1979 baseball promotion and riot
Disco Demolition Night
was a
Major League Baseball
(MLB)
promotion
on Thursday, July 12, 1979, at
Comiskey Park
in
Chicago, Illinois
, that ended in a riot. At the climax of the event, a crate filled with
disco
records was blown up on the field between games of the
twi-night doubleheader
between the
Chicago White Sox
and the
Detroit Tigers
. Many had come to see the explosion rather than the games and
rushed onto the field
after the detonation. The playing field was so damaged by the explosion and by the rioters that the White Sox were required to
forfeit
the second game to the Tigers.
In the late 1970s, dance-oriented disco was the most popular music genre in the United States, particularly after being featured in hit films such as
Saturday Night Fever
(1977). However, disco sparked a major backlash from rock music fans?an opposition prominent enough that the White Sox, seeking to fill seats at Comiskey Park during a lackluster season, engaged Chicago
shock jock
and anti-disco campaigner
Steve Dahl
for the promotion at the July 12 doubleheader. Dahl's sponsoring radio station was WLUP (97.9 FM, now
WCKL
), so admission was discounted to 98 cents for attendees who turned in a disco record; between games, Dahl was to destroy the collected
vinyl
in an explosion.
White Sox officials had hoped for a crowd of 20,000, about 5,000 more than usual. Instead, at least 50,000?including tens of thousands of Dahl's listeners?packed the stadium, and thousands more continued to sneak in after capacity was reached and gates were closed. Many of the records were not collected by staff and were thrown like
flying discs
from the stands. After Dahl blew up the collected records, thousands of fans stormed the field and remained there until dispersed by riot police.
The second game was initially postponed but was forfeited by the White Sox the next day by order of
American League
president
Lee MacPhail
. Disco Demolition Night preceded, and may have helped precipitate, the decline of disco in late 1979; some scholars and disco artists have debated whether the event was expressive of
racism
and
homophobia
. Disco Demolition Night remains well known as one of the most extreme promotions in MLB history.
Background
[
edit
]
Disco
evolved in the late 1960s in inner-city New York City
nightclubs
, where disc jockeys played imported
dance music
. Although its roots were in
African-American
and
Latin American
music, and in
gay culture
, it eventually became mainstream; even white artists better known for more sedate music had disco-influenced hits, such as
Barry Manilow
's "
Copacabana
".
[2]
The release of the hit movie
Saturday Night Fever
in 1977,
whose star (
John Travolta
) and musical performers (the
Bee Gees
) presented a heterosexual image, helped popularize disco in the United States. As
Al Coury
, president of
RSO Records
(which had released the bestselling soundtrack album for the film) put it,
Saturday Night Fever
"took disco
out of the closet
".
Some felt disco was too mechanical;
Time
magazine deemed it a "diabolical thump-and-shriek".
[5]
Others hated it for the associated scene, with its emphasis on personal appearance and style of dress.
[5]
The media emphasized its roots in gay culture. According to historian Gillian Frank, "by the time of the Disco Demolition in Comiskey Park, the media ... cultivated a widespread perception that disco was taking over".
Performers who cultivated a gay image, such as the
Village People
(described by
Rolling Stone
as "the face of disco"), did nothing to efface these perceptions, and fears that rock music would die out increased after disco albums dominated the
21st Grammy Awards
in February 1979.
In 1978 WKTU (now
WINS-FM
) in New York, a low-rated rock station, switched to disco and became the most popular station in the country; this led other stations to try to emulate its success.
In Chicago, 24-year-old
Steve Dahl
was working as a disc jockey for
ABC
-owned radio station WDAI (now
WLS-FM
) when he was fired on Christmas Eve 1978 as part of the station's switch from rock to disco. He was hired by rival
album-rock
station WLUP. Sensing an incipient anti-disco backlash
[5]
[8]
and playing off the publicity surrounding his firing (he frequently mocked WDAI's "Disco DAI" slogan on the air as "Disco DIE"), Dahl created a mock organization, the "Insane Coho Lips", an anti-disco army consisting of his listeners.
