1992 religious riot in India
The
demolition of the Babri Masjid
was carried out on 6 December 1992 by a large group of activists of the
Vishva Hindu Parishad
and
allied organisations
. The 16th-century
Babri Masjid
in the city of
Ayodhya
, in
Uttar Pradesh
, India, had been the subject of
a lengthy socio-political dispute
, and was targeted after a political rally organised by
Hindu nationalist
organisations turned violent.
In Hindu tradition, the city of Ayodhya is the birthplace of
Rama
. In the 16th century a
Mughal
commander,
Mir Baqi
, had built a mosque, known as the Babri Masjid at a site identified by some Hindus as
Ram Janmabhoomi
, or the birthplace of Rama. The
Archaeological Survey of India
states that the mosque was built on land where a non-Islamic structure had previously existed.
[2]
[3]
In the 1980s, the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the
Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) as its political voice. Several rallies and marches were held as a part of this movement, including the
Ram Rath Yatra
led by
L. K. Advani
.
On 6 December 1992 the VHP and the BJP organised a rally at the site involving 150,000 people. The rally turned violent, and the crowd overwhelmed security forces and tore down the mosque. A subsequent inquiry into the incident found 68 people responsible, including several leaders of the BJP and the VHP. The demolition resulted in several months of
intercommunal rioting
between India's
Hindu
and
Muslim
communities, causing the death of at least 2,000 people. Retaliatory violence against Hindus also occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Background
In
Hinduism
the birthplace of the deity
Rama
, known as "
Ram Janmabhoomi
", is considered a holy site. This site is often believed to be at the place where the Babri Masjid stood in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh: historical evidence to support this belief is scarce.
[4]
[5]
There is a rough scholarly consensus that in 1528, following the
Mughal
conquest of the region, a mosque was built at the site by the
Mughal
commander
Mir Baqi
, and named the "Babri Masjid" after the
Mughal emperor
Babur
.
[6]
[7]
[a]
Popular belief holds that Baqi demolished a temple of Rama to build the mosque; historical basis for the belief is debated.
[4]
[5]
Archaeological evidence has been found of a structure pre-dating the mosque. This structure has been variously identified as a Hindu temple and a Buddhist structure.
[4]
[6]
For at least four centuries, the site was used for religious purposes by both Hindus and Muslims. The claim that the mosque stood on the site of a temple was first made in 1822, by an official of the
Faizabad
court.
[6]
[7]
The
Nirmohi Akhara
sect cited this statement in laying claim to the site later in the 19th century, leading to the first recorded incidents of religious violence at the site in 1855.
[7]
[8]
The
British colonial administration
set up a railing in 1859, to separate the outer courtyard of the mosque to avoid disputes. The
status quo
remained in place until 1949, when idols of Rama were surreptitiously placed inside the mosque, allegedly by
Hindu Mahasabha
activists. This led to an uproar, with both parties filing civil suits laying claim to the land. The placement of the idols was seen as a desecration by the users of the Masjid. The site was declared to be in dispute, and the gates to the Masjid were locked.
[7]
[9]
In the 1980s, the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as its political voice.
[7]
[10]
The movement was bolstered by the decision of a district judge, who ruled in 1986 that the gates would be reopened and Hindus permitted to worship there.
[7]
[9]
This decision was endorsed by
Indian National Congress
politician
Rajiv Gandhi
, at that time the
Prime Minister of India
, who sought to regain support from Hindus he had lost over the
Shah Bano controversy
.
[6]
[7]
Nonetheless, the Congress lost the
1989 general election
, and the BJP's strength in parliament grew from 2 members to 88, making its support crucial to the new
government of V. P. Singh
.
[7]
[11]
In September 1990, BJP leader
L. K. Advani
began a
Rath Yatra
, a political rally travelling across much of north India to Ayodhya. The
yatra
sought to generate support for the proposed temple, and also sought to unite Hindu votes by mobilizing anti-Muslim sentiment.
[12]
Advani was arrested by the
Government of Bihar
before he could reach Ayodhya. Despite this, a large body of
Sangh Parivar
supporters reached Ayodhya and attempted to attack the mosque. This resulted in a pitched battle with the paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several rioters. The BJP withdrew its support to the V. P. Singh ministry, necessitating fresh elections. The BJP substantially increased its tally in the union parliament, as well as winning a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.
[11]
Demolition
On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving 150,000 VHP and BJP supporters at the site of the disputed structure. The ceremonies included speeches by BJP leaders such as
Lal Krishna Advani
,
Murli Manohar Joshi
and
Uma Bharti
.
[13]
During the first few hours of the rally, the crowd grew gradually more restless, and began raising slogans. A police cordon had been placed around the structure in preparation for attack. However, at around noon, a young man managed to slip past the cordon and climb the structure itself, brandishing a saffron flag. This was seen as a signal by the mob, who then stormed the structure. The police cordon, vastly outnumbered and unprepared for the size of the attack, fled. The mob set upon the building with axes, hammers, and grappling hooks, and within a few hours, the entire structure, made from mud and chalk, was levelled.
