his native
Hanover
, to retreat back to Scotland from
Derby
; but the real damage was the admission by Charles that he had been
bluffing
at Edinburgh. Lochiel remained silent out of deference to the Prince during the meeting but was among the overwhelming majority who approved the decision to retreat.
The army crossed back into Scotland, entering
Hamilton
on 23 December; an anonymous resident later described the Camerons, Macphersons and MacDonalds as 'an undisciplined, ungovernable army of Highland robbers, who took no notice of their commanders.'
On 8 January, the Jacobites
besieged Stirling
and defeated an attempt by
Henry Hawley
to relieve the garrison at
Falkirk
on 17 January. Despite this, on 1 February they abandoned Stirling and retreated north to
Inverness
, while Lochiel took his regiment to invest Fort William, still held by government troops, at the southern end of the Great Glen. They abandoned the siege to rejoin the main army in time for the
Battle of Culloden
on 16 April; the Camerons suffered heavy losses attacking the government left, while Lochiel was severely wounded and carried off the field.
The defeat and
no quarter
given to the Jacobite Army ended the rising; Lochiel later alleged that the
Duke of Cumberland
offered him and his clansmen terms if they handed in their weapons and surrendered, but, knowing the Duke's duplicity, he rejected them.
In late May, he, Lord George Murray,
Murray of Broughton
,
John Roy Stewart
and others met near
Loch Morar
to discuss options but there was little enthusiasm for continuing the fight. Lochiel, Archibald Cameron and Prince Charles were sheltered by Ewan MacPherson of Cluny until they were picked up by a French ship in September.
Later life
[
edit
]
Exile in France
[
edit
]
Prior to 1743, few viewed the Stuarts as a useful tool and even those who did saw little value in restoring them to the British throne.
[b]
By 1747, they had become an obstacle to
peace negotiations
and the French ignored appeals from Charles and Lochiel for another attempt.
The unofficial French envoy in Scotland,
d’Eguilles
, described Lochiel as "virtuous, intelligent and influential" but was so critical of Charles he recommended France consider establishing a Scots Republic instead.
Lochiel was appointed colonel of the Regiment d'Albanie and commander of the
Garde Ecossaise
by
Louis XV
; he was made a member of the
Order of Saint Michael
, and was also
knighted
by Charles.
[38]
He succeeded his father, who died in Boulogne circa 1747, as Lord Lochiel in the
Jacobite peerage
(French:
Seigneur de Lochiel
), but being a title in the Jacobite peerage it was only recognised in continental Europe.
[39]
Lochiel and his family took up residence at
Fontainebleau
, where he wrote
Memoires d'un Ecossais
, an account of his life, and the 1745 campaign from his own perspective, which was presented to King Louis.
He never returned to Scotland.
Death
[
edit
]
Lochiel died of a
stroke
[4]
on 26 October 1748 at
Bergues
. He was buried with the burial rites of the
Scottish Episcopal Church
in the Communal Cemetery of Bergues, where a monument commemorating him was later erected.
[41]
He was succeeded as Chief by his son John Cameron, 20th of Lochiel, who was allowed home in 1759 but died in 1762; the Clan Cameron estates were ultimately restored in 1784 to Lochiel's grandson,
Donald Cameron, 22nd of Lochiel
,
[42]
who remains notorious for both his financial extravagance and, even more so, for
evicting his clansmen en masse
during the
Highland Clearances
.
[43]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Eulogies
[
edit
]
The December 1748 issue of the
Scots Magazine
lamented Lochiel's death in exile and recorded that 'Good Lochiel was now a
Whig
in heaven.'
However, such an unctuous remark may be confidently dismissed as Lochiel was undoubtedly a Jacobite to the end ? and in legacy. Numerous eulogies praising Lochiel were published in the years following his death; 19th-century literature is equally disposed towards him, the likes of
Sir Walter Scott
,
Home
,
Campbell
, and
Smibert
, placing him a 'Highland hero ... firmly in the Scottish pantheon.'
[47]
[4]
'Gentle Lochiel'
[
edit
]
The nickname '
Gentle Lochiel
' has become commonly associated with Donald Cameron, 19th of Lochiel, but originated after his death. The first use of the expression is recorded in
Robert Chambers
' popular
History of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746
, which was first published between 1827 and 1828.