[9]
According to Andy Behrens of
ESPN
, Dahl and his broadcast partner
Garry Meier
"organized the Cohos around a simple and surprisingly powerful idea: Disco Sucks".
[5]
According to Dahl, in 1979, the Cohos were locked in a war "dedicated to the eradication of the dreaded musical disease known as DISCO".
In the weeks leading up to Disco Demolition Night, Dahl promoted a number of anti-disco public events, several of which became unruly. When a
discotheque
in
Lynwood, Illinois
, switched from disco to rock in June, Dahl arrived, as did several thousand Cohos, and the police were called. Later that month, Dahl and several thousand Cohos occupied a teen disco in the Chicago suburbs. At the end of June, Dahl urged his listeners to throw marshmallows at a WDAI promotional van at a shopping mall where a teen disco had been built. The Cohos chased the van and driver and cornered them in a park, though the situation ended without violence. On July 1, a near-riot occurred in
Hanover Park, Illinois
, when hundreds of Cohos could not enter a sold-out promotional event, and fights broke out. Some 50 police officers were needed to control the situation. When disco star
Van McCoy
died suddenly on July 6, Dahl marked the occasion by destroying one of his records, "
The Hustle
", on the air.
Do ya think I'm disco
Cuz I spend so much time
Blow drying out my hair?
Do ya think I'm disco
Cuz I know the dance steps
Learned them all
at Fred Astaire
?
?Steve Dahl, "Do You Think I'm Disco?" (1979)
[12]
Dahl and Meier regularly mocked disco records on the radio. Dahl also recorded his own song, "Do Ya Think I'm Disco?", a
parody
of
Rod Stewart
's disco-oriented hit "
Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?
".
[9]
[13]
The song characterized discotheques as populated by effeminate men and frigid women. The protagonist, named Tony after Travolta's character in
Saturday Night Fever
, is unable to attract a woman until he abandons the disco scene, selling his white three-piece suit at a garage sale and melting down his gold chains for a
Led Zeppelin
belt buckle.
A number of anti-disco incidents took place elsewhere in the first half of 1979, showing that "the Disco Demolition was not an isolated incident or an aberration." In
Seattle
, hundreds of rock fans attacked a mobile dance floor, while in
Portland, Oregon
, a disc jockey destroyed a stack of disco records with a chainsaw as thousands cheered. In New York, a rock DJ played
Donna Summer
's disco hit "
Hot Stuff
" and received protests from listeners.
Baseball
[
edit
]
Since the 1940s,
Chicago White Sox
owner
Bill Veeck
had been noted for using promotions to increase fan interest; he stated "you can draw more people with a losing team plus bread and circuses than with a losing team and a long, still silence". His son, Mike, was the promotions director for the White Sox in 1979. Mike Veeck wrote in a letter to a fan before the season that team management intended to make sure that whether the White Sox won or lost, the fans would have fun.
Early in the
1979 season
, a game between the White Sox and the visiting
Tigers
scheduled for Wednesday, May 2, was rained out. Officials rescheduled it as part of a
twi-night doubleheader
on Thursday, July 12.
[17]
Already scheduled for the evening of July 12 was a promotion aimed at teenagers, who could purchase tickets at half the regular price.
The White Sox had a "Disco Night" at Comiskey Park in
1977
; At a WLUP Promotion Meeting, Schwartz mentioned that the White Sox were looking to do a promotion with the station. The station had already done two successful events at local Chicago-area nightclubs with overflow crowds.
[18]
When Schwartz mentioned the White Sox were looking for a promotion, Promotion Director Dave Logan suggested it might be time to take Steve Dahl's event to a larger venue.
[19]
The matter had also been brought up early in the 1979 season when Schwartz told Mike Veeck of Dahl and his plans to blow up a crate of disco records while live on the air from a shopping mall. Dahl was asked if he would be interested in blowing up records at Comiskey Park on July 12. Since the radio frequency of WLUP was 97.9, the promotion for July 12, "Disco Demolition Night" (in addition to the offer for teenagers) was that anyone who brought a disco record to the ballpark would be admitted for 98 cents. Dahl was to blow up the collected records between games of the doubleheader.
