Conspiracy theories relating to UFOs or extraterrestrials
UFO conspiracy theories
are a subset of
conspiracy theories
which argue that various
governments
and
politicians
globally, in particular the
United States government
, are suppressing evidence that
unidentified flying objects
are controlled by a
non-human intelligence
or built using alien technology.
[1]
Such conspiracy theories usually argue that
Earth
governments are in communication or cooperation with
extraterrestrial
visitors despite public disclaimers, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are
explicitly
allowing
alien abduction
.
[2]
Individuals who have suggested that UFO evidence is being suppressed include
Stanford University
immunologist
Garry Nolan
,
[3]
[4]
United States Senator
Barry Goldwater
, British Admiral
Lord Hill-Norton
(former
NATO
head and chief of the British Defence Staff), American Vice Admiral
Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter
(first CIA director), Israeli brigadier general
Haim Eshed
(former director of space programs for the Israel Ministry of Defense),
[5]
astronauts
Gordon Cooper
[6]
[7]
and
Edgar Mitchell
,
[8]
and former Canadian Defence Minister
Paul Hellyer
. Beyond their testimonies and reports they have presented no evidence to substantiate their statements and claims. According to the
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
little or no evidence exists to support them despite significant research on the subject by non-governmental scientific agencies.
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Scholars of religion
have identified some
new religious movements
among the proponents of UFO conspiracy theories, most notably
Heaven's Gate
, the
Nation of Islam
, and
Scientology
.
[1]
Background
[
edit
]
Personnel in the mid-1940s reported unidentified objects under various names.
Roswell balloon and 'recovered disc' hoaxes
[
edit
]
Army officials pose with balloon debris from Roswell.
On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc". The Army quickly retracted the statement and clarified that the crashed object was a conventional
weather balloon
.
[13]
The Roswell incident did not surface again until the late 1970s, when it was incorporated into conspiracy literature.
The Roswell balloon was far from the only misidentified "disc".
[14]
One potential disc, recovered from the yard of a priest in Grafton, Wisconsin, was identified as an ordinary circular saw-blade.
[14]
More elaborate hoax saucers were found in Shreveport, Louisiana; in Black River Falls, Wisconsin; and in Clearwater, Florida.
[14]
On July 9, press reported the recovery of a thirty-inch disc from a Hollywood back yard; the hoaxer was never identified.
[14]
On July 11, press reported the recovery of a 30-inch disc from the yard of a Twin Falls, Idaho home.
[15]
[14]
On July 12, it was reported nationally that the Twin Falls disc was a hoax. Photos of the object were publicly released. The object was described as containing radio tubes, electric coils, and wires underneath a plexiglass dome. Press reported that four teenagers had confessed to creating the disc.
[16]
Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories
[
edit
]
1949
[
edit
]
Winchell and the Soviets
[
edit
]
On April 3, 1949, radio personality
Walter Winchell
broadcast the claim that it had been definitively established that the flying saucers were guided missiles fired from Russia.
[17]
[18]
[19]
In response, the Air Force denied any such conclusion.
[20]
[17]
The Air Force reportedly requested an FBI investigation into Winchell's claims, a request that was denied.
[21]
Keyhoe and the Air Force knowledge of UFOs
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
On December 26, 1949,
True
magazine published an article by
Donald Keyhoe
titled "
The Flying Saucers Are Real
".
[22]
Keyhoe, a former Major in the US Marines, claimed that elements within the Air Force knew that saucers existed and had concluded they were likely 'inter-planetary'.
[22]
The article examined the
Mantell UFO incident
and quoted an unnamed pilot who opined that the Air Force's explanation "looks like a cover up to me". The
Gorman Dogfight
and the
Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter
were also described. The article cited a supposed report from Air Material Command and claimed a "rocket authority at Wright field" had concluded saucers were interplanetary. Concern over a public panic, of the kind that supposedly occurred after the
1938 War of the Worlds broadcast
, is cited in the article as a possible motive for the cover up. Citing historic sources, Keyhoe speculated that similar sightings have likely occurred for at least several centuries.
The
True
article caused a sensation.
