River connecting Lake Huron with Lake Erie
Detroit River
Riviere Detroit
|
---|
Southern end as it enters
Lake Erie
with Canada in the foreground and the U.S. in the background
|
Location within the state of Michigan
Show map of Michigan
Location within the United States
Show map of the United States
|
|
Country
| United States, Canada
|
---|
State
| Michigan
|
---|
Province
| Ontario
|
---|
Cities
| US:
Grosse Pointe Park
,
Detroit
,
River Rouge
,
Ecorse
,
Wyandotte
,
Riverview
,
Trenton
,
Gibraltar
Canada:
Tecumseh
,
Windsor
,
La Salle
,
Amherstburg
|
---|
|
|
Source
| Lake St. Clair
|
---|
• coordinates
| 42°21′07″N
82°55′03″W
/
42.35194°N 82.91750°W
/
42.35194; -82.91750
|
---|
• elevation
| 574 ft (175 m)
|
---|
|
Mouth
| Lake Erie
|
---|
• coordinates
| 42°03′06″N
83°09′05″W
/
42.05167°N 83.15139°W
/
42.05167; -83.15139
|
---|
• elevation
| 571 ft (174 m)
|
---|
Length
| 28 mi (45 km)
|
---|
Basin size
| 700 sq mi (1,800 km
2
)
|
---|
|
Tributaries
|
|
---|
• left
| Little River,
River Canard
|
---|
• right
| River Rouge
,
Ecorse River
|
---|
Islands
| 31 (
list of islands
)
|
---|
The
Detroit River
flows west and south for 24
nautical miles
(44 km; 28 mi) from
Lake St. Clair
to
Lake Erie
as a
strait
in the
Great Lakes
system. The river divides the metropolitan areas of
Detroit
,
Michigan
, and
Windsor
,
Ontario
?an area collectively referred to as
Detroit?Windsor
?and forms part of the
border
between
Canada
and the
United States
.
[1]
[2]
The
Ambassador Bridge
, the
Detroit?Windsor Tunnel
, and the
Michigan Central Railway Tunnel
connect the cities.
The river's English name comes from the
French
Riviere du Detroit
(translated as "River of the Strait"). The Detroit River has served an important role in the
history of Detroit
and Windsor, and is one of the world's busiest waterways.
[3]
It is an important transportation route connecting
Lake Michigan
,
Lake Huron
, and
Lake Superior
to Lake Erie and eventually to
Lake Ontario
, the
St. Lawrence Seaway
and the
Erie Canal
. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, the Detroit River became notoriously
polluted
and toxic. Since the late 20th century, however, a vast
restoration
effort has been undertaken because of the river's ecological importance.
In the early 21st century, the river today has a wide variety of economic and recreational uses. There are numerous
islands in the Detroit River
, and much of the lower portion of the river is part of the
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the
Detroit International Riverfront
and the
William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor
. The Detroit River is designated both an
American Heritage River
and a
Canadian Heritage River
?the only river to have this dual designation.
[4]
[5]
Geography
[
edit
]
The Detroit River flows for 28
mi
(45
km
) from
Lake St. Clair
to
Lake Erie
.
[1]
By definition, this classifies it as both a
river
and a
strait
???a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water,
[6]
which is how the river earned its name from early French settlers.
[7]
However, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider relative to their length. The river forms the southern portion of the waterway connecting
Lake Huron
to the north and Lake Erie to the south, with other portions including the
St. Clair River
and
Lake St. Clair
.
The Detroit River is only 0.5?2.5 miles (0.8?4.0 km) wide. It begins with an east-to-west flow from Lake St. Clair, but curves and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet (16.2 m) in its northern portion. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet (175 m) above sea level. The river is relatively level, dropping only 3 feet (0.9 m) before entering Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m). As the river contains no
dams
and no
locks
, it is easily
navigable
by even the smallest of vessels. The
watershed basin
for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles (1,800 km
2
).
