Historical population
Census
| Pop.
| Note
| %±
|
1880
| 939,946
| | ?
|
---|
1890
| 1,118,588
| | 19.0%
|
---|
1900
| 1,381,625
| | 23.5%
|
---|
1910
| 1,656,388
| | 19.9%
|
---|
1920
| 1,798,509
| | 8.6%
|
---|
1930
| 2,101,593
| | 16.9%
|
---|
1940
| 2,363,880
| | 12.5%
|
---|
1950
| 2,683,516
| | 13.5%
|
---|
1960
| 3,257,022
| | 21.4%
|
---|
1970
| 3,641,306
| | 11.8%
|
---|
1980
| 4,205,900
| | 15.5%
|
---|
1990
| 4,219,973
| | 0.3%
|
---|
2000
| 4,468,976
| | 5.9%
|
---|
2010
| 4,533,372
| | 1.4%
|
---|
2020
| 4,657,757
| | 2.7%
|
---|
Louisiana
is a
South Central
U.S. state
, with a
2020 U.S. census
resident population of 4,657,757,
[2]
and apportioned population of 4,661,468.
[3]
[4]
Much of the state's population is concentrated in southern Louisiana in the
Greater New Orleans
,
Florida Parishes
, and
Acadiana
regions, with the remainder in
North
and
Central Louisiana
's major metropolitan areas (
Shreveport-Bossier City
;
Monroe-West Monroe
; and
Alexandria
).
[5]
[6]
The
center of population
of Louisiana is located in
Pointe Coupee Parish
, in the city of
New Roads
.
[7]
Race and ethnicity
[
edit
]
Since end of the 20th century, Louisiana's population has experienced diversification, and its
non-Hispanic or non-Latino American white
population has been declining.
[8]
As of 2020, the
Black or African American
population have made up the largest non-white share of youths.
[9]
Hispanic and Latino Americans
have also increased as the second-largest racial and ethnic composition in the state, making up nearly 10% of Louisiana's population at the 2020 census.
[8]
The
Asian American
and
multiracial
communities have also experienced rapid growth,
[8]
with many of Louisiana's multiracial population identifying as
Cajun
or
Louisiana Creole
.
[10]
According to the 2020 U.S. census, 57.1% of the total population were
White Americans
; 31.4% were Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, <0.0%
Native Hawaiian
or other
Pacific Islander
, 3.1%
some other race
, and 5.9% two or more races. The Hispanic and Latino American population of any race were 6.9% of the total population.
[11]
At the 2019
American Community Survey
, the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%),
French
(9.6%), German (6.2%),
English
(4.6%),
Italian
(4.2%), and
Scottish
(0.9%).
[12]
African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age
1 were minorities.
[13]
White and European Americans
[
edit
]
In Louisiana, White and European Americans of
Southern U.S.
background predominate the population and culture in northern and central Louisiana. These people are predominantly of
English
,
Huguenot French
,
Welsh
, and
Irish
/
Scots Irish
backgrounds, and share a common, mostly
Protestant culture
with Americans of neighboring states. The majority of the White American population concentrated upstate are religiously affiliated with the
Southern Baptist Convention
.
Before the Louisiana Purchase, some German families had settled in a rural area along the lower Mississippi valley, then known as the
German Coast
.
[14]
They assimilated into the Cajun and Creole communities.
In 1840, New Orleans was the third largest and most wealthy city in the U.S. and the largest city in the South.
[15]
Its bustling port and trade economy attracted numerous Irish, Italian,
Spanish
,
Portuguese
and German immigrants, of which the first four groups were mostly Catholic with some Germans also being Catholic, thus adding to the Roman Catholic culture in southern Louisiana. New Orleans is also home to sizable
Dutch
,
Greek
and
Polish
communities, and
Jewish
populations of various nationalities. More than 10,000
Maltese
were reported to come to Louisiana in the early 20th century.
Croatians
are credited with developing the state's commercial oyster industry.