[23]
Though such figures are always difficult to verify,
Captain
Edward J. Ruppelt
, the first head of
Project Blue Book
, reported that "It is rumored among magazine publishers that Don Keyhoe's article in
True
was one of the most widely read and widely discussed magazine articles in history." When Keyhoe expanded the article into a book,
The Flying Saucers Are Real
(1950), it sold over half a million copies in paperback.
In March 1950, the Air Force denied "flying saucers" exist and further denied that they were US technology being covered-up.
[23]
[24]
[25]
Scully and alien bodies
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
In October and November 1949, journalist
Frank Scully
published two columns in
Variety
, claiming that dead
extraterrestrial
beings were recovered from a
flying saucer
crash, based on what he said was reported to him by a scientist involved.
[26]
[27]
[28]
His 1950 book
Behind the Flying Saucers
expanded on the theme, adding that there had been two such incidents in
Arizona
and one in
New Mexico
, a 1948 incident that involved a saucer that was nearly 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.
[note 1]
[29]
In January 1950,
Time Magazine
skeptically repeated stories of crashed saucers with humanoid occupants.
[30]
It was later revealed that Scully had been the victim of "two veteran
confidence artists
".
[31]
In 1952 and 1956,
True
magazine published articles by
San Francisco Chronicle
reporter John Philip Cahn
[32]
[33]
that exposed Newton and "Dr. Gee" (identified as Leo A. GeBauer) as oil
con artists
who had
hoaxed
Scully.
[34]
1950s
[
edit
]
The 1950s saw an increase in both governmental and civilian investigative efforts and reports of public
disinformation
and suppression of evidence.
The UK
Ministry of Defence
's UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD's then Chief Scientific Adviser, radar scientist
Henry Tizard
. As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the department set up the
Flying Saucer Working Party
(or FSWP).
[35]
In August 1950, Montanan baseball manager
Nicholas Mariana
filmed several UFOs with his color 16mm camera.
Project Blue Book
was called in and, after inspecting the film, Mariana claimed it was returned to him with critical footage removed, clearly showing the objects as disc-shaped. The
incident
sparked nationwide media attention.
In April 1952, Life Magazine published "
Have We Visitors From Space?
", which was sympathetic to the
extraterrestrial hypothesis
; The article is thought to have contributed to the
1952 UFO flap
.
[36]
Canadian radio engineer Wilbert B. Smith, who worked for the Canadian Department of Transport, was interested in flying saucer propulsion technology and wondered if the assertions in the just-published Scully and Keyhoe books were factual. In September 1950, he had the Canadian embassy in Washington D.C. arrange contact with U.S. officials to try to discover the truth of the matter. Smith was briefed by Robert Sarbacher, a physicist and consultant to the Defense Department's Research and Development Board. Other correspondence, having to do with Keyhoe needing to get clearance to publish another article on Smith's theories of UFO propulsion, indicated that
Bush
and his group were operating out of the
Research and Development Board
.
[37]
Smith then briefed superiors in the Canadian government, leading to the establishment of
Project Magnet
, a small Canadian government UFO research effort. Canadian documents and Smith's private papers were uncovered in the late 1970s, and by 1984, other alleged documents emerged claiming the existence of a highly secret UFO oversight committee of scientists and military people called
Majestic 12
, again naming Vannevar Bush. Sarbacher was also interviewed in the 1980s and corroborated the information in Smith's memos and correspondence. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Smith granted public interviews, and among other things stated that he had been lent crashed UFO material for analysis by a highly secret U.S. government group which he wouldn't name.
[38]
A few weeks after the
Robertson Panel
, the Air Force issued Regulation 200?2, ordering air base officers to publicly discuss UFO incidents only if they were judged to have been solved, and to classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the public eye. In addition, UFO investigative duties started to be taken on by the newly formed 4602nd Air Intelligence Squadron (AISS) of the
Air Defense Command
. The 4602nd AISS was tasked with investigating only the most important UFO cases having intelligence or national security implications. These were deliberately siphoned away from Blue Book, leaving Blue Book to deal with the more trivial reports.
[39]
Keyhoe and
The Flying Saucer Conspiracy
[
edit
]
In 1955, Donald Keyhoe authored a new book that pointedly accused elements of the United States government of engaging in a conspiracy to cover up knowledge of flying saucers.
