President of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965
This article is about the former president of the Philippines. For his grandson and former member of Congress, see
Diosdado Macapagal Arroyo
.
Diosdado P. Macapagal
|
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Diosdado_Macapagal_photo.jpg/220px-Diosdado_Macapagal_photo.jpg) |
|
|
In office
December 30, 1961 ? December 30, 1965
|
Vice President
| Emmanuel Pelaez
|
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Preceded by
| Carlos P. Garcia
|
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Succeeded by
| Ferdinand Marcos
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|
In office
December 30, 1957 ? December 30, 1961
|
President
| Carlos P. Garcia
|
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Preceded by
| Carlos P. Garcia
|
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Succeeded by
| Emmanuel Pelaez
|
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|
In office
December 30, 1949 ? December 30, 1957
|
Preceded by
| Amado Yuzon
|
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Succeeded by
| Francisco Nepomuceno
|
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|
In office
June 14, 1971 ? January 17, 1973
|
President
| Ferdinand Marcos
|
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Preceded by
| Carlos P. Garcia
|
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Succeeded by
| Position abolished
|
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|
In office
December 30, 1957 ? January 21, 1961
|
Preceded by
| Eugenio Perez
|
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Succeeded by
| Ferdinand Marcos
|
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|
|
Born
| Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
(
1910-09-28
)
September 28, 1910
Lubao
,
Pampanga
, Philippines
[a]
|
---|
Died
| April 21, 1997
(1997-04-21)
(aged 86)
Makati
, Philippines
|
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Resting place
| Libingan ng mga Bayani
,
Taguig
,
Metro Manila
, Philippines
14°31′11″N
121°2′39″E
/
14.51972°N 121.04417°E
/
14.51972; 121.04417
|
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Political party
| Liberal
(1949-1997)
|
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Spouses
| -
Purita de la Rosa
(
m.
1938; died 1943)
-
|
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Children
| 4, including
Arturo
and
Gloria
|
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Alma mater
| |
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Profession
| |
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Signature
| ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Diosdado_Macapagal_signature.png/128px-Diosdado_Macapagal_signature.png) |
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Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
GCrM
,
KGCR
(
Tagalog:
[djos?dado
makapa??al]
;
[1]
September 28, 1910 ? April 21, 1997) was a Filipino lawyer, poet and politician who served as the ninth
President of the Philippines
, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth
Vice President
, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the
House of Representatives
, and headed the
Constitutional Convention of 1970
. He was the father of
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
, who followed his path as President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
Known as "the poor boy from Lubao," he was a native of
Lubao, Pampanga
. Macapagal graduated from the
University of the Philippines
and
University of Santo Tomas
, both in
Manila
, after which he worked as a lawyer for the government. He first won the election in 1949 to the House of Representatives, representing the
1st district
in his home province of
Pampanga
. In 1957, he became vice president under the rule of President
Carlos P. Garcia
, whom he later defeated in the
1961 election
.
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the growth of the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival
Nacionalista Party
. He is also known for shifting the country's observance of
Independence Day
from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day President
Emilio Aguinaldo
unilaterally declared the independence of the
First Philippine Republic
from the
Spanish Empire
in 1898. He stood for re-election in
1965
, and was defeated by
Ferdinand Marcos
.
Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the 1970 constitutional convention that would later draft what became the
1973 Constitution
, though the manner in which the charter was ratified and modified led him to later question its legitimacy. He died of heart failure,
pneumonia
, and
renal
complications, in 1997, at the age of 86.
Macapagal was also a poet in the Spanish language, though his poetic oeuvre was eclipsed by his political biography.
[
citation needed
]
Early life
[
edit
]
Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 22, 1910 at Barrio San Nicolas, in
Lubao, Pampanga
, the third of five children in a poor family.
[2]
His father was Urbano Romero Macapagal, a poet who wrote in the local
Pampangan language
, and his mother was Romana Pangan Macapagal, daughter of Atanacio Miguel Pangan (a former
cabeza de barangay
of Gutad,
Floridablanca, Pampanga
) and Lorenza Suing Antiveros. Urbano's mother, Escolastica Romero Macapagal, was a midwife and schoolteacher who taught
catechism
.