Event
[
edit
]
In the weeks before the event, Dahl invited his listeners to bring records they wanted to see destroyed to Comiskey Park.
He feared that the promotion would fail to draw people to the ballpark and that he would be humiliated. The previous night's attendance had been 15,520,
[5]
and Comiskey Park had a capacity of 44,492.
[21]
The White Sox were not having a good year, and were
40?46
going into the July 12 doubleheader.
[5]
The White Sox and WLUP hoped for a crowd of 20,000,
[17]
and Mike Veeck hired enough security for 35,000.
Owner Bill Veeck was concerned the promotion might become a disaster and checked himself out of the hospital, where he had been undergoing tests.
His fears were substantiated when he saw the people walking towards the ballpark that afternoon; many carried signs that described disco in profane terms.
[5]
The doubleheader sold out, leaving at least 20,000 people outside the ballpark.
Some leapt
turnstiles
, climbed fences, and entered through open windows.
The attendance was officially reported as 47,795,
[24]
though Bill Veeck estimated that there were anywhere from 50,000 to 55,000 in the park?easily the largest crowd of his second stint as White Sox owner.
[25]
The Chicago Police Department closed off-ramps from the
Dan Ryan Expressway
near the stadium.
[5]
Attendees were supposed to deposit their records into a large box, some 4 by 6 by 5 feet (1.2 by 1.8 by 1.5 m) tall; once the box was overflowing, many people brought their discs to their seats.
[26]
The first game was to begin at 6:00 pm
CDT
, with the second game to follow.
[27]
Lorelei, a model who did public appearances for WLUP and who was popular in Chicago that summer for her sexually provocative poses in the station's advertisements, threw out the
first pitch
.
[29]
As the first game began, Mike Veeck received word that thousands of people were trying to get into the park without tickets and sent his security personnel to the stadium gates to stop them. This left the field unattended, and fans began throwing the uncollected disco
LPs
and
singles
from the stands. Tigers
designated hitter
Rusty Staub
remembered that the records would slice through the air, and land sticking out of the ground. He urged teammates to wear batting helmets when playing their positions, "It wasn't just one, it was many. Oh, God almighty, I've never seen anything so dangerous in my life."
Attendees also threw firecrackers, empty liquor bottles, and lighters onto the field. The game was stopped several times because of the rain of foreign objects.
Dozens of hand-painted banners with such slogans as "Disco sucks" were hung from the ballpark's seating decks.
White Sox broadcaster
Harry Caray
saw groups of music fans wandering the stands. Others sat intently in their seats, awaiting the explosion.
Mike Veeck recalled an odor of
marijuana
in the grandstand and said of the attendees, "This is the
Woodstock
they never had."
The odor permeated the press box, which Caray and his broadcast partner,
Jimmy Piersall
, commented on over the air.
[26]
The crowds outside the stadium also threw records, or gathered them and burned them in bonfires.
Detroit won the first game, 4?1.
[5]
Explosion
[
edit
]
At 8:40, Dahl, dressed in army fatigues and a helmet,
emerged onto the playing surface together with Meier and Lorelei. They circled the field in a
Jeep
, showered (according to Dahl, lovingly) by his troops with firecrackers and beer, then proceeded to
center field
where the box containing the records awaited, rigged with explosives. Dahl and Meier warmed up the crowd, leading attendees in a chant of "disco sucks." Lorelei recalled that the view from center field was surreal. On the
mound
, White Sox pitcher
Ken Kravec
, scheduled to start the second game, began to warm up. Other White Sox, in the
dugout
and wearing
batting helmets
, looked out upon the scene. Fans who felt events were getting out of control and who wished to leave the ballpark had difficulty doing so; in an effort to deny the intruders entry, security had padlocked all but one gate.
[5]
Dahl told the crowd:
This is now officially the world's largest anti-disco rally! Now listen?we took all the disco records you brought tonight, we got 'em in a giant box, and we're gonna blow 'em up
reeeeeeal goooood
.