[40]
Keyhoe claims the existence of a "silence group" of orchestrating this conspiracy.
[41]
Historian of Folklore
Curtis Peebles
argues: "
The Flying Saucer Conspiracy
marked a shift in Keyhoe's belief system. No longer were flying saucers the central theme; that now belonged to the silence group and its coverup. For the next two decades Keyhoe's beliefs about this would dominate the flying saucer myth."
[41]
The book features claims of a possible discovery of an "orbiting space base" or a "moon base", knowledge of which might trigger a public panic.
[42]
The Flying Saucer Conspiracy
also incorporated legends of the
Bermuda Triangle
disappearances.
[41]
Keyhoe sensationalized claims, ultimately stemming from optical illusions, of unusual structures on the moon.
[43]
Carl Allen and the Philadelphia Experiment
[
edit
]
In 1955,
Morris K. Jessup
achieved some notoriety with his book
The Case for the UFO
, in which he argued that UFOs represented a mysterious subject worthy of further study. Jessup speculated that UFOs were "exploratory craft of 'solid' and 'nebulous' character."
[44]
Jessup also "linked ancient monuments with prehistoric superscience".
[45]
In January 1956, Jessup began receiving a series of letters from "Carlos Miguel Allende", later identified as
Carl Meredith Allen
.
[46]
[47]
[48]
"Allende" warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of UFOs and spun a tale of a dangerous experiment in which Navy Ship was successfully made invisible, only to inexplicably teleport from Philadelphia to Norfolk, Virginia, before reappearing back in Philadelphia. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place.
[47]
By 1975, the Philadelphia Experiment was being promoted by paranormal author
Charles Berlitz
[49]
and in 1984, the legend was adapted into a
fictional film
.
In 1957,
[50]
: 67
Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research where he was shown an annotated copy of his book that was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals. They discussed ideas about the propulsion for
flying saucers
,
alien races
, and express concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology.
[51]
: 27?29, 35, 65, 80, 102, 115, 163?165
Jessup noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen.
[52]
: 9
(Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in order "to scare the hell out of Jessup.")
[53]
The Jessup book with Allen's scribbled commentaries gained a life of its own when the Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, who did contract work for ONR, began producing
mimeographed
copies of the book with Allen's annotations and Allen's letters to Jessup.
[52]
: 9
These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition."
[54]
: 6
This became the heart of many "Philadelphia Experiment" books, documentaries, and movies to come. Over the years various writers and researchers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or could not find him at all.
[55]
Edward Ruppelt and
The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects
[
edit
]
Ruppelt was a captain in the US Air Force who served as director of official investigations into UFOs: Project Grudge and Project Bluebook.
[56]
In 1956, Ruppelt authored
The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects
, a book that has been called the "most significant" of its era.
[56]
The book discussed the
Twining memo
which initiated UFO investigation and the rejected 1948 "Estimate of the Situation". Ruppelt
criticized the Air Force's handling of UFOs investigations. Historian Curtis Peebles concludes that the book "should have ended the speculation about an Air Force cover-up. In fact, Ruppelt's statements were converted into support for the cover-up idea."
[56]
Al Chop and
The True Story of Flying Saucers
[
edit
]
In 1956, a film titled
Unidentified Flying Objects: The True Story of Flying Saucers
dramatized the events of the early 1950s from the point of view of Air Force press officer
Albert M. Chop
. Chop had served as the Press Chief for Air Materiel Command in Dayton, Ohio until 1951 when he transferred to the Pentagon to serve as the press spokesman for
Project Bluebook
.
[57]
The film incorporates interviews with actual eyewitnesses and historic footage of unidentified objects, concluding with a dramatization of the
1952 UFO flap
that featured repeated sightings over Washington D.C.
[57]
Gray Barker and the 'Men in Black'
[
edit
]
1956 saw the publication of
Gray Barker
's
They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers
, the book which publicized the idea of
Men in Black
who appear to UFO witnesses and warn them to keep quiet. There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses.
