Diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSR), or ultra-low emittance storage rings , are synchrotron light sources where the emittance of the electron-beam in the storage ring is smaller or comparable to the emittance of the x-ray photon beam they produce at the end of their insertion devices . These facilities operate in the soft to hard x-ray range (100eV?100keV) with extremely high brilliance (in the order of 10 ²¹ ?10 ²² photons/s/mm ² /mrad ² /0.1%BW)

Together with X-ray free-electron lasers , they constitute the fourth generation of light sources, ^[1] characterized by a relatively high coherent flux (in the order of 10 ¹⁴ ?10 ¹⁵ photons/s/0.1%BW for DLSR) and enable extended physical and chemical characterizations at the nano-scale.

Existing diffraction-limited storage rings [ edit ]

• MAX IV Laboratory , in Lund, Sweden.
• Sirius , in Campinas, Brazil
• European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , Extremely Brilliant Source ( ESRF-EBS ), in Grenoble, France

DLSR upgrade or facilities under construction [ edit ]

• Advanced Photon Source Upgrade ( APS-U ), in Argonne, Illinois, USA
• Swiss Light Source 2, Upgrade (SLS 2.0 ^[2] ), in Villigen, Switzerland

Planned or projected DLSR upgrades or new facilities [ edit ]

Upgrades [ edit ]

• PETRA IV, Upgrade ( PETRA IV ), at DESY, Hamburg, Germany
• Advanced Light Source , Upgrade ( ALS-U ), in Berkeley, California, USA
• Diamond II ( Diamond II ), in Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
• ELETTRA 2.0 ( Elettra 2.0 ), in Trieste, Italy
• ALBA II, in Barcelona, Spain ^[3]
• SOLEIL II, in Saint-Aubin, France ^[4]

New facilities [ edit ]

• High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), in Beijing, China ^{[5] [6]}

See also [ edit ]

• X-Ray Free Electron Lasers

References [ edit ]

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