[26]
Dahl set off the explosives, destroying the records and tearing a large hole in the outfield grass.
With most of the security personnel still watching the gates per Mike Veeck's orders, there was almost no one guarding the playing surface.
[24]
Soon, the first of 5,000 to 7,000 attendees
rushed onto the field
, causing Kravec to flee the mound and join his teammates in a barricaded clubhouse. Some climbed the foul poles, while others set records on fire or ripped up the grass. The
batting cage
was destroyed, and the bases were pulled up and stolen. Among those taking to the field was 21-year-old aspiring actor
Michael Clarke Duncan
; during the melee, Duncan slid into third base, had a silver belt buckle stolen,
[32]
and went home with a bat from the dugout.
[33]
As Bill Veeck stood with a microphone near where home plate had been, begging people to return to the stands, a
bonfire
raged in center field.
[5]
[17]
Years later, Lorelei remembered that she had been waving to the crowd when she was grabbed by two of the bodyguards who had accompanied the Jeep, who placed her back in the vehicle. The party was unable to return to home plate because of the rowdy fans, so the Jeep was driven out of the stadium and through the surrounding streets, to the delight of the many Cohos outside the stadium, who recognized the occupants. They were driven to the front of the stadium, ushered back inside, and taken up to the press room where they had spent most of the first game.
[29]
Caray unsuccessfully attempted to restore order via the public address system. The scoreboard, flashing "PLEASE RETURN TO YOUR SEATS", was ignored, as was the playing of "
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
". Some attendees danced in circles around the burning vinyl shards.
[26]
Dahl offered his help to get the rowdy fans to leave, but it was declined.
[35]
At 9:08 pm,
Chicago police in
riot gear
arrived, to the applause of the baseball fans remaining in the stands. Those on the field hastily dispersed upon seeing the police. Thirty-nine people were arrested for disorderly conduct; estimates of injuries to those at the event range from none to over thirty.
Veeck wanted the teams to play the second game once order was restored. However, the field was so badly torn up that umpiring crew chief
Dave Phillips
felt that it was still not playable, even after White Sox groundskeepers spent an hour clearing away debris. Tigers manager
Sparky Anderson
refused to allow his players to take the field in any event due to safety concerns. Phillips called American League president
Lee MacPhail
, who postponed the second game to Sunday after hearing a report on conditions. Anderson, however, demanded that the game be
forfeited
to the Tigers. He argued that under baseball's rules, a game can only be postponed due to an
act of God
, and that, as the home team, the White Sox were responsible for field conditions. The next day, MacPhail forfeited the second game to the Tigers 9?0. In a ruling that largely upheld Anderson's arguments, MacPhail stated that the White Sox had failed to provide acceptable playing conditions.
[5]
[25]
[36]
[37]
Aftermath
[
edit
]
The day after the event, Dahl began his regular morning broadcast by reading the indignant headlines in the local papers. He mocked the coverage, saying: "I think for the most part everything was wonderful. Some maniac Cohos got wild, went down on the field. Which you shouldn't have done. Bad little Cohos." Tigers manager Anderson said of the events: "Beer and baseball go together, they have for years. But I think those kids were doing things other than beer."
[5]
Columnist
David Israel
of the
Chicago Tribune
said on July 12 that he was not surprised by the events, writing: "It would have happened any place 50,000 teenagers got together on a sultry summer night with beer and reefer." White Sox pitcher
Rich Wortham
, a Texan, said: "This wouldn't have happened if they had
country and western
night."
Although Bill Veeck took much of the public criticism for the fiasco, his son Mike suffered repercussions as the front-office promoter. Mike Veeck remained with the White Sox until late 1980 when he resigned; his father sold the team to
Jerry Reinsdorf
soon afterward. He was unable to find another job in baseball for some time and claimed that he had been
blackballed
. For several years, he worked for a
jai-alai
fronton
in Florida, battling alcoholism.
As Mike Veeck said: "The second that first guy shimmied down the outfield wall, I knew my life was over!"