According to the
Skeptical Inquirer
article "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker", there may have been "a grain of truth" to Barker's writings on the Men in Black, in that government agencies did attempt to discourage public interest in UFOs during the 1950s. However, Barker is thought to have greatly embellished the facts of the situation. In the same
Skeptical Inquirer
article, Sherwood revealed that, in the late 1960s, he and Barker collaborated on a brief fictional notice alluding to the Men in Black, which was published as fact first in
Raymond A. Palmer
's
Flying Saucers
magazine and some of Barker's own publications. In the story, Sherwood (writing as "Dr. Richard H. Pratt") claimed he was ordered to silence by the "blackmen" after learning that UFOs were time-travelling vehicles. Barker later wrote to Sherwood, "Evidently the fans swallowed this one with a gulp."
[58]
1960s
[
edit
]
Throughout much of the 1960s, atmospheric physicist
James E. McDonald
suggested?via lectures, articles and letters?that the U.S. Government was mishandling evidence that would support the
extraterrestrial hypothesis
.
[59]
[
better source needed
]
Jacques Vallee and the "Pentacle Memorandum"
[
edit
]
In June 1967, researcher
Jacques Vallee
was tasked with organizing files collected by
Project Bluebook
investigator
J. Allen Hynek
[60]
[61]
Among those files, Vallee found a memo dated 9 January 1953 addressed to an assistant of
Edward J. Ruppelt
, an Air Force officer assigned to Bluebook.
[60]
The memo was signed "H.C. Cross", but Vallee elected to refer to the author under the pseudonym "Pentacle".
[60]
The memo referred to a previously unknown analysis of several thousand UFO reports, along with calls for agreements about "what can and what cannot be discussed" with the 1953 Roberson Panel.
[60]
Writing in his 1967 journal, Vallee expressed the opinion that the memo, if it were published, "would cause an even bigger uproar among foreign scientists than among Americans: it would prove the devious nature of the statements made by the Pentagon all these years about the non-existence of UFOs".
[60]
1970s
[
edit
]
Emenegger documentary and the landing at Holloman Air Force Base
[
edit
]
Clark cites a 1973 encounter as perhaps the earliest suggestion that the U.S. government was involved with ETs. That year, Robert Emenegger and Allan Sandler of
Los Angeles, California
were in contact with officials at
Norton Air Force Base
in order to make a
documentary film
. Emenegger and Sandler report that Air Force Officials (including
Paul Shartle
) suggested incorporating UFO information in the documentary, including as its centerpiece genuine footage of a 1971 UFO landing at
Holloman Air Force Base
in
New Mexico
. Furthermore, says Emenegger, he was given a tour of Holloman AFB and was shown where officials conferred with aliens. This was supposedly not the first time the U.S. had met these aliens, as Emenegger reported that his U.S. military sources had "been monitoring signals from an alien group with which they were unfamiliar, and did their ET guests know anything about them? The ETs said no"
[62]
The documentary was released in 1974 as
UFOs: Past, Present, and Future
(narrated by
Rod Serling
) containing only a few seconds of the Holloman UFO footage, the remainder of the landing depicted with illustrations and re-enactments.
In 1988, Shartle said that the film in question was genuine, and that he had seen it several times.
In 1976 a televised documentary report
UFOs: It Has Begun
[63]
written by Robert Emenegger was presented by Rod Serling,
Burgess Meredith
and
Jose Ferrer
. Some sequences were recreated based upon the statements of eyewitness observers, together with the findings and conclusions of governmental civil and military investigations. The documentary uses a hypothetical UFO landing at Holloman AFB as a backdrop.
Emenegger's 1973 depiction of a landing at Holloman is widely noted for its "striking" similarities to
Steven Spielberg
's 1977 depiction of a landing at
Devil's Tower
in the film
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
.
[64]
[65]
In the 2013 documentary
Mirage Men
, Ufologist Richard Dolan discussed the Emenegger documentary, saying "I have wondered [if] that film, I think as many people have wondered, was an abortive attempt at some kind of 'Disclosure'.
[
citation needed
]
J. Allen Hynek and "Cosmic Watergate"
[
edit
]
J. Allen Hynek
was an American
astronomer
who served as scientific advisor to UFO studies undertaken by the
U.S. Air Force
under three projects:
Project Sign
(1947?1949),
Project Grudge
(1949?1951) and
Project Blue Book
(1952?1969)
[66]
Hynek had drawn ridicule for his most famous debunking, in which he suggests a mass-sighting over Michigan may have been caused by "swamp gas".