[16]
Cajuns and Creoles
[
edit
]
Cajuns
and
Creoles
of
French
ancestry are dominant in much of the southern part of the state of Louisiana, alongside non-Cajun or non-Creole Americans of White or Black/African American heritage. Louisiana Cajuns are the descendants of French-speaking
Acadians
from colonial French
Acadia
, which is now the present-day Canadian provinces of
New Brunswick
,
Nova Scotia
and
Prince Edward Island
. Cajuns remained isolated in the swamps of southern Louisiana well into the 20th century.
[17]
During the early part of the 20th century, attempts were made to suppress Cajun culture by measures such as forbidding the use of the
Louisiana French
language in schools.
[18]
The
Creole
people of Louisiana are split into two racial divisions. Creole was the term first given to French settlers born in Louisiana when it was a
colony of France
. In Spanish, the term for natives was
criollo
. Given the immigration and settlement patterns, white Creoles are predominantly of French and Spanish ancestry. As the slave population grew in Louisiana, there were also enslaved blacks who could be called Creoles, in the sense of having been born in the colony.
[19]
The special meaning of Louisiana Creole, however, is associated with
free people of color
(
gens de couleur libres
), which was generally a third class of mixed-race people who were concentrated in southern Louisiana and New Orleans. This group was formed under French and Spanish rule, made up at first of descendants from relationships between colonial men and enslaved women, mostly African. As time went on, colonial men chose companions who were often women of color, or mixed-race. Often the men would free their companions and children if still enslaved. The arrangements were formalized in New Orleans as
placage
, often associated with property settlements for the young women and education for their children, or at least for sons. Creoles who were free people of color during French and Spanish rule formed a distinct class; many were educated and became wealthy property owners or artisans, and they were politically active. Often these mixed-race Creoles married only among themselves. They were a distinct group between French and Spanish descendants, and the mass of enslaved Africans.
After the
Haitian Revolution
, the class of free people of color in New Orleans and Louisiana was increased by French-speaking refugees and immigrants from Haiti. At the same time, French-speaking whites entered the city, some bringing slaves with them, who in Haiti were mostly African natives. In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees from
Saint-Domingue
arrived from
Cuba
, where they had first fled, to settle
en masse
in New Orleans.
[20]
They doubled that city’s population and helped preserve its French language and culture for several generations.
[21]
Creoles of color today are frequently racially mixed, being of
African
,
French
(and/or
Spanish
) and/or
Native American
heritage.
[19]
Their families have historically adhered to the French or Creole-speaking environment and culture. The separate status of Creoles of color was diminished after the Louisiana Purchase, and even more so after the
American Civil War
. Those Creoles who had been free for generations before the American Civil War lost some of their legal and social standing.
Black and African Americans
[
edit
]
Louisiana's population had the second largest proportion of Black and African Americans in the United States in 2010, after
Mississippi
.
[22]
The Black and African American population have been historically concentrated throughout much of the state, divided along cultural lines; the Black/African American communities upstate are predominantly Protestant affiliates with the
National Baptist Convention (USA)
and
National Baptist Convention of America
. The remainder of the communities in southern Louisiana often adhere to
Catholicism
, though
Louisiana Voodoo
and
Haitian Vodou
are also practiced by a minority.
[
citation needed
]
Among the
Black and African American Catholic
communities in southern Louisiana, cultural distinctives commonly kept are
Gospel music
and some
Charismatic Christian
traits.
[23]
[24]
Hispanic and Latino Americans
[
edit
]
Among Hispanic and Latino American Louisianans, some families can trace their heritage toward Spanish Louisiana.
Canary Islanders
settled in the area down river from New Orleans, now
St. Bernard Parish
, and in other parts of the southeast of the state during
Spanish rule
. These would form the basis of Louisiana's
Isleno
population.
[25]
[26]
Settlement at the
Los Adaes
presidio and mission also resulted in a local Spanish-speaking population along the
Sabine River
. Louisiana has a growing Mexican and Central American population. The majority of Latinos in Louisiana are of Mexican origin.
[27]
Asian Americans
[
edit
]
Asian Indians
were the largest group of Asian Americans in the state, followed by the
Chinese
.