[48]
Lochiel was considered by public perception of the 19th century as 'the most amicable and accomplished of the highland heroes ... whose humanity matched his courage and loyalty.'
To this day, it is a tradition that whenever the present Lochiel enters on an official visit to
Glasgow
, the bells of the Tolbooth are rung to commemorate his forebear, the 'Gentle Lochiel', and specifically his action in preventing the city being sacked by Prince Charles's troops in 1746.
[50]
This everlasting public perception of Lochiel is curious given that he was instrumental in setting the rising into action by backing Charles at
Glenfinnan
in August 1745. Indeed, while acknowledged as a man of honour and principle, his tenure proved disastrous for his clan and relatives. The Camerons suffered heavy losses at Culloden, his nephew Donald was killed, his brother, Father
Alexander Cameron
, died after having been tortured while incarcerated in a
prison hulk
anchored in the
River Thames
in 1746. When
Archibald Cameron of Lochiel
returned in 1753 as part of the Elibank Plot, and to retrieve the '
Loch Arkaig treasure
', he was allegedly betrayed by fellow members of
Clan Cameron
who were 'sickened by his Jacobitism',
and later executed. Lochiel's biographer John Gibson quotes a local proverb about the unusually
fair-haired
Lochiel; 'it will be a sad day for
Lochaber
when there is next a fair-haired Lochiel.'
Family
[
edit
]
Lochiel had married Anne Campbell (1707?c.1748), daughter of
Sir James Campbell, 5th Baronet
and Janet MacLeod, daughter of Iain Breac MacLeod, 18th
Chief of Clan MacLeod
(1637?1693).
[10]
They had three sons and four daughters, as follows:
- John Cameron, 20th of Lochiel (1732?1762), succeeded as Chief in 1748, aged 16; died without issue
- Capt. James Cameron (1736?1759), officer of the French service; died without issue
- Isobel Cameron (1738??), married Chevalier Morres of the French service
- Janet Cameron (1738??), died unmarried at the Carmelite convent in Paris
- Henrietta Cameron (1742??), married Captain Portin of the French service
- Donalda Cameron (1744??), died unmarried
- Charles Cameron, 21st of Lochiel
(1747?1776), succeeded as Chief in 1762
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
1695 is more accurate given that his brother John Cameron of Fassiefern's birth was recorded as 1698.
- ^
Summarised in a British intelligence report of 1755; "...'tis not in the interest of France the House of Stuart shoud ever be restored, as it would only unite the three Kingdoms against Them; England would have no exterior [threat] to mind, and [...] prevent any of its Descendants (the Stuarts) attempting anything against the Libertys or Religion of the People."
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Vallar, Cindy.
"Thistle's Scotland"
.
Cindy Vallar
. Retrieved
14 May
2019
.
- ^
Gibson 1994
, p. 170
- ^
"Donald Cameron"
.
Find a grave
. Retrieved
8 May
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Gibson (2004), Oxford DNB
- ^
John Lorne Campbell, "Canna; Story of a Hebridean Island," p. 104.
- ^
a
b
"Genealogy"
.
lyon-court.com
. Archived from
the original
on 5 June 2011
. Retrieved
14 June
2015
.
- ^
Pittock, Murray (2004). "Charles Edward Stuart; styled Charles; known as the Young Pretender, Bonnie Prince Charlie".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/5145
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- ^
Hunter, James (2000).
Last of the Free: A Millennial History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
. Mainstream Publishing.
ISBN
978-1840183764
.
- ^
"Old Fort William And Cromwellian Barracks"
.
Visit Fort William
. Retrieved
11 May
2019
.
- ^
"General History of the Highlands; 1739?1745"
.
Electric Scotland
. Retrieved
12 May
2019
.
- ^
The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc
. H. Colburn. 1845. pp. 467?468.
- ^
Ray Perman (2013),
The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell
,
Birlinn Limited
. Page 26.
- ^
"Order of the Thistle"
.
royal.gov.uk
. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2010.
- ^
Drummond-Murray, Peter (2003). "Jacobite Titles". In Mosley, Charles (ed.).
Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, Clan Chiefs, Scottish Feudal Barons, 107th edn
.
ISBN
978-0971196629
.
- ^
Bradstreet, Simon.
"Memorial stone to commemorate a Scottish soldier who died in 1748"
.
studylib.net
.
- ^
"An excerpt from Select Works of Tobias Smollett circa 1766"
.
Lochiel
. Retrieved
11 May
2019
.
- ^
MacMillan, Somerled (1971),
Bygone Lochaber
, Glasgow: K&R Davidson, p. 185
- ^
Smibert, Thomas (1983).
The Clans of the Highlands of Scotland
. Рипол Классик. p. 109.
ISBN
978-5-87399-269-0
.
- ^
Chambers, Robert (1827).
History of the Rebellion in Scotland in 1745, 1746
. Edinburgh: Constable and Company.
- ^
"Clan Cameron Archives"
.
www.lochiel.net
.
- ^
"The Flight of the Heron"
.
genome.ch.bbc.co.uk
. BBC Programme Index. 29 February 1976.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Blaikie, Walter Biggar (1916).
Origins of the 'Forty-Five, and Other Papers Relating to That Rising
. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society.
OCLC
2974999
.
- Black, Jeremy (1998).
Britain As A Military Power, 1688?1815
(2016 ed.). Routledge.
ISBN
978-1138987913
.
- Gibson, John Sibbald (2004). "Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/4438
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- Gibson, John Sibbald (1994).
Lochiel of the '45: the Jacobite Chief and the Prince
. Edinburgh University Press.
ISBN
978-0748605071
.
- Harding, Richard (2013).
The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739?1748
. Boydell Press.
ISBN
978-1843838234
.
- Herman, Arthur (2003).
The Scottish Enlightenment: The Scots' Invention of the Modern World
. Fourth Estate.
ISBN
978-1841152769
.
- Hunter, James (2000).
Last of the Free: A Millennial History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
. Mainstream Publishing.
ISBN
978-1840183764
.
- Kybett, Susan Maclean (1988).
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography
. London: Unwin Hyman.
ISBN
0044402139
.
- Lenman, Bruce (1980).
The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689?1746
. Methuen Publishing.
ISBN
978-0413396501
.
- McCann, Jean E. (1963).
The Organisation of the Jacobite Army
(PhD thesis). Edinburgh University.
hdl
:
1842/9381
.
OCLC
646764870
.
- Mackillop, Andrew (1995).
Military Recruiting in the Scottish Highlands 1739?1815: The Political, Social and Economic Context
(PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
OCLC
59608677
.
- Lord Elcho, David Wemyss (1907).
A Short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746
. Edinburgh: David Douglas.
OCLC
1033725714
.
- McLynn, Frank (1980). "An Eighteenth-Century Scots Republic? An Unlikely Project from Absolutist France".
The Scottish Historical Review
.
59
(168): 177?182.
- Murray, John (1898).
Bell, Robert Fitzroy
(ed.).
Memorials of John Murray of Broughton: Sometime Secretary to Prince Charles Edward, 1740?1747
. T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press for the Scottish History Society.
OCLC
879747289
.
- Pittock, Murray (2004). "Charles Edward Stuart; styled Charles; known as the Young Pretender, Bonnie Prince Charlie".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/5145
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- Wynne, Thomas (1994).
"The Conversion of Alexander Cameron"
.
The Innes Review
.
45
(2): 178?187.
doi
:
10.3366/inr.1994.45.2.178
.
- Riding, Jacqueline (2016).
Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion
. Bloomsbury.
ISBN
978-1408819128
.
- Stewart of Ardvorlich, John (1974).
The Camerons: A History of Clan Cameron
. Clan Cameron Association.
- Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745?46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry".
Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
. 20/21: 141?173.
ISBN
978-0674023833
.
JSTOR
41219594
.
- Tomasson, Katherine; Buist, Francis (1978).
Battles of the Forty-Five
. HarperCollins Distribution Services.
ISBN
978-0713407693
.
- Zimmerman, Doron (2003).
The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746-1759
. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN
978-1403912916
.
External links
[
edit
]