[67]
By 1974, the former skeptic was publicly charging that Bluebook was "a Cosmic Watergate".
[68]
Hynek claimed 20% of Bluebook cases were unexplained. Fellow Ufologist like Stanton Friedman echoed Hynek's "Cosmic Watergate" accusations.
[69]
Alternative 3
and a secret space program
[
edit
]
Jerome Clark
comments that many UFO conspiracy theory tales "can be traced to a mock documentary
Alternative 3
, broadcast on British television on June 20, 1977 (but intended for
April Fools' Day
), and subsequently turned into a paperback book."
[70]
According to the fictional research presented in the episode, it was claimed that missing scientists were involved in a secret American/Soviet plan in
outer space
, and further suggested that interplanetary space travel had been possible for much longer than was commonly accepted. The episode featured a fictional
Apollo
astronaut who claims to have stumbled on a mysterious lunar base during his moonwalk.
It was claimed that scientists had determined that the
Earth
's surface would be unable to support life for much longer, due to
pollution
leading to catastrophic
climate change
. Physicist "Dr Carl Gerstein" (played by
Richard Marner
) claimed to have proposed in 1957 that there were three alternatives to this problem. The first alternative was the drastic reduction of the human population on Earth. The second alternative was the construction of vast underground shelters to house government officials and a cross section of the population until the climate had stabilized. The third alternative, the so-called "Alternative 3", was to populate
Mars
via a
way station
on the Moon.
[71]
The final moments of the film feature the discovery of animal life on the surface of Mars.
Paul Bennewitz
[
edit
]
The late 1970s also saw the beginning of controversy centered on
Paul Bennewitz
of
Albuquerque, New Mexico
.
[72]
[73]
[
better source needed
]
1980s
[
edit
]
Jesse Marcel and Roswell conspiracy theories
[
edit
]
In February 1978, UFO researcher
Stanton Friedman
interviewed
Jesse Marcel
, the only person known to have accompanied the Roswell debris from where it was recovered to
Fort Worth
where reporters saw material that was claimed to be part of the recovered object. Marcel's statements contradicted those he made to the press in 1947.
[74]
In November 1979, Marcel's first filmed interview was featured in a documentary titled "UFO's Are Real", co-written by Friedman.
[75]
The film had a limited release but was later syndicated for broadcasting.
On February 28, 1980,
sensationalist
tabloid
the
National Enquirer
brought large-scale attention to the Marcel story.
[76]
On September 20, 1980, the TV series
In Search of...
aired an interview where Marcel described his participation in the 1947 press conference:
- "They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed ? told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently."
[75]
[77]
Marcel gave a final interview to HBO's
America Undercover
which aired in August 1985.
[78]
In all his statements, Marcel consistently denied the presence of bodies.
[79]
Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as
Stanton T. Friedman
,
William Moore
,
Karl T. Pflock
, and the team of
Kevin D. Randle
and Donald R. Schmitt interviewed several dozen people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947.
[80]
In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed aircraft: a surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest to the media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. Roswell has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".
[81]
Gordon Cooper
[
edit
]
By 1981,
[82]
[
better source needed
]
astronaut
Gordon Cooper
reported suppression of a flying saucer movie filmed in high clarity by two
Edwards AFB
range photographers on May 3, 1957. Cooper said he viewed developed negatives of the object, clearly showing a dish-like object with a dome on top and something like holes or ports in the dome. When later interviewed by
James McDonald
, the photographers and another witness confirmed the story. Cooper said military authorities then picked up the film and neither he nor the photographers ever heard what happened to it. The incident was also reported in a few newspapers, such as the
Los Angeles Times
. The official explanation was that the photographers had filmed a weather balloon distorted by hot desert air.
[83]
[
better source needed
]
Majestic 12
[
edit
]
The so-called
Majestic 12
documents surfaced in 1982, suggesting that there was secret, high-level U.S. government interest in UFOs dating to the 1940s. Upon examination, the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate
hoax
.