[3]
Diosdado is a distant descendant of Don
Juan Macapagal
, a prince of Tondo, who was a great-grandson of the last reigning
lakan
of
Tondo
,
Lakan Dula
.
[4]
He is also related to well-to-do Licad family through his mother Romana, who was a second cousin of Maria Vitug Licad, grandmother of renowned pianist,
Cecile Licad
. Romana's own grandmother, Genoveva Miguel Pangan, and Maria's grandmother, Celestina Miguel Macaspac, were sisters. Their mother, Maria Concepcion Lingad Miguel, was the daughter of Jose Pingul Lingad and Gregoria Malit Bartolo.
[5]
Diosdado's family earned extra income by raising pigs and accommodating boarders in their home.
[3]
Due to his roots in poverty, Macapagal would later become affectionately known as the "Poor Boy from Lubao".
[6]
Diosdado was also a reputed poet in the Spanish language although his poetic work was eclipsed by his political career.
Early education
[
edit
]
Macapagal in his younger years
Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools, graduating
valedictorian
from Lubao Elementary School, and
salutatorian
at
Pampanga High School
.
[7]
He finished his pre-law course at the
University of the Philippines Manila
, then enrolled at
Philippine Law School
in 1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting himself with a part-time job as an accountant.
[3]
[7]
While in law school, he gained prominence as an orator and debater.
[7]
However, he was forced to quit schooling after two years due to poor health and a lack of money.
[3]
Returning to Pampanga, he joined boyhood friend
Rogelio de la Rosa
in producing and starring in
Tagalog
operettas
patterned after classic Spanish
zarzuelas
.
[3]
It was during this period that he married his friend's sister, Purita de la Rosa, in 1938.
[3]
He had two children with de la Rosa, Cielo and Arturo.
[6]
Macapagal raised enough money to continue his studies at the
University of Santo Tomas
.
[3]
He also gained the assistance of philanthropist Don Honorio Ventura, the secretary of the interior at the time, who financed his education.
[8]
He also received financial support from his mother's relatives, notably from the Macaspacs, who owned large tracts of land in barrio Sta. Maria, Lubao, Pampanga. After receiving his
Bachelor of Laws
degree in 1936, he was admitted to the
bar
, topping the 1936 bar examination with a score of 89.95%.
[7]
He later returned to his alma mater to take up graduate studies and earn a
Master of Laws
degree in 1941, a
Doctor of Civil Law
degree in 1947, and a PhD in economics in 1957. His dissertation had "Imperatives of Economic Development in the Philippines" as its title.
[9]
Early career
[
edit
]
After passing the bar examination, Macapagal was invited to join an American law firm as a practicing attorney, a particular honor for a Filipino at the time.
[10]
He was assigned as a legal assistant to President
Manuel L. Quezon
in
Malacanang Palace
.
[7]
During the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines
in World War II, Macapagal continued working in Malacanang Palace as an assistant to President
Jose P. Laurel
, while secretly aiding the anti-Japanese resistance during the Allied liberation country from the Japanese.
[7]
After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with one of the largest law firms in the country,
Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso
.
[7]
With the establishment of the independent
Third Republic of the Philippines
in 1946, he rejoined government service when President
Manuel Roxas
appointed him to the
Department of Foreign Affairs
as the head of its legal division.
[6]
In 1948, President
Elpidio Quirino
appointed Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful transfer of the
Turtle Islands
in the
Sulu Sea
from the United Kingdom to the Philippines.
[7]
That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the
Philippine Embassy
in Washington, D.C.
[6]
In 1949, he was elevated to the position of counselor on legal affairs and treaties, at the time the fourth-highest post in the Philippine Foreign Office.
[11]
House of Representatives (1949?1957)
[
edit
]
Macapagal (right) with Lubao Mayor Eloy Baluyut (center) and Governor
Jose B. Lingad
(left) in 1948.
On the urging of local political leaders of Pampanga province, President Quirino recalled Macapagal from his position in Washington to run for a seat in the
House of Representatives
representing the
1st district of Pampanga
.
[2]
The district's incumbent, Representative
Amado Yuzon
, was a friend of Macapagal, but was opposed by the administration due to his support by communist groups.
[2]
After a campaign that Macapagal described as cordial and free of personal attacks, he won a landslide victory in the
1949 election
.
[2]
He was re-elected in the
1953 election
, and served as a representative in the
2nd
and
3rd Congress
.