Filipinos
were the third largest single Asian American ethnicity.
[28]
The first significant wave of Chinese migration took place during
Reconstruction
after the American Civil War.
[29]
Local planters
imported
Cantonese contract workers
from Cuba and California as a low-cost substitute for
slave labor
. By 1870, the Chinese had begun migrating from the plantations to the cities, especially New Orleans, forming a Chinatown that existed from the 1880s until its removal by
WPA development
in 1937.
[30]
The Chinese dominated the city's laundry industry during this period, as they had in other American cities. But by the 1940s, the younger generation of
American-born Chinese
were already entering college and abandoning the laundry industry.
Subsequent waves of immigration have brought many Chinese from
Taiwan
, Hong Kong, Mainland China, as well as
Indians
, Middle Easterners,
Koreans
,
Japanese
, Southeast Asians, and
other Asians
, to New Orleans,
Baton Rouge
, and other cities in the state. The
Vietnamese
began migrating to the southern part of the state and the Gulf Coast region after the
Fall of Saigon
in 1975. Since then, the Vietnamese have become one of the largest Asian populations in the state. The Vietnamese have also come to dominate the fishing and shrimping industry in southeast Louisiana.
[31]
Filipinos had immigrated all the way to the Southern United States from the
Philippines
. Filipinos rebelled against slavery on ships and settled in Louisiana, near the similarly Spanish-colonized independent ethnic Isleno community. The oldest community of Asian Americans in the United States at
Saint Malo, Louisiana
was founded by Filipino exiles from the
Manila Galleon
trade between
Mexico
and the Philippines. The exact date of the establishment of Saint Malo is disputed.
[32]
The settlement may have been formed as early as 1763 or 1765 by the Filipino
deserters
and escaped slaves of the Spanish Manila Galleon trade.
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
The members of the community were commonly referred to as
Manila men,
or
Manilamen,
and later
Tagalas
.
[37]
Filipino Americans residing in the region were recruited by local pirate
Jean Lafitte
to join his
Baratarians
, a group of privately recruited soldiers serving under the
American forces
under the command of
Andrew Jackson
, in
the defense
of New Orleans. They played a decisive role in securing the American victory, firing barrage after barrage of well-aimed artillery fire.
[32]
Several Asians have held high office in Louisiana.
Harry Lee
, a Chinese American, was a federal judge, candidate for governor, and sheriff of
Jefferson Parish
, an office he held for 27 years, from 1979 until his death in 2007. The first Vietnamese American to be elected to
U.S. Congress
was
Joseph Cao
of New Orleans, in 2008. In 2007, former congressman
Bobby Jindal
of Baton Rouge was elected
governor of Louisiana
, becoming the first Indian American to be elected governor of any state.
Native Americans
[
edit
]
Louisiana is home to four federally recognized Native American tribes, the Chitimacha Tribe, the Coushatta Tribe, the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, and the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, as well as the
Houma people
.
[38]
Birth data
[
edit
]
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
|
2013
[39]
|
2014
[40]
|
2015
[41]
|
2016
[42]
|
2017
[43]
|
2018
[44]
|
2019
[45]
|
2020
[46]
|
2021
[47]
|
2022
[48]
|
White
:
|
36,633 (58.0%)
|
37,562 (58.2%)
|
37,801 (58.4%)
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
...