[84]
[85]
The term "Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" (or EBEs) was used in the MJ-12 documents.
[86]
Linda Moulton Howe and cattle mutilations
[
edit
]
Linda Moulton Howe
is an advocate of
conspiracy theories
that
cattle mutilations
are of
extraterrestrial
origin and speculations that the U.S. government is involved with aliens.
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
George C. Andrews and Milton William Cooper
[
edit
]
In 1986, conspiracy theorist George C. Andrews authored
Extra-Terrestrials Among Us
, accusing the CIA of the Kennedy assassination.
[91]
[92]
Scholar of extremism
Michael Barkun
notes that "Andrew's political views are almost indistinguishable from those associated with militias, only his placement of extraterrestrials at the pinnacle of conspiracies identifies him as a ufologist."
[91]
According to Barkun, "the publication of
Extra-Terrestrials Among Us
marked the beginning of a feverish period of UFO conspiracism, from 1986 to 1989.
[91]
Citing Andrews as a source, in 1991 the UFO conspiracy author
Bill Cooper
published the influential conspiracy work
Behold a Pale Horse
which claimed that Kennedy was killed after he "informed
Majestic 12
that he intended to reveal the presence of aliens to the American people".
[93]
[94]
Behold a Pale Horse
became 'wildly popular' with conspiracy theorists and went on to be one of the most-read books in the US prison system.
[95]
According to
Michael Barkun
, the theories of Andrews and Cooper helped create "a conspiracist form of UFO speculation, which
Jerome Clark
refers to as ufology's 'dark side'."
[91]
Bob Lazar and Area 51
[
edit
]
In 1980, the term "Area 51" was used in the popular press after
Delta Force
trained there for
Operation Eagle Claw
, the failed attempt to rescue American hostages in Iran.
[96]
Press again discussed the site in 1984 after the government seized adjacent land.
[97]
In November 1989,
Bob Lazar
appeared in a special interview with investigative reporter George Knapp on Las Vegas TV station KLAS to discuss his alleged employment at S-4.
[98]
In his interview with Knapp, Lazar said he first thought the saucers were secret, terrestrial aircraft, whose test flights must have been responsible for many UFO reports. Gradually, on closer examination and from having been shown multiple briefing documents, Lazar came to the conclusion that the discs must have been of extraterrestrial origin. He claims that they use
moscovium
, an element that decays in a fraction of a second, to warp space, and that "Grey" aliens are from the
Zeta Reticuli
star system. According to the
Los Angeles Times
,
he never obtained the degrees he claims to hold from MIT and Caltech.
[99]
[100]
By 1991, Nevada press reported tourists traveling to the Groom Lake region in hopes of glimpsing UFOs.
[101]
UFO Cover-Up?: Live!
[
edit
]
On October 14, 1988, actor
Mike Farrell
hosted
U.S. UFO Cover-Up: Live!
, a two-hour television special "focusing on the government's handling of information regarding UFOs" and "whether there has been any suppression of evidence supporting the existence of UFOs".
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
1990s
[
edit
]
The Branton Files are a series of documents espousing various conspiracy theories circulated on the
internet
since at least the mid-1990s. They are most often attributed to Bruce Alan Walton who claims to have been a victim of
alien abduction
and had contact through "altered states of consciousness" with humans "living in the inner earth". The files have been characterized as "high fantasy" filled with "complex and convoluted conspiracism".
[108]
[109]
[110]
Phil Schneider and Dulce Base
[
edit
]
In 1995, a man calling himself Philip Schneider made a few appearances at UFO conventions, espousing essentially a new version of the theories mentioned above. Schneider claimed to be the son of U-boat commander who was captured by the allies and switched sides. According to Schneider, his father has been part of the Philadelphia Experiment. Schneider claimed to have played a role in the construction of Deep Underground Military Bases (DUMBs) across the United States, and as a result he said that he had been exposed to classified information of various sorts as well as having personal experiences with EBEs. He claimed to have survived the
Dulce Base
catastrophe and decided to tell his tale.
[111]
According to folklore,
[
better source needed
]
Schneider died on January 17, 1996, in a death ruled a suicide, though some of his followers reportedly believed he may have been murdered.