At the start of the 1950 legislative session, the members of the House of Representatives elected Macapagal as chair of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and was given several foreign assignments.
[11]
He was a Philippine delegate to the
United Nations General Assembly
multiple times, taking part in debates over communist aggression with
Andrei Vishinsky
and
Jacob Malik
of the Soviet Union.
[11]
He also took part in negotiations for the
U.S.-R.P. Mutual Defense Treaty
, the
Laurel?Langley Agreement
, and the
Japanese Peace Treaty
.
[7]
He authored the Foreign Service Act, which reorganized and strengthened the Philippine
foreign service
.
[6]
As a representative, Macapagal authored and sponsored several laws of socio-economic importance, particularly aimed at benefiting rural areas and the poor. Amongst the legislation that Macapagal promoted, was the Minimum Wage Law, Rural Health Law, Rural Bank Law, the Law on Barrio Councils, the Barrio Industrialization Law, and a law nationalizing the rice and corn industries.
[7]
He was consistently selected by the Congressional Press Club as one of the Ten Outstanding Congressmen during his tenure.
[7]
In his second term, he was named most outstanding lawmaker of the 3rd Congress .
[7]
Vice presidency (1957?1961)
[
edit
]
In the
May 1957 general elections
, the
Liberal Party
drafted Congressman Macapagal to run for vice president as the running-mate of
Jose Y. Yulo
, a former
speaker of the House of Representatives
. Macapagal's nomination was particularly boosted by Liberal Party president
Eugenio Perez
, who insisted that the party's vice presidential nominee have a clean record of integrity and honesty.
[2]
While Yulo was defeated by Carlos P. Garcia of the
Nacionalista Party
, Macapagal was elected vice president in an upset victory, defeating the Nacionalista candidate,
Jose B. Laurel, Jr.
, by over eight percentage points. A month after the election, he was chosen as the president of the Liberal Party.
[8]
As the first ever Philippine vice president to be elected from a rival party of the president, Macapagal served out his four-year vice presidential term as a leader of the
opposition
. The ruling party refused to give him a
Cabinet position
in the Garcia administration, which was a break from tradition.
[7]
He was offered a position in the Cabinet only on the condition that he switch allegiance to the ruling Nationalista Party, but he declined the offer and instead played the role of critic to the administration's policies and performance.
[6]
This allowed him to capitalize on the increasing unpopularity of the Garcia administration. Assigned to performing only ceremonial duties as vice president, he spent his time making frequent trips to the countryside to acquaint himself with voters and to promote the image of the Liberal Party.
[6]
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy.
Presidency (1961?1965)
[
edit
]
Macapagal swears in as President of the Philippines at the
Quirino Grandstand
, Manila on December 30, 1961
In the
1961 presidential election
, Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings.
[3]
He defeated the incumbent president with a 55% to 45% margin.
[6]
His
inauguration
as the president of the Philippines took place on December 30, 1961.
Administration and cabinet
[
edit
]
Major legislations signed
[
edit
]
- Republic Act No. 3512 ? An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission Defining Its Powers, Duties and Functions, and Appropriating Funds.
- Republic Act No. 3518 ? An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans' Bank, and For Other Purposes.
- Republic Act No. 3844 ? An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide For The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor and For Other Purposes.
- Republic Act No. 4166 ? An Act Changing The Date Of Philippine Independence Day From July Four To June Twelve, And Declaring July Four As Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending For The Purpose Section Twenty-Nine Of The Revised Administrative Code.
- Republic Act No. 4180 ? An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising The Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.
Domestic policies
[
edit
]
Economy of the Philippines under
President Diosdado Macapagal
1961?1965
|
1962
| 29.20 million
|
---|
|
1962
| ?
234,828 million
|
---|
1965
| ?
273,769 million
|
---|
Growth rate, 1962?65
| 5.5 %
|
---|
|
1962
| ?
8,042
|
---|
1965
| ?
8,617
|
---|
|
1962
| ?
46,177 million
|
---|
1965
| ?
66,216 million
|
---|
|
1 US$ =
?
3.80
1
Ph?
=
US$
0.26
|
Sources
:
Philippine Presidency Project
Malaya, J. Eduardo; Malaya, Jonathan E. (2004).