[2]
Since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries, the largest being the
River Rouge
in Michigan; this is four times longer than the Detroit River and contains most of the watershed. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller
Ecorse River
. Tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek, and the
River Canard
. The
discharge
for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size. The river's discharge averaged over the year is 5,300 m
3
/s (190,000 cu ft/s), and the river's flow is relatively constant.
[8]
The Detroit River forms a major element of the
international border
between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of
Wayne County, Michigan
, and the Canadian side is under the administration of
Essex County, Ontario
. The largest city along the Detroit River is
Detroit
, and most of the population along the river lives in
Michigan
. The Detroit River has two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the
Ambassador Bridge
and the
Detroit?Windsor Tunnel
. Both of these are strongly protected by the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
and the
Canada Border Services Agency
.
The upper portion of the river is one of the two places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of
Detroit
is directly north of the city of
Windsor, Ontario
. The only other location where this occurs is
Fort Erie, Ontario
, which lies south of several cities in
Niagara County, New York
. The cities and communities southwest of Detroit along the American side of the river are popularly referred to as the
Downriver
area, because those areas are said to be "down the river" from Detroit. Several of these communities do not border the Detroit River but the term "Downriver" refers broadly to the cluster of 18 suburban communities that lie to the southwest of the city of Detroit and to the west of the Detroit River.
Islands
[
edit
]
The Detroit River contains 31 charted islands. The majority of the islands are located on the American side of the river. Many of the islands are small and uninhabited, and none are divided by the international border, as the two countries do not share a land border along the river.
Grosse Ile
is the largest and most populated of all islands, and
Fighting Island
is the largest Canadian island. Most islands are located in the southern portion of the river.
History
[
edit
]
Europeans first recorded navigating the Detroit River in the 17th century. The
Iroquois
traded
furs
with the
Dutch colonists
at
New Amsterdam
by traveling through the Detroit River.
[3]
The
French
later claimed the area for
New France
. The famed sailing ship
Le Griffon
reached the mouth of the Detroit River in mid-August 1679 on its maiden voyage through the
Great Lakes
.
[9]
Later, when the French began settling in the area, they navigated the river using
canoes
made of
birch
or
elm
bark. Handcrafted vessels were a common mode of travel across the river, and
pirogues
and
bateaux
were also used.
As the
North American fur trade
intensified, European settlers expanded their trade westward into uncharted territories. French explorer
Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac
sailed up the Detroit River on July 23, 1701. The next day, he established
Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit
, which developed as Detroit.
[10]
The French named the river as
Riviere Detroit
.
Detroit
is
French
for "
strait
". The river was known literally as the "River of the Strait".
When
Great Britain
defeated the French in the Seven Years' War (known as the
French and Indian War
on the American front), it took over control of the Detroit River, as well as other French territory east of the Mississippi River. The newly formed
United States
claimed this territory during the
American Revolution
, but the British did not transfer it until 1796.
During the
War of 1812
, the Detroit River served as a major barrier between the American
Michigan Territory
and British
Upper Canada
, especially during the
Battle of Fort Detroit
in August 1812. Detroit briefly fell to the British.
[11]
After the completion of the
Erie Canal
in 1817, which opened up easier travel to Lake Erie from the
East Coast of the United States
, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and the port of New York City, the Detroit River became a route for many migrating settlers traveling to northern Michigan. Detroit rapidly attracted a share of new residents. Following the
Patriot War
, in which British regulars and Michigan militia nearly came to armed conflict on the ice-covered Detroit River, the United States built
Fort Wayne
at Detroit to counter Britain's riverside
Fort Malden
at Amherstburg across the river.
The Detroit River served as a final stop on the
Underground Railroad
and was the most active entry point along the United States?Canada border for fugitive slaves.
[12]
Escaping slaves often chose to cross through the Detroit River rather than flee to Mexico because of the river's location near free states made it less risky than traveling through slaveholding states that border Mexico. The strong Underground Railroad networks in the Canadian border region also assisted Blacks hoping to flee from the U.S. once the
Fugitive Slave Act
was strengthened in 1850.