[14]
[15]
The then Prime Minister
P. V. Narasimha Rao
has been often criticized for his mishandling of the situation. Rao in his book
Ayodhya 6 December 1992
wrote that the demolition was a "betrayal" by the then
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
,
Kalyan Singh
, who repeatedly assured the Congress government that the mosque would be protected.
[16]
A
2009 report
, authored by Justice
Manmohan Singh Liberhan
, found 68 people to be responsible for the demolition of the Masjid, mostly leaders from the BJP. Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, Joshi and
Vijaya Raje Scindia
. Kalyan Singh, who was then the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, also faced severe criticism in the report. Liberhan wrote that he posted bureaucrats and police officers to Ayodhya whose record indicated that they would stay silent during the mosque's demolition.
[17]
Anju Gupta, a
police officer
who had been in charge of Advani's security on that day, stated that Advani and Joshi made speeches that contributed to provoking the behaviour of the mob.
[18]
The report notes that at this time several BJP leaders made "feeble requests to the
kar sevaks
to come down... either in earnest or for the media's benefit". No appeal was made to the rioters not to enter the
sanctum sanctorum
or not to demolish the structure. It further noted: "This selected act of the leaders itself speaks of the hidden intentions of one and all being to accomplish demolition of the disputed structure." The report holds that the "icons of the movement present [that day]... could just as easily have... prevented the demolition."
[19]
Allegations
In a March 2005 book, former
Intelligence Bureau
head
Maloy Krishna Dhar
claimed that the Babri mosque demolition was planned 10 months in advance by top leaders of the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS), BJP and VHP, and criticised the manner in which the then Prime Minister
P. V. Narasimha Rao
handled the issue. Dhar claimed that he was directed to arrange security for a meeting between individuals from the BJP and other constituents of the Sangh Parivar, and that the meeting "proved beyond doubt that they (RSS, BJP, VHP) had drawn up the blueprint of the
Hindutva
assault in the coming months and choreographed the
pralaya nritya
(dance of apocalypse) at Ayodhya in December 1992".
[20]
The RSS, BJP, VHP and the
Bajrang Dal
leaders present in the meeting amply agreed to work in a well-orchestrated manner." Claiming that the tapes of the meeting were personally handed over by him to his boss, he asserts that he has no doubts that his boss had shared the contents with the Prime Minister (Rao) and the
Home Minister
(
Shankarrao Chavan
). The author claimed that there was silent agreement that Ayodhya offered "a unique opportunity to take the Hindutva wave to the peak for deriving political benefit."
[20]
In April 2014, a sting operation by
Cobrapost
claimed that the demolition was not an act of frenzied mobs but an act of sabotage planned with so much secrecy that no government agency got wind of it. It further said that the sabotage was planned several months in advance by VHP and
Shiv Sena
, but not jointly.
[21]
Aftermath
Communal violence
The destruction of the Babri Masjid sparked Muslim outrage around the country, provoking several months of
inter-communal rioting
in which Hindus and Muslims attacked one another, burning and looting homes, shops and places of worship.
[14]
Several of the BJP leaders were taken into custody, and the VHP was briefly banned by the government. Despite this, the ensuing riots spread to cities like
Mumbai
,
Surat
,
Ahmedabad
,
Kanpur
,
Delhi
,
Bhopal
and several others, eventually resulting in over 2000 deaths, mainly Muslim.
[14]
The
Mumbai Riots
alone, which occurred in December 1992 and January 1993 and which the
Shiv Sena
played a big part in organising, caused the death of around 900 people, and estimated property damage of around
?
9,000
crore
($3.6 billion).
[22]
[23]
[24]
The demolition and the ensuing riots were among the major factors behind the
1993 Mumbai bombings
and many successive riots in the coming decade.
[25]
Jihadi
groups including the
Indian Mujahideen
cited the demolition of the Babri Masjid as a reason for their terrorist attacks.
[26]
[27]
Investigation
On 16 December 1992, the Union home ministry set up the
Liberhan Commission
to investigate the destruction of the mosque, headed by retired High Court Judge
M. S. Liberhan
. After 399 sittings over sixteen years, the Commission submitted its 1,029-page report to Indian Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh
on 30 June 2009.
[28]
According to the report, the events of 6 December 1992, in Ayodhya were "neither spontaneous nor unplanned".
[29]
In March 2015, the
Supreme Court of India
admitted a petition alleging that, with a BJP government in power, the
Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI) would not pursue conspiracy charges against senior BJP leaders including L. K. Advani and
Rajnath Singh
.
[30]
The Court asked the CBI to explain its delay in filing an appeal.
[31]
[32]
In April 2017, a special CBI court framed criminal conspiracy charges against Advani,
Murli Manohar Joshi
,
Uma Bharti
,
Vinay Katiyar
, and several others.