...So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses
. Manila: Anvil Publishing.
|
Economy
[
edit
]
In his inaugural address, Macapagal promised a socio-economic program anchored on "a return to free and private enterprise", placing economic development in the hands of private entrepreneurs with minimal interference.
[6]
Twenty days after the inauguration, exchange controls were lifted and the
Philippine peso
was allowed to float on the free currency exchange market. The currency controls were initially adopted by the administration of
Elpidio Quirino
as a temporary measure, but continued to be adopted by succeeding administrations. The peso devalued from
?
2.64
to the U.S. dollar, and stabilized at
?3.80
to the dollar, supported by a
US$
300 million
stabilization fund from the
International Monetary Fund
.
[6]
To achieve the national goal of economic and social progress with prosperity reaching down to the masses, there existed a choice of methods. First, there was the choice between the democratic and dictatorial systems, the latter prevailing in communist countries. On this, the choice was easy as Filipinos had long been committed to the democratic method.
[12]
With the democratic mechanism, however, the next choice was between
free enterprise
and the continuing of the controls system. Macapagal stated the essence of free enterprise in layman parlance in declaring before Congress on January 22, 1962, that "the task of economic development belongs principally to private enterprise and not to the government.
[12]
Macapagal inaugurating the Masalip Dam in
Tubao, La Union
in 1962
Before independence there was free enterprise in the Philippines under Presidents
Manuel Quezon
,
Sergio Osmena
and
Manuel Roxas
. In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino deviated from free enterprise launching as a temporary emergency measure the system of exchange and import controls. The controls system was carried on by President Magsaysay and Garcia.
[12]
The first fundamental decision Macapagal had to make was whether to continue the system of exchange controls of Quirino, Magsaysay and Garcia or to return to the free enterprise of Quezon, Osmena and Roxas.
[12]
It had been his view since he was a congressman for eight years that the suitable economic system for Filipinos was free enterprise. So on January 21, 1962, after working for 20 straight hours he signed a Central Bank decree abolishing exchange controls and returning the country to free enterprise.
[12]
During the 20 days available to make a decision on choice between controls and free enterprise, between his inauguration as president and before the opening of
Congress
, Macapagal's main adviser was Andres Castillo, governor of the
Central Bank
.
Further reform efforts by Macapagal were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, Macapagal was able to achieve steady economic progress, and annual GDP growth averaged at 5.53% for 1962?65.
[6]
Socio-economic program
[
edit
]
The removal of controls and the restoration of free enterprise was intended to provide only the fundamental setting in which Macapagal could work out economic and social progress.
[12]
A specific and periodic program for the guidance of both the private sector and the government was an essential instrument to attain the economic and social development that constituted the goal of his labors.
[12]
Such a program for his administration was formulated under his authority and direction by a group of able and reputable economic and business leaders the most active and effective of which was Sixto Roxas III. From an examination of the planned targets and requirements of the Five-Year program ? formally known as the Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program ? it could be seen that it aimed at the following objectives.
[12]
- immediate restoration of
economic stability
;
- alleviating the plight of the common man; and
- establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.
Free enterprise was restored with decontrol. The Five-Year Economic Program had been prescribed. Land reform abolishing tenancy had been launched. These were essential foundations for economic and social progress for the greatest number.
[12]
The essential foundations having been laid, attention must then be turned to the equally difficult task of building the main
edifice
by implementing the economic program. Although the success of Macapagal's Socio-Economic Program in free enterprise inherently depended on the private sector, it would be helpful and necessary for the government to render active assistance in its implementation by the citizens.
[12]
Such role of the government in
free enterprise
, in the view of Macapagal, required it (1) to provide the social overhead like roads, airfields and ports that directly or proximately promote economic growth, (2) to adopt fiscal and monetary policies salutary to investments, and most importantly (3) to serve as an entrepreneur or promote of basic and key private industries, particularly those that require capital too large for businessmen to put up by themselves. Among the enterprises he selected for active government promotion were
integrated steel
,
fertilizer
,
pulp
, meat
canning
and tourism.
[12]
Land reform
[
edit
]
Macapagal (left) in front of the Aguinaldo house replica at the
Quirino Grandstand
, June 12, 1962
Like
Ramon Magsaysay
, President Diosdado Macapagal came from the masses. He savored calling himself the "Poor boy from Lubao".