[13]
Canada also granted legal immigration status to Blacks, while Mexico did not for many years.
Individuals and organizations assisted escaping slaves hoping to cross the Detroit River from the United States into Canada. The
Second Baptist Church of Detroit
and First Baptist Church of Amherstburg coordinated ferrying thousands of Blacks across the Detroit River into Canada, and Detroit's Colored Vigilant Committee assisted over 1,500 fugitives in crossing into Canada.
[14]
Famous abolitionists and Underground Railroad conductors including
George DeBaptiste
and William Lambert worked individually and with these organizations to assist fleeing slaves and condemn slavery.
[15]
There was considerable transnational fluidity between the Canadian and American sides of the river until the middle of the 19th century.
[12]
The 1833
Blackburn Riots
in Detroit, which erupted after slave hunters detained couple Lucie and Thornton Blackburn, marked the end of hundreds of years of a nearly porous border between Canada and the United States on the Detroit River. Detroit's African American population protested and helped the Blackburns escape across the Detroit River to Upper Canada, where the British colonial government in Canada declared former slaves could not be extradited to be returned to their owners.
[16]
With their freedom in Canada secured, crossing the Detroit River out of the United States became an imperative for escaping slaves.
During the
American Civil War
(1861?1865), the
Union
feared the seceded
Confederate States of America
(CSA) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was controlled by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war. The Union feared the CSA would cross the Detroit River to launch this attack. For that reason, Union forces regularly patrolled the Detroit River and the fortification at Fort Wayne improved, although it was far removed from any major combat. A Confederate plot to capture the U.S. Navy warship,
USS
Michigan
, and liberate Confederate prisoners from
Johnson Island
, in western Lake Erie, was narrowly averted only after the Confederates had captured two passenger steamships.
[3]
[17]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Detroit's industrialization took off on an unprecedented scale. The Detroit River became the world's busiest commercial river and in 1908 was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by
The Detroit News
. In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons (61 billion kg) of shipping commerce through Detroit to markets all over the world. By comparison,
London
shipped 18,727,230 tons (16 billion kg), and
New York
shipped 20,390,953 tons (18 billion kg).
[3]
Prohibition
[
edit
]
From 1920 to 1933, the United States (US) enforced the
Prohibition era
. The sale, manufacture, and transportation of
alcohol
for consumption were nationally banned. Detroit, as the largest city bordering Canada, where alcohol remained legal during Prohibition, became the center of a new industry known as
rum-running
, smuggling liquor into the US.
No bridges connected Ontario, Canada and Michigan, US, until the
Ambassador Bridge
was finished in 1929 and the
Detroit?Windsor Tunnel
in 1930. Smugglers used boats of varying sizes to transport alcohol across the river during the summer, and during the winter months, rum-runners traveled back and forth across the frozen Detroit River by car. In some cases, overloaded cars fell through the ice. In the 21st century, car parts from this era are occasionally still found on the bottom of the river.
[18]
Rum-running in Windsor
and production of bootleg liquor became common practices. American mobsters such as
the Purple Gang
of Detroit used violence to control the route known as the "Detroit-Windsor Funnel," and continue to gain lucrative returns from the trade. The name parodied the newly built tunnel between the cities and nations.
[19]
The Detroit River,
Lake St. Clair
, and the
St. Clair River
are estimated to have carried 75% of all liquor smuggled into the United States during Prohibition. Government officials were unable or unwilling to deter the flow.
The rum-running industry died when prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the
Twenty-first Amendment
.
[3]
[20]
[21]
Submerged objects
[
edit
]
Because of the booming businesses and long history of
Metro Detroit
and
Windsor, Ontario
, the Detroit River has been the site of many artifacts, some lost with sunken ships and others abandoned, such as murder weapons or stolen bronze statues. A
DMC DeLorean
has also been recovered from the river.
[22]
The artifacts recovered are well preserved due to the river's
fresh water
but low visibility makes them difficult to find.