Mike Veeck has since become the owner of minor league baseball teams.
[40]
In July 2014, the
Charleston RiverDogs
, of whom Veeck is president, held a promotion involving the destruction of
Justin Bieber
and
Miley Cyrus
merchandise.
[41]
Dahl is still a radio personality in Chicago and also releases
podcasts
.
[42]
Cultural significance
[
edit
]
The popularity of disco declined significantly in late 1979 and 1980. Many disco artists carried on, but record companies began labeling their recordings as dance music.
[2]
Dahl stated in a 2004 interview that by 1979 disco was "probably on its way out. But I think Disco Demolition Night hastened its demise."
[43]
According to Frank, "the Disco Demolition triggered a nationwide expression of anger against disco that caused disco to recede quickly from the American cultural landscape".
Rolling Stone
critic
Dave Marsh
described Disco Demolition Night as "your most paranoid fantasy about where the ethnic cleansing of the rock radio could ultimately lead".
[2]
Marsh was one who, at the time, deemed the event an expression of
bigotry
, writing in a year-end 1979 feature that "white males, eighteen to thirty-four are the most likely to see disco as the product of homosexuals, blacks, and Latins, and therefore they're the most likely to respond to appeals to wipe out such threats to their security. It goes almost without saying that such appeals are racist and sexist, but broadcasting has never been an especially civil-libertarian medium."
[45]
Nile Rodgers
, producer and guitarist for the disco-era band
Chic
, likened the event to
Nazi book burning
.
[8]
Gloria Gaynor
, who had a huge disco hit with "
I Will Survive
", stated, "I've always believed it was an economic decision?an idea created by someone whose economic bottom line was being adversely affected by the popularity of disco music. So they got a mob mentality going."
[2]
Harry Wayne Casey
, singer for the disco act
KC and the Sunshine Band
, did not believe Disco Demolition Night was discriminatory and felt that Dahl was simply an "idiot".
[5]
University of East London
professor Tim Lawrence wrote that the event was the culmination of the overproduction of disco, the investment by major record companies in music their heterosexual white executives did not like, and the "disco sucks" campaign, which he argued was homophobic, sexist and racist.
[46]
Dahl denies that prejudice was his motivation for the event: "The worst thing is people calling Disco Demolition homophobic or racist. It just wasn't ... We weren't thinking like that."
[5]
In a 2014 op-ed for
Crain's Chicago Business
, Dahl defended the event as "a romp, not of major cultural significance".
[47]
He wrote that it had been "reframed" as prejudiced by a 1996
VH1
documentary about the 1970s, in a move he described as "a cheap shot made without exploration".
[47]
In response to Dahl's op-ed,
WMAQ-TV
political journalist Mark W. Anderson, who attended Disco Demolition at the age of 15, described the fear that white neighborhoods would be taken over by blacks and the anxiety around shifting pop culture trends. He wrote:
The chance to yell "disco sucks" meant more than simply a musical style choice. It was a chance to push back on a whole set of social dynamics that lay just beneath the surface of a minor battle between a DJ and a radio station that decided to change formats. More importantly, it was a chance for a whole lot of people to say they didn't like the way the world was changing around them, or who they saw as the potential victors in a cultural and demographic war.
[48]
Historian
Joshua M. Zeitz
noted that the demographic group attending the riots swung wildly in the 1980 presidential primaries and
election
, first supporting liberal
Ted Kennedy
in the Democratic primary, then the conservative Republican nominee
Ronald Reagan
in the general election, both times opposing President
Jimmy Carter
. Zeitz argued: "Viewed in this light, Disco Demolition Night supports an altogether different interpretation of the 1970s as a decade that saw ordinary Americans gravitate to radical
grassroots
alternatives, both left and right, out of frustration with the political center."
The unplayed second game remains the last American League game to be forfeited.
[50]
The last
National League
game to be forfeited was on August 10, 1995, when a baseball giveaway promotion at
Dodger Stadium
went awry, forcing the
Los Angeles Dodgers
to concede the game to the
St. Louis Cardinals
.