[13]
Ironically, he had little popularity among the masses.
[13]
This could be attributed to an absence any charismatic appeal owing to his stiff personality.
[13]
But despite this, Macapagal had certain achievements.
[13]
Foremost of these was the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (Republic Act No. 3844) which provided for the purchase of private farmlands with the intention of distributing them in small lots to the landless tenants on easy term of payment.
[13]
It is a major development in history of
land reform in the Philippines
,
In comparison with the previous agrarian legislation, the law lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares, whether owned by individuals or corporations. It removed the term "contiguous" and established the
leasehold
system.
[13]
The share-
tenancy
or the
kasama
system was prohibited.
[13]
It formulated a
bill of rights
that assured agricultural workers the right to self-organization and to a
minimum wage
. It also created an office that acquired and distributed farmlands and a financing institution for this purpose.
[13]
The major flaw of this law was, however, that it had several exemptions, such as ort (big capital
plantations
established during the
Spanish
and
American
periods); fishponds, saltbeds, and lands primarily planted to
citrus
,
coconuts
,
cacao
,
coffee
,
durian
, and other similar permanent trees; landholdings converted to
residential
,
commercial
,
industrial
, or other similar non-agricultural purposes.
[13]
It was viewed that the 75-hectare retention limit was just too high for the growing population density. Moreover, this law merely allowed the transfer of the
landlordism
from one area to another.
[13]
This was because landlords were paid in bonds, which he could use to purchase agricultural lands.
[13]
Likewise, the farmer was free to choose to be excluded from the leasehold arrangements if he volunteered to give up the landholdings to the landlord.
[13]
Within two years after the law was implemented, no
[13]
land was being purchased under its term and conditions caused by the
peasants
' inability to purchase the land.
[13]
Besides, the
government
seemed lacking of strong political will, as shown by the Congress' allotment of only one million Philippine pesos for the implementation of this code. At least Php 200 million was needed within a year from the enactment and implementation of the code, and Php 300 million in the next three years for the program to be successful. However, by 1972, the code had benefited only 4,500 peasants covering 68 estates, at the cost of Php 57 million to the government. Consequently, by the 1970s, the farmers ended up tilling less land, with their share in the farm also being less.
[13]
They incurred more debts, depending on the landlord,
creditors
, and
palay
buyers. Indeed, during the administration of Macapagal, the productivity of the
farmers
further declined.
[13]
Anti-corruption drive
[
edit
]
One of Macapagal's major campaign pledges had been to clean out the government corruption that had proliferated under former President Garcia.
[14]
The administration also openly feuded with Filipino businessmen
Fernando Lopez
and
Eugenio Lopez
, brothers who had controlling interests in several large businesses.
[6]
The administration alluded to the brothers as "Filipino Stonehills who build and maintain business empires through political power, including the corruption of politicians and other officials".
[15]
In the
1965 election
, the Lopezes threw their support behind Macapagal's rival,
Ferdinand Marcos
, with Fernando Lopez serving Marcos' running mate.
[15]
Stonehill controversy
[
edit
]
The Administration's campaign against corruption was tested by
Harry Stonehill
, an American expatriate with a $50-million business empire in the Philippines.
[14]
Macapagal's secretary of justice,
Jose W. Diokno
investigated Stonehill on charges of tax evasion, smuggling, misdeclaration of imports, and corruption of public officials.
[14]
Diokno's investigation revealed Stonehill's ties to corruption within the government. Macapagal, however, prevented Diokno from prosecuting Stonehill by deporting the American instead, then dismissing Diokno from the cabinet. Diokno questioned Macapagal's actions, saying, "How can the government now prosecute the corrupted when it has allowed the corrupter to go?"
[14]
Diokno later served as a senator.
Independence Day
[
edit
]
Macapagal appealed to nationalist sentiments by shifting the commemoration of Philippine independence day. On May 12, 1962, he signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898.
[16]
The change became permanent in 1964 with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166.
[17]
For having issued his 1962 proclamation, Macapagal is generally credited with having moved the celebration date of the Independence Day holiday.
[18]
[19]
Years later, Macapagal told journalist
Stanley Karnow
the real reason for the change: "When I was in the diplomatic corps, I noticed that nobody came to our receptions on the
Fourth of July
, but went to the American Embassy instead. So, to compete, I decided we needed a different holiday."