[18]
A 1940s-era bronze statue depicting a classical nude woman was originally installed to overlook a reflecting pool in the
Grosse Pointe War Memorial
. It was nicknamed "The Nude," and, in 2001, was believed to have been successfully stolen for display in some art collector's private cache. During a police diving exercise near a submerged
Jeep
, the statue was found in 2009, restored, and returned to the memorial.
[18]
[23]
Anchors from the
SS Greater Detroit,
a luxury
steamship
that toured the Detroit River from 1924 to 1950, and the famed
SS Edmund Fitzgerald
, a
lake freighter
that sank in a terrible 1975 storm, have notably both been recovered from the river. The 6,000-pound anchor of the
SS Greater Detroit
was raised in November 2016. It was installed at the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority Building. The lost anchor of the
SS Edmund Fitzgerald
was recovered during a July 1992 project, and the anchor was installed in the yard of the
Dossin Great Lakes Museum
on
Belle Isle
.
[24]
[25]
Since the 1980s, divers have recovered a total of six 1700s-era
cannons
from the river. The last was found in 2011 near the
Cobo Center
. They are believed to have been part of the pre-
War of 1812
inventory kept by the
British garrison
in this area. Historians believe another three cannon may still be in the river. Inventory documents record a total of 17 cannons and 14 have been accounted for. It is believed that the British dragged the cannons onto the frozen river so they would sink with the spring thaw, and be kept from use by the American enemy. Another seven, larger cannons may have fallen off a
barge
closer to
Amherstburg
,
Ontario
, and may yet be found in the river.
[18]
Pollution and conservation efforts
[
edit
]
Both sides of the joint Detroit River / Detroit River Recovery historic marker in
Trenton
Much of the land that surrounds the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, has been used for industrial purposes for more than 100 years. There has been excessive
water pollution
of the river from the long-term, unregulated dumping of chemicals, industrial waste, garbage, and sewage. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Thousands of migrating birds died each year because of the oil slicks and contaminated water around the mouth of the Detroit River at
Lake Erie
. The river's oxygen levels were depleted to the point where fish could not inhabit its waters. Because this pollution often drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.
[26]
[27]
In 1961, a congressional order founded the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge. That began the government's placing tighter restrictions on industries; substantial government funding at various levels has been allocated to clean up the river. In this early period, opponents believed that such efforts would adversely affect Detroit's industry and economy. In 1970, toxic levels of
mercury
in the water resulted in the total closing of the
fishing industry
in the
St. Clair River
,
Lake St. Clair
, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. Finally, a massive conservation effort was initiated to clean up the Detroit River.
[26]
For years, the multi-million dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river and the political influence of nearby industries, hindered conservation efforts.
[27]
In 1998, the Detroit River was designated as an
American Heritage River
by the US
Environmental Protection Agency
and in 2001 as a
Canadian Heritage River
.
[4]
[5]
? It is the only river in North America to have such dual designations.
In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the larger
Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
, a cooperative effort between the United States and Canada to preserve the area as an ecological refuge. The millions of dollars spent since that time to dredge pollutants out of the Detroit River has led to a remarkable restoration, although problems remain.
[26]
Today, many species of native animals that had been driven out by human development are returning to the area. The river is home to a growing number of bird species such as
eagles
(including reintroduced
bald eagles
),
ospreys
, and
peregrine falcons
. Large numbers of
lake whitefish
,
sturgeon
,
silver bass
,
black bass
,
salmon
,
perch
, and
walleye
are again thriving in the river.
[27]
The Detroit River and its recovery efforts were listed as a
Michigan State Historic Site
in 2007. A historic marker was erected along the river in a park that now serves as the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge visitor center in the city of
Trenton
.
[28]
Economy
[
edit
]
The Detroit River is used for shipping and trading. The earliest use of the river for these economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century.
[3]
By the time the
fur trade
decreased, Michigan had begun to exploit the
lumber
-rich areas of Northern Michigan and the
Upper Peninsula
. Detroit turned into a major industrial region, largely because of the Detroit River. The only way a ship could travel out of the upper Great Lakes system was to travel down the Detroit River. From there, ships could travel anywhere in the world out of the
St. Lawrence Seaway
or the
Erie Canal
to
New York City
. At the beginning of the 20th century, the automotive industry boomed, and the many manufacturers imported abundant supplies of
iron ore
, sand, limestone and wood.