[51]
According to baseball analyst Jeremiah Graves, "To this day Disco Demolition Night stands in infamy as one of the most ill-advised promotions of all time, but arguably one of the most successful as 30 years later we're all still talking about it."
[36]
Game results
[
edit
]
Game 1
[
edit
]
Box score
[
edit
]
Game 2 forfeited to Detroit, 9?0.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
"Detroit Tigers vs. Chicago White Sox"
.
Chicago White Sox Baseball
. Chicago, IL. July 12, 1979. 00:00 minutes in. WSNS-TV
. Retrieved
January 22,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Sciafani, Tony (July 10, 2009).
"When 'Disco Sucks!' echoed around the world"
.
TODAY
.
NBC
.
Archived
from the original on December 7, 2021
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
Behrens, Andy (July 12, 2009).
"Disco demolition: Bell-bottoms be gone!"
.
ESPN Chicago
.
ESPN
. Archived from
the original
on May 4, 2010
. Retrieved
February 13,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
"Disco inferno"
.
The Independent
. December 11, 2004.
Archived
from the original on September 13, 2011
. Retrieved
February 13,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Beaton, Rod (July 12, 2004).
"No anniversary party for disco debacle"
.
USA Today
. p. C.03.
Archived
from the original on March 19, 2014
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
- ^
Dahl, Steve (July 10, 2014).
"Disco Demolition 35 years later: That's the way I liked it"
.
Chicagobusiness.com
. Chicago, Illinois:
Crain's Chicago Business
.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2017
. Retrieved
July 27,
2014
.
- ^
"WLUP Chicago Reminisces".
Billboard
. Vol. 101, no. 16. April 22, 1989. p. 10.
- ^
a
b
c
"Disco is dealt death blow by fans of Chicago White Sox"
.
The History Channel
. November 16, 2009.
Archived
from the original on March 11, 2013
. Retrieved
February 13,
2013
.
- ^
"Lynwood got sneak peak at Disco Demolition"
. July 11, 2004.
- ^
PBS program "American Experience: The War On Disco"><
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/war-disco/
- ^
The Sporting News Baseball Guide
. St. Louis: The Sporting News Company. 1979. p. 11.
- ^
a
b
LaPointe, Joe (July 4, 2009).
"The Night Disco Went Up in Smoke"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on August 29, 2011
. Retrieved
July 5,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Disco riot rocks, rolls Chisox park"
.
Youngstown Vindicator
. July 13, 1979. p. 18.
Archived
from the original on May 14, 2022
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Costello, Brian (July 9, 2009).
"Postcards from Disco Demolition Night"
.
Chicago Reader
.
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2013
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
- ^
"Baseball"
.
Bangor Daily News
. (Maine). July 12, 1979.
Archived
from the original on August 15, 2021
. Retrieved
February 16,
2012
.
- ^
a
b
Bova, George.
"Flashing Back with Disco Demolition's Lorelei"
.
White Sox Interactive
.
Archived
from the original on September 2, 2003
. Retrieved
February 15,
2013
.
- ^
Zwecker, Bill (September 28, 2006).
"Love may have bloomed again on set for 'Garden State' star"
.
Chicago Sun-Times
. Archived from
the original
on May 20, 2013
. Retrieved
March 7,
2013
.
- ^
Caldarelli, Adam (May 20, 2006).
"From the Cubicle"
.
Chicago Tribune
. Archived from
the original
on May 23, 2013
. Retrieved
February 16,
2013
.
- ^
"Disco Demolition embarrassed Sox"
.
Lawrence Journal-World
.
Associated Press
. July 13, 1989. p. 5D.
Archived
from the original on August 18, 2021
. Retrieved
February 15,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Graves, Jeremiah (July 12, 2009).
"30 years later: Disco Demolition Night"
.
Bleacher Report
.
Archived
from the original on October 29, 2013
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
- ^
*
"Phister ousts Tim Gullikson"
.