[112]
[
better source needed
]
2000s
[
edit
]
2003 saw the publication of
Alien Encounters
(
ISBN
1-57821-205-7
), by
Chuck Missler
and Mark Eastman, which primarily re-stated the notions presented above (especially Cooper's) and presents them as fact.
[
citation needed
]
MoD secret files
[
edit
]
Eight files from 1978 to 1987 on UFO sightings were first released on May 14, 2008, to the National Archives' website by the British Ministry of Defence. Two hundred files were set to be made public by 2012. The files are correspondence from the public sent to government officials, such as the MoD and
Margaret Thatcher
. The information can be downloaded.
[113]
Copies of Lt. Col. Halt's letter regarding the sighting at RAF Woodbridge (see above
[
where?
]
) to the U.K. Ministry of Defence were routinely released (without additional comment) by the USA's base public affairs staff throughout the 1980s until the base closed. The MoD released the files due to requests under the
Freedom of Information Act
.
[114]
The files included reports of "lights in the sky" from Britons.
[115]
Disclosure
[
edit
]
In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups.
In 1993,
Steven M. Greer
founded the Disclosure Project to promote the concept. In May 2001, Greer held a press conference at the
National Press Club
in
Washington, D.C.
that demanded Congress hold hearings on "secret U.S. involvement with UFOs and extraterrestrials".
[116]
[117]
[118]
It was described by an attending BBC reporter as "the strangest ever news conference hosted by Washington's august National Press Club".
[119]
The Disclosure Project's claims were met with by derision by
skeptics
and spokespeople for the
U. S. Air Force
.
[120]
[121]
In 2013, the production company CHD2, LLC
[122]
held a "Citizen Hearing on Disclosure" at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. from 29 April to 3 May 2013. The group paid former U.S. Senator
Mike Gravel
and former Representatives
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick
,
Roscoe Bartlett
,
Merrill Cook
,
Darlene Hooley
, and
Lynn Woolsey
$20,000 each to participate, and to preside over panels of academics and former government and military officials discussing UFOs and extraterrestrials.
[123]
Other such groups include
Citizens Against UFO Secrecy
, founded in 1977.
The name of the German website
Disclose.tv
, which was initially a conspiracy forum focused on UFOs, ghosts and paranormal phenomena, references the concept.
[124]
Allegations of evidence suppression
[
edit
]
Allegations of suppression of UFO related evidence have persisted for many decades. Some conspiracy theories also claim that some governments might have removed and/or destroyed/suppressed physical evidence; some examples follow.
On July 7, 1947, William Rhodes photographed an unusual object over
Phoenix
,
Arizona
.
[125]
The photos appeared in a Phoenix newspaper and a few other papers. An Army Air Force intelligence officer and an FBI agent interviewed Rhodes on August 29 and convinced him to surrender the negatives, which he did the next day. He was informed he would not get them back, but later he tried, unsuccessfully, to retrieve them.
[126]
[127]
The photos were analyzed and subsequently appeared in some classified Air Force UFO intelligence reports. (Randle, 34?45, full account)
[128]
A June 27, 1950, movie of a "flying disk" over
Louisville
,
Kentucky
, taken by a Louisville
Courier-Journal
photographer, had the USAF Directors of counterintelligence (
AFOSI
) and intelligence discussing in memos how to best obtain the movie and interview the photographer without revealing Air Force interest. One memo suggested the
FBI
be used, then precluded the FBI getting involved. Another memo said "it would be nice if OSI could arrange to secure a copy of the film in some covert manner," but if that was not feasible, one of the Air Force scientists might have to negotiate directly with the newspaper.
[
citation needed
]
In a recent interview, the photographer confirmed meeting with military intelligence and still having the film in his possession until then, but refused to say what happened to the film after that.
[129]
In another 1950 movie incident from Montana, Nicholas Mariana filmed some unusual aerial objects and eventually turned the film over to the U.S. Air Force, but insisted that the first part of the film, clearly showing the objects as spinning discs, had been removed when it was returned to him.