[33]
Judicial verdict
On 30 September 2020, the court acquitted all the 32 accused including L. K. Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi, Uma Bharti, Vinay Katiyar and several others in the case on account of inconclusive evidence.
[34]
The special court judge
Surendra Kumar Yadav
[35]
said, "The demolition was not pre-planned."
[36]
[37]
International reactions
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the government closed offices and schools on 7 December to protest against the demolition of the Babri Masjid.
[38]
The
Pakistani Foreign Ministry
summoned the
Indian ambassador
to lodge a formal complaint, and promised to appeal to the
United Nations
and the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference
to pressure India to protect the rights of Muslims.
[38]
Strikes were held across the country, while Muslim mobs attacked and destroyed as many as 30
Hindu temples
in one day by means of fire and bulldozers, and stormed the office of
Air India
, India's national airline, in
Lahore
.
[38]
[39]
The retaliatory attacks included rhetoric from mobs calling for the destruction of India and of
Hinduism
.
[38]
Students from the
Quaid-i-Azam University
in
Islamabad
burned an effigy of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, and called for "
jihad
" against Hindus.
[38]
In subsequent years, thousands of
Pakistani Hindus
visiting India sought longer visas, and in some cases
citizenship of India
, citing increased harassment and discrimination in the aftermath of the demolition.
[40]
Bangladesh
Following the demolition, Muslim mobs in Bangladesh attacked and burned down
Hindu temples
, shops and houses across the country.
[41]
An India-Bangladesh cricket match was disrupted when a mob of an estimated 5,000 men tried to storm the
Bangabandhu National Stadium
in the national capital of
Dhaka
.
[41]
The Dhaka office of Air India was stormed and destroyed.
[38]
10 people were reportedly killed, 11 Hindu temples and several homes destroyed.
[41]
[42]
[43]
The aftermath of the violence forced the
Bangladeshi Hindu community
to curtail the celebrations of
Durga Puja
in 1993 while calling for the destroyed temples to be repaired and investigations be held.
[41]
Middle East
At its summit meeting in
Abu Dhabi
, the
Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) strongly condemned the Babri Masjid demolition. It adopted a resolution that described the act as a "crime against Muslim holy places". Among its member states,
Saudi Arabia
severely condemned the act. The
United Arab Emirates
(UAE), home to large expatriate communities of
Indians
and
Pakistanis
, conveyed a more moderate reaction. In response, the Indian government criticised the GCC for what it regarded as interference in its internal affairs.
[44]
Ayatollah
Ali Khamenei
, the
supreme leader of Iran
, condemned the demolition, and called upon India to do more to protect its Muslim population.
[38]
Although its government condemned the events, the UAE experienced severe public disturbances due to the demolition of the Babri Mosque.
[45]
Street protests broke out, and protesters threw stones at a
Hindu temple
and the
Indian Consulate
in
Dubai
.
[45]
In
Al-Ain
, 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Abu Dhabi, angry mobs set fire to the girls' wing of an Indian school.
[45]
In response to the violence, UAE police arrested and deported many expatriate Pakistanis and Indians who had participated in the violence. The Commander-in-Chief of the
Dubai Police Force
,
Dhahi Khalfan Tamim
, condemned the violence by foreign nationals in the country.
[45]
United Kingdom
Several temples were attacked by Muslims in the UK, in what were suspected to be acts of revenge.
[46]
Attacks included
petrol bombings
and
arson
.
[47]
Hindu temples and
Sikh
gurdwaras
, Hindu community centres and other cultural buildings were attacked. One temple was reportedly completely destroyed by fire.
[48]
Hindu and Muslim leaders appealed for peace following the attacks.
[49]
In popular culture
Malayalam author
N. S. Madhavan
's short story
Thiruthu
is based on the Babri Masjid demolition.
[50]
The Ayodhya dispute and the riots following the demolition form part of the backdrop to Antara Ganguly's 2016 novel,
Tanya Tania
.
[51]
Lajja
(Shame), a 1993 novel by Bangladeshi author
Taslima Nasrin
, was partially inspired by the persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh that intensified after the demolition of the Babri Masjid.
[6]
The documentary
Ram ke Naam
(
lit.
'
In the name of Ram
'
) by
Anand Patwardhan
examines the events preceding the demolition.
[52]
The
Bollywood
film
Mausam
(2011) is based on the events surrounding the demolition.
[53]
The riots that followed the demolition are an important part of the plot of several films, including
Bombay
(1995) set in the
Bombay riots
.
[54]
Daivanamathil
(2005) explores the repercussions of the demolition on
Muslims in Kerala
.
[55]
Both
Bombay
and
Daivanamathi
won the
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration
at the respective
National Film Awards
.
[56]
[57]
The 2007 film
Black Friday
was based on the
1993 Bombay bombings
, which were considered to be a response to the demolition of the mosque.
[58]
[59]
Notes
- ^
For opposing views, see
Srivastava, Sushil (1991).
The Disputed Mosque: A Historical Inquiry
. Vistaar Publications. pp. 67?97.
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