[20]
Foreign policies
[
edit
]
Macapagal (center) during a visit in Brazil in 1960
North Borneo claim
[
edit
]
President Diosdado Macapagal on the bridge of the USS Oklahoma City in 1962
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, the territory of eastern
North Borneo
(now
Sabah
), and the full sovereignty,
[21]
[22]
title and dominion over the territory were ceded by heirs of the
Sultanate of Sulu
, Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the Philippines.
[23]
The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to pursue their claim in international courts. The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah in 1963.
[24]
[25]
It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial economic and security relations with
Kuala Lumpur
.
[26]
To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabah's jurisdiction to the
International Court of Justice
.
[27]
[
unreliable source?
]
Sabah sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a non-issue and thus dismissed the claim.
[28]
MAPHILINDO
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
In July 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal convened a summit meeting in Manila in which a nonpolitical confederation for Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia,
Maphilindo
, was proposed as a realization of
Jose Rizal
's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples, seen as artificially divided by colonial frontiers.
[2]
Maphilindo was described as a regional association that would approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus. However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of
Jakarta
and
Manila
to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the
Federation of Malaysia
. Manila had its own claim to
Sabah
(formerly
British North Borneo
),
[2]
and Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a
British imperialist
plot. The plan failed when
Sukarno
adopted his plan of "
konfrontasi
" with Malaysia. The Konfrontasi, or Confrontation basically aimed at preventing Malaysia from attaining independence. The idea was inspired onto President Sukarno by the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), or literally the
Indonesian Communist Party
. The party convinced President Sukarno that the formation of Malaysia is a form of
neo-colonization
and would affect tranquility in Indonesia. The subsequent development of
ASEAN
almost certainly excludes any possibility of the project ever being revived.
[2]
Vietnam War
[
edit
]
US President
Lyndon B. Johnson
(right) with Macapagal (left) in 1963
Before the end of his term in 1965, President Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to
South Vietnam
. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by Senate President
Ferdinand Marcos
who deserted Macapagal's
Liberal Party
and defected to the
Nacionalista Party
.
[29]
The
U.S. government
's active interest in bringing other nations into the war had been part of U.S. policy discussions as early as 1961. President
Lyndon Johnson
first publicly appealed for other countries to come to the aid of South Vietnam on April 23, 1964?in what was called the "More Flags" program.
[29]
Chester Cooper, former director of Asian affairs for the White House, explained why the impetus came from the United States instead of from the Republic of South Vietnam: "The 'More Flags' campaign ... required the application of considerable pressure for Washington to elicit any meaningful commitments. One of the more exasperating aspects of the search…was the lassitude …... of the Saigon government. In part ... the South Vietnam leaders were preoccupied with political jockeying. ... In addition, Saigon appeared to believe that the program was a public relations campaign directed at the American people."
[29]
1963 midterm election
[
edit
]
The senatorial election was held on November 12, 1963. Macapagal's
Liberal Party
(LP) won four out of the eight seats up for grabs during the election ? thereby increasing the LP's senate seats from eight to ten.
1965 presidential campaign
[
edit
]
President-elect
Ferdinand E. Marcos
is received by incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal at the Malacanan Palace Music Room, before both proceeded to the inaugural venue, December 30, 1965.
Towards the end of his term, Macapagal decided to seek re-election to continue seeking reforms which he claimed were stifled by a "dominant and uncooperative opposition" in Congress.
[6]
With Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a fellow member of the Liberal Party, unable to win his party's nomination due to Macapagal's re-election bid, Marcos switched allegiance to the rival Nacionalista Party to oppose Macapagal.
[6]
Among the issues raised against the incumbent administration were graft and corruption, rise in consumer goods, and persisting peace and order issues.
[6]
Macapagal was defeated by Marcos in the
November 1965 polls
.
Post-presidency and death (1965?1997)
[
edit
]
Grave of Diosdado Macapagal at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
.
Macapagal announced his retirement from politics following his 1965 loss to Marcos. In 1971, he was elected president of the
constitutional convention
that drafted what became the
1973 Constitution
. The manner in which the charter was ratified and later modified led him to later question its legitimacy. In 1979, he formed the National Union for Liberation as a political party to oppose the Marcos regime.
Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, Macapagal took on the role of elder statesman, and was a member of the
Philippine Council of State
.
[7]
He also served as honorary chairman of the National Centennial Commission, and chairman of the board of CAP Life, among others.
In his retirement, Macapagal devoted much of his time to reading and writing.
[7]
He published his presidential memoir, authored several books about government and economics, and wrote a weekly column for the
Manila Bulletin
newspaper.
Diosdado Macapagal died of heart failure,
pneumonia
and
renal
complications at the
Makati Medical Center
on April 21, 1997. He was accorded a
state funeral
and was interred at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
on April 27, 1997.
[30]
[31]
Personal life
[
edit
]
First marriage
[
edit
]
In 1938, Macapagal married Purita de la Rosa. They had two children, Cielo Macapagal-Salgado (who would later become vice governor of Pampanga) and
Arturo Macapagal
. Purita died in 1943.
Second marriage
[
edit
]
On May 5, 1946, Macapagal married
Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg
, with whom he had two children,
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(who would later become president of the Philippines) and Diosdado Macapagal, Jr.
Legacy
[
edit
]
On September 28, 2009, Macapagal's daughter, President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
, inaugurated the President Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library, located at his home town of
Lubao, Pampanga
.
[32]
[33]
President
Benigno S. Aquino III
declared September 28, 2010, as a special non-working holiday in Macapagal's home province of Pampanga to commemorate the centennial of his birth.
[34]
He is featured in the
200-peso note
of the New Design Series (June 12, 2002?2013) and New Generation Currency (December 16, 2010?present).
[
citation needed
]
Museum and library
[
edit
]
These house the personal books and memorabilia of Macapagal.
-
Macapagal Clan
-
Facade of the House
-
Bust (sculpture) of Macapagal in museum-library
-
Museum and library
-
Oil portrait of Macapagal
-
Second floor of the Museum
Electoral history
[
edit
]
Vice presidential election, 1957
:
[6]
Presidential election, 1961
:
[6]
Presidential election, 1965
:
[6]
Honors
[
edit
]
National honours
[
edit
]
Foreign honours
[
edit
]
Publications
[
edit
]
- Speeches of President Diosdado Macapagal
. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1961.
- New Hope for the Common Man: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal
. Manila: Malacanang Press Office, 1962.
- Five Year Integrated Socio-economic Program for the Philippines
. Manila: [s.n.], 1963.
- Fullness of Freedom: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal
. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1965.
- An Asian looks at South America
. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
- The Philippines Turns East
. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
- A Stone for the Edifice: Memoirs of a President
. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1968.
- A New Constitution for the Philippines
. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1970.
- Democracy in the Philippines
. Manila: [s.n.], 1976.
- Constitutional Democracy in the World
. Manila: Santo Tomas University Press, 1993.
- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace: Autobiography of President Diosdado P. Macapagal
. Quezon City: Philippine Academy for Continuing Education and Research, 2002.
See also
[
edit
]
Named after Diosdado Macapagal:
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge
. Vol. 12. Grolier. 1995. p. 4.
ISBN
0-7172-5372-4
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Profile ? Autobiography and Biography"
.
macapagal.com
. Archived from
the original
on September 29, 2011
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Common Man's President"
.
Time
. November 24, 1961. Archived from
the original
on February 4, 2011
. Retrieved
August 6,
2009
.
- ^
Santiago, Luciano P. R. (1990). "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda and Soliman (1571?1898): Genealogy and Group Identity".
Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
.
18
(1): 39?73.
JSTOR
29791998
.
- ^
Blood Relationship between Cecile Licad and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and their Bartolo roots by Louie Aldrin Lacson Bartolo
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Malaya, J. Eduardo; Jonathan E. Malaya (2004).
So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses
. Manila: Anvil. pp. 200?214.
ISBN
971-27-1486-1
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
"Diosdado Macapagal"
.
Malacanang Museum
. Office of the President of the Philippines. Archived from
the original
on June 24, 2008
. Retrieved
August 6,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Diosdado Macapagal"
.
Encarta Online Encyclopedia
. Microsoft. Archived from
the original
on November 1, 2009
. Retrieved
August 6,
2009
.
- ^
Landingin, Roel (2017).