The Milwaukee Sentinel
. July 14, 1979. p. 3, Part 2
. Retrieved
February 14,
2013
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Veeck, Mike (April 1, 2005).
"How I did it: Mike Veeck"
.
Inc
.
Archived
from the original on May 16, 2013
. Retrieved
February 16,
2013
.
- ^
*
Bonesteel, Matt (July 16, 2014).
"Charleston RiverDogs will destroy music of Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus in Disco Demolition Night redux"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on August 11, 2014
. Retrieved
July 19,
2014
.
- ^
Channick, Robert (August 5, 2012).
"Steve Dahl's pay podcast marks 1st anniversary"
.
Chicago Tribune
.
Archived
from the original on December 25, 2012
. Retrieved
February 16,
2013
.
- ^
"
'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' Complete Transcript for July 12, 2004"
.
NBC News
. July 12, 2004.
Archived
from the original on September 24, 2020
. Retrieved
February 15,
2013
.
- ^
Marsh, Dave (December 22, 1979).
"The flip sides of '79"
.
Rolling Stone
. p. 28. Archived from
the original
on November 16, 2015.
- ^
Lawrence, Tim (2011): "Disco and the Queering of the Dance Floor, Cultural Studies", 25:2, 230-243
- ^
a
b
Dahl, Steve (July 10, 2014).
"Disco Demolition 35 years later: That's the way I liked it"
.
Crain's Chicago Business
.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2017
. Retrieved
April 30,
2017
.
- ^
Anderson, Mark W. (July 11, 2014).
"Time Obscures Meaning of Disco Demolition: Saturday is the 35th Anniversary of the infamous Disco Demolition Night"
.
NBC Chicago
. Chicago, Illinois:
WMAQ-TV
.
Archived
from the original on July 18, 2017
. Retrieved
July 16,
2017
.
- ^
Lytle, Ken (April 15, 2011).
The Little Book of Big F*#k Ups: 220 of History's Most-Regrettable Moments
. Adams, Mass.: Adams Media. p. 154.
ISBN
978-1-4405-1252-0
.
- ^
Snyder, John (March 16, 2010).
365 Oddball Days in Dodgers History
. Cincinnati: Clerisy Press. p. 10.
ISBN
978-1-57860-452-4
.
Archived
from the original on July 12, 2023
. Retrieved
November 26,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Detroit Tigers at Chicago White Sox Box Score, July 12, 1979"
.
Baseball-Reference.com
. July 12, 1979.
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2010
. Retrieved
January 22,
2022
.
References
[
edit
]
- Dahl, Steve
; Hoekstra, Dave (August 2016).
Disco Demolition: The Night Disco Died
. Foreword by
Bob Odenkirk
and photographs provided by Paul Natkin. Chicago, Illinois: Curbside Splendor Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-9404-3075-1
.
- Dickson, Paul (2012).
Bill Veeck: Baseball's Greatest Maverick
. New York: Walker Publishing Co., Inc.
ISBN
978-0-8027-1778-8
.
- Fingers, Rollie (2008).
Rollie's Follies: A Hall of Fame Revue of Baseball Stories and Stats Lists and Lore
. Cincinnati: Clerisy Press.
ISBN
978-1-57860-335-0
.
- Frank, Gillian (May 2007). "Discophobia: Antigay Prejudice and the 1979 Backlash against Disco".
Journal of the History of Sexuality
.
16
(2): 276?306.
doi
:
10.1353/sex.2007.0050
.
JSTOR
30114235
.
PMID
19244671
.
S2CID
36702649
.
- Young, Christopher J. (Summer 2009). "
'When Fans Wanted to Rock, the Baseball Stopped': Sports, Promotions, and the Demolition of Disco on Chicago's South Side".
The Baseball Research Journal
.
38
(1): 11?16.
- Zeitz, J. (October 2008). "Rejecting the center: Radical grassroots politics in the 1970s?second-wave feminism as a case study".
Journal of Contemporary History
.
43
(4): 673?678.
doi
:
10.1177/0022009408095422
.
JSTOR
40543229
.
S2CID
153550017
.
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