The Detroit River provides substantial revenue for the local economies. A 1991 study showed $20.1 million came from sales related to waterfowl hunting along the Detroit River. The same year, bird watching, photography, and other non-consumptive uses of waterfowl contributed another $192.8 million to Michigan's economy. Local economies benefit through boating registrations and fishing licenses. It is estimated walleye fishing alone brings in $1 million to the economy of communities along the lower Detroit River each spring.
[29]
Other fish caught by recreational fisherman include
white bass
,
bluegill
,
crappie
,
freshwater drum
,
smallmouth bass
,
northern pike
and
muskie
. There are over 800,000 recreation boats in Michigan, and more than half of them are regularly used on or near the Detroit River. Popular river destinations in Detroit include the
Detroit International Riverfront
and
Belle Isle Park
???both of which host events throughout the year. Several restaurants on the river have docks for boaters. Tour boats and dinner cruises travel through the sights of Detroit and the undeveloped islands downriver.
[30]
Cruise ships support tourism on the Great Lakes and dock at the Port Detroit passenger terminal downtown. The iconic
Renaissance Center
is on the banks of the Detroit River.
Bridges and crossings
[
edit
]
According to a 2004 study, 150,000 jobs and $13 billion in annual production depend on the river crossings connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2004, the American trade with Ontario alone was $407 billion, in which 28% ($113.3 billion) crossed the Detroit River.
There are two automobile traffic routes that completely cross the river: the
Detroit?Windsor tunnel
and the privately owned
Ambassador Bridge
, both of which connect Detroit, Michigan, to Windsor, Ontario. A railway tunnel and a commercial truck ferry service also travel between Detroit and Windsor. In Michigan, there are two bridges connecting the mainland to
Grosse Ile
, as well as the
MacArthur Bridge
that connects the mainland Detroit to
Belle Isle
. All ports of entry on the American side are secured by the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
, and the Canadian side is secured by the
Canada Border Services Agency
; all areas between the American ports of entry and on the American side of the river are secured by the
United States Border Patrol
.
The
Gordie Howe International Bridge
is a new bridge project which began construction in 2019; it will directly connect
Highway 401
in Canada to
Interstate 75
in the United States.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data"
.
The National Map
.
United States Geological Survey
. Archived from
the original
on March 29, 2012
. Retrieved
November 7,
2011
.
- ^
a
b
"Detroit River Area of Concern"
.
Environmental Protection Agency
. April 29, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Nolan, Jenny (February 11, 1997).
"How the Detroit River shaped lives and history"
.
The Detroit News
. Archived from
the original
on July 10, 2012
. Retrieved
June 15,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Detroit River (MI): An American Heritage Designated River"
.
American Heritage Rivers
. Environmental Protection Agency. October 19, 2006. Archived from
the original
on July 22, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Detroit River, Ontario: A Unique International Heritage"
.
Canadian Heritage Rivers System
. Archived from
the original
on August 2, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
"Definition of strait (noun)"
.
Merriam?Webster
. 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
"Who are the Detroit River French?"
.
Windsor Public Library
. 2004. Archived from
the original
on April 11, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
Caswell, N. M.; Peterson, D. L.; Manny, B. A.; Kennedy, G. W. (August 2002).
Spawning by Lake Sturgeon (
Acipenser fulvescens
) in the Detroit River
. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency. p. 4. Great Lakes Grant GL97505001?1. Archived from
the original
on May 25, 2009.
- ^
VanEseltine, Ken (August 26, 2008).
"
Le Griffon
is a Meaningful Name"
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
Granzo, T. (2008).
"History of Detroit: Antoine de la Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac"
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
Rickard, J. (November 21, 2007).
"Battle of Detroit, 16 August 1812"
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Frost, Karolyn Smardz; et al. (2016).