[130]
On January 22, 1958, when
NICAP
director
Donald Keyhoe
appeared on CBS television, his statements on UFOs were censored by the Air Force. During the show when Keyhoe tried to depart from the censored script to "reveal something that has never been disclosed before," CBS cut the sound, later stating Keyhoe was about to violate "predetermined security standards" and about to say something he was not "authorized to release." Conspiracy theorists claim that what Keyhoe was about to reveal were four publicly unknown military studies concluding UFOs were interplanetary (including the 1948
Project Sign
Estimate of the Situation and Blue Book's 1952 engineering analysis of UFO motion). (Good, 286?287; Dolan 293?295)
[131]
[132]
A March 1, 1967 memo directed to all USAF divisions, from USAF Lt. General Hewitt Wheless, Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, stated that unverified information indicated that unknown individuals, impersonating USAF officers and other military personnel, had been harassing civilian UFO witnesses, warning them not to talk, and also confiscating film, referring specifically to the Heflin incident. AFOSI was to be notified if any personnel were to become aware of any other incidents. (Document in Fawcett & Greenwood, 236.)
[133]
According to one
theory related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy
, the CIA killed Kennedy in order to prevent him from leaking information to the Soviet Union about a covert program to reverse-engineer alien technology (i.e., Majestic 12).
[134]
Nick Cook
, an aviation investigative journalist for
Jane's Information Group
and researcher of
Billion Dollar Secret
[135]
and author of
The Hunt for Zero Point
[136]
claims to have uncovered documentary evidence that top-secret US Defense Industry technology has been developed by government-backed Defense Industry programs, beginning in the 1940s using research conducted by Nazi scientists during WWII and recovered by Allied Military Intelligence, then
taken to the U.S.
and developed further with the collaboration of the same former German scientists at top-secret facilities established at White Sands, New Mexico, and later at
Area 51
, allegedly resulting in production of real-world prototype operational supersonic craft actually tested and used in clandestine military exercises, with other developments incorporated later into spy aircraft tasked with overflying hostile countries: the UFO story that evidence of alien technology is being suppressed and removed or destroyed was generated and then promoted by the CIA, beginning 1947, as false-lead
disinformation
to cover it all up for the sake of National Security, particularly during the Cold War, at a time when (his investigations found) the Soviet Union too was developing its own top-secret high-tech UFO craft. Cook's conclusions, alleging suppression of evidence of advanced
human
technology instead of alien, together with what he presents as declassified top-secret documents and blueprints, and his interviews of various experts (some of doubtful reliability), was developed and broadcast as a feature documentary on British television in 2005 as "UFOs: The Secret Evidence" and in the US in 2006 as a two-part episode on the History Channel's
UFO Files
, retitled "An Alien History of Planet Earth", with an added introduction by actor
William Shatner
. The
History Channel
program teaser promised "...a look at rumors of classified military aircraft incorporating alien technology into their designs."
In 2013,
Sen. Mike Gravel
claimed that the government was suppressing evidence of extraterrestrials.
[137]
Benjamin Radford
has pointed out how unlikely such suppression of evidence is given that "[t]he UFO coverup conspiracy would have to span decades, cross international borders, and transcend political administrations" and that "all of the world's governments, in perpetuity, regardless of which political party is in power and even among enemies, [would] have colluded to continue the coverup."
[138]
In popular fiction
[
edit
]
Works of popular fiction have included premises and scenes in which a government intentionally prevents disclosure to its populace of the discovery of non-human, extraterrestrial intelligence. Motion picture examples include
2001: A Space Odyssey
(as well as the earlier novel by
Arthur C. Clarke
),
[139]
[140]
Easy Rider
,
[141]
the
Steven Spielberg
films
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
and
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
,
Hangar 18
,
Total Recall
,
Men in Black
, and
Independence Day
. Television series and films including
The X-Files
,
Dark Skies
, and
Stargate
have also featured efforts by governments to conceal information about extraterrestrial beings. The plot of the
Sidney Sheldon
novel
The Doomsday Conspiracy
involves a UFO conspiracy.
[142]
In March 2001, former astronaut and United States Senator
John Glenn
appeared on an episode of the TV series
Frasier
playing a fictional version of himself who confesses to a UFO coverup.
[143]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- Footnotes
- ^
99.99 feet (30.47695 m) to be exact.
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b
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- Bibliography
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
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edit
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