Public Choice: The Life of Armand V. Fabella in Government and Education
. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing.
ISBN
9786214201457
.
- ^
Karnow, Stanley
(1989).
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
. New York: Ballantine Books. p.
33
.
ISBN
0-345-32816-7
.
- ^
a
b
c
Macapagal, Diosdado (1966). "About the Author".
The Philippines Turns East
. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
"Tributes"
.
macapagal.com
. Archived from
the original
on September 22, 2011
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Manapat, Carlos L. (2010).
Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform
. Quezon City: C & E Publishing.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Smoke in Manila"
.
Time
. August 10, 1962. Archived from
the original
on April 28, 2007
. Retrieved
August 11,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Philippine Information Agency; Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (2003).
Building a Strong Republic
(PDF)
. Quezon City. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 27, 2007.
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Presidential Proclamation No. 28 (May 12, 1962),
"Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day"
,
Supreme Court E-Library
- ^
Republic Act No. 4166 (August 4, 1964).
"An Act Changing the Date of Philippine Independence Day From July Four to June Twelve, and Declaring July Four as Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending for the Purpose Section Twenty-nine of the Revised Administrative Code"
.
Supreme Court E-Library
.
- ^
Ocampo, Ambeth R.
(September 29, 2010).
"Macapagal at 100"
. Looking Back.
Philippine Daily Inquirer
– via PressReader.
- ^
Satorre, Manuel S. Jr.
"President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12"
.
Positive News Media
. Archived from
the original
on July 24, 2011
. Retrieved
December 10,
2008
.
- ^
Karnow 1989
, p. 365.
- ^
Office of Public Information, United Nations. "Information on Non-Self-Governing Territories Transmitted Under Article 73e of United Nations Charter ? The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories".
Yearbook of the United Nations 1960
(PDF)
. New York. pp. 509?510. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 20, 2012.
- ^
Office of Public Information, United Nations. "Questions Concerning Asia and the Far East ? The Question of Malaysia".
Yearbook of the United Nations 1963
(PDF)
. New York. pp. 41?44. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on November 11, 2011.
- ^
Cession and Transfer of the Territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, Acting with the Consent and Approval of the Ruma Bechara, in Council Assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines
. April 24, 1962. Archived from
the original
on August 10, 2019
. Retrieved
September 29,
2016
– via Official Gazette.
- ^
United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963)
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 11, 2010
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
.
- ^
United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement Relating to the Implementation of the Manila Accord
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 12, 2011
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
.
- ^
"Come Clean on Sabah, Sulu Sultan Urge Gov't"
.
asianjournal.com
. Retrieved
March 1,
2008
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Philippines' Claim to Sabah"
.
Epilipinas
. Archived from
the original
on March 11, 2008
. Retrieved
February 28,
2008
.
- ^
"Call for ICJ Arbitration Dismissed"
.
The Star Online
. May 29, 2008. Archived from
the original
on May 30, 2008.
- ^
a
b
c
Lockwood, Kathleen (June 12, 2006) [Originally published in the June 1999 issue of Vietnam Magazine].
"The Philippines: Allies During the Vietnam War"
.
HistoryNet
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
.
- ^
Montemayor, Jocelyn (August 8, 2022).
"FVR state burial set"
.
Malaya
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
.
- ^
PHILIPPINES: MANILA: RESPECTS PAID TO FORMER PRESIDENT MACAPAGAL
. APTV. April 27, 1997
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
.
- ^
Inauguration and Blessing of Pres Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library Lubao, Pampanga
. September 28, 2009
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
– via YouTube.
- ^
"PGMA Leads the Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library"
.
Philippines News Agency
. September 28, 2009. Archived from
the original
on November 5, 2012
. Retrieved
September 23,
2011
– via HighBeam Research.
- ^
Ocampo, Ambeth (September 28, 2010).
"Macapagal at 100"
. Looking Back.
Inquirer.net
. Archived from
the original
on May 7, 2011.
- ^
"Our Story"
.
Knights of Rizal
. Archived from
the original
on June 15, 2021.
- ^
Kai, Jack (1963).
"Cementing Philippines Friendship"
.
Taiwan Today
. Archived from
the original
on July 13, 2015
. Retrieved
July 12,
2015
.
External links
[
edit
]
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