A Fluid Frontier: Slavery, Resistance, and the Underground Railroad in the Detroit River Border Land
. Detroit: Wayne State University. pp. xii.
- ^
"One of American History's Worst Laws Was Passed 165 Years Ago"
.
Time
. Retrieved
December 11,
2020
.
- ^
"Aboard the Underground Railroad-- Second Baptist Church"
. National Park Service
. Retrieved
December 11,
2020
.
- ^
"Detroit Anti-Slavery Society"
. Detroit Historical Society
. Retrieved
December 11,
2020
.
- ^
Frost, Karolyn Smardz (June 17, 2007).
"
'I've Got a Home in Glory Land' (Published 2007)"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
December 11,
2020
.
- ^
Naval History and Heritage Command.
"
Wolverine
"
.
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
. Naval History and Heritage Command
. Retrieved
January 25,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Allen, Robert.
"Detroit River's muddy bottom conceals cannons, cars, guns"
.
Detroit Free Press
. Retrieved
December 27,
2019
.
- ^
Gribben, Mark (2008).
"The Purple Gang: Bootlegger's Paradise"
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
LaFaive, Michael D.; Fleenor, Patrick; Nesbit, Todd (December 3, 2008).
"Appendix B: Prohibition in Michigan and the Avenue de Booze"
.
Cigarette Taxes and Smuggling: A Statistical Analysis and Historical Review
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
Mason, Philip (September?October 1994).
"Anyone Who Couldn't Get a Drink Wasn't Tryin'
"
.
Michigan History
. Archived from
the original
on August 5, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
Siacon, Aleanna.
"Reports: Archaeologists find 30,000 artifacts along Detroit River"
.
Detroit Free Press
. Retrieved
December 27,
2019
.
- ^
"Grosse Pointe War Memorial to restore, display recovered statue"
.
Metromode
. May 14, 2009
. Retrieved
December 27,
2019
.
- ^
"Great Lakes Maritime Institute"
.
www.glmi.org
. Retrieved
December 28,
2019
.
- ^
Allen, Robert.
"Historic anchor pulled from Detroit River"
.
Detroit Free Press
. Retrieved
December 28,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
Hartig, John (July 17, 2007).
"The Detroit River's amazing comeback"
.
ESPN
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
c
Swan, James (March 19, 2009).
"Return of the Detroit River's Charismatic Megafauna"
. Archived from
the original
on September 22, 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
"Detroit River / Recovery: Registered Site S0704"
.
MichMarkers.com
. 2021
. Retrieved
May 16,
2021
.
- ^
"Conserving Detroit River Habitats"
. International Association for Great Lakes Research. 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
- ^
"Detroit Princess Riverboat"
. Detroit Princess Riverboat. 2009
. Retrieved
June 16,
2009
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
- Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
- Sea Grant Michigan
- Friends of the Detroit River
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Detroit River
- The Detroit River Looking Up to the Entrance to Lake St. Clair, Windsor, Canada, September 24, 1864 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Archived
June 10, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
- Nolan, Jenny, "How the Detroit River shaped lives and history" (February 11, 1997)
,
Detroit News
.
Articles relating to the Detroit River
|
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|
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Topics
| | |
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Detroit
| |
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Municipalities
over 80,000
| |
---|
Municipalities
40,000 to 80,000
| |
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Cultural
enclaves
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Satellite cities
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Counties in
MSA
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Counties in
CSA
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Detroit city
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Metro
600 to 1,500 acres (243 to 607 ha)
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1,500 to 5,000 acres (607 to 2,023 ha)
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over 5,000 acres (2,023 ha)
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Waterways
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Major beaches
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Trails
5 to 36 miles (8 to 58 km)
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Zoological and botanical
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Main lakes
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Secondary lakes
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Bays and
channels
| Erie
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Huron
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Michigan
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Ontario
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Superior
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St. Clair
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Waterways
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Islands
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Historic geology
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Organizations
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Related topics
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International
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National
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Other
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