|
>
Non-Hispanic White
|
33,583 (53.1%)
|
34,264 (53.1%)
|
34,047 (52.6%)
|
33,008 (52.4%)
|
31,509 (51.6%)
|
30,458 (51.1%)
|
29,628 (50.3%)
|
28,635 (49.9%)
|
29,100 (50.7%)
|
28,105 (49.8%)
|
Black
|
24,678 (39.0%)
|
25,025 (38.8%)
|
25,001 (38.6%)
|
23,135 (36.6%)
|
22,469 (36.8%)
|
22,119 (37.1%)
|
22,106 (37.5%)
|
21,552 (37.6%)
|
20,958 (36.5%)
|
20,229 (35.8%)
|
Asian
|
1,448 (2.3%)
|
1,537 (2.4%)
|
1,498 (2.3%)
|
1,294 (2.0%)
|
1,169 (1.9%)
|
1,156 (1.9%)
|
1,163 (2.0%)
|
1,037 (1.8%)
|
1,011 (1.8%)
|
1,045 (1.9%)
|
American Indian
|
442 (0.7%)
|
373 (0.6%)
|
392 (0.6%)
|
321 (0.5%)
|
318 (0.5%)
|
313 (0.5%)
|
284 (0.5%)
|
245 (0.4%)
|
262 (0.5%)
|
331 (0.6%)
|
Hispanic
(of any race)
|
3,899
(6.2%)
|
4,249
(6.6%)
|
4,826
(7.4%)
|
4,697
(7.4%)
|
4,778
(7.8%)
|
4,717
(7.9%)
|
4,994
(8.5%)
|
5,016
(8.7%)
|
5,267
(9.2%)
|
5,936
(10.5%)
|
Total Louisiana
|
63,201
(100%)
|
64,497
(100%)
|
64,692
(100%)
|
63,178
(100%)
|
61,018
(100%)
|
59,615
(100%)
|
58,941
(100%)
|
57,328
(100%)
|
57,437
(100%)
|
56,479
(100%)
|
- Since 2016, data for births of
White Hispanic
origin are not collected, but included in one
Hispanic
group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Immigration
[
edit
]
According to
immigration
statistics in 2018, approximately four percent of Louisianians were immigrants, while another four percent were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Mexico (16%), Honduras (15%), Vietnam (10%), the Philippines (5%), and Guatemala (4%).
[49]
In 2019, approximately 4.2% of Louisianians were immigrants, while 2% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Honduras (18.8%), Mexico (13.6%), Vietnam (11.3%), Cuba (5.8%), and India (4.4%).
[50]
Among the immigrant population in 2014, an estimated 64,500 were undocumented; Louisiana's undocumented immigrant population earned more than a billion U.S. dollars and paid $136
million in taxes.
[51]
The undocumented immigrant population increased to 70,000 in 2016 and comprised two percent of the state population.
[49]
In 2019, 29.4% of the population were undocumented, and altogether the state's documented and undocumented population paid 1.2 billion U.S. dollars in taxes.
[50]
Its undocumented population had an estimated household income of $800.8 million, and paid $80.6 million in taxes as of 2019.
Languages
[
edit
]
Louisiana has a unique linguistic culture, owing to its French and Spanish heritage?although historically?Native American peoples in the area at the time of European encounter were seven tribes distinguished by their languages:
Caddo
,
Tunica
,
Natchez
,
Houma
,
Choctaw
,
Atakapa
, and
Chitimacha
.
[52]
Other Native American peoples migrated into the region, escaping European pressure from the east. Among these were the
Alabama
, Biloxi, Koasati, and Ofo peoples. Only
Koasati
still has native speakers in Louisiana (Choctaw, Alabama and possibly Caddo are still spoken in other states), although several tribes have been working to revitalize their languages.
[53]
[54]
Starting in the 1700s, French colonists began to settle along the coast and founded New Orleans. They established French culture and language institutions. They imported thousands of slaves from tribes of West Africa, who
spoke several different languages
. In the creolization process, the slaves developed a
Louisiana Creole
dialect incorporating both French and African forms, which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery.
During the 19th century after the
Louisiana Purchase
by the United States, English gradually gained prominence for business and government due to the shift in population with settlement by numerous Americans who were English speakers. Many ethnic French families continued to use French in private. Slaves and some free people of color also spoke Louisiana Creole language. The
state constitution of 1812
gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread. Subsequent state constitutions reflect the diminishing importance of French. The 1868 constitution, passed during the
Reconstruction era
before Louisiana was re-admitted to the Union, banned laws requiring the publication of legal proceedings in languages other than English. Subsequently, the legal status of French recovered somewhat, but it never regained its pre-
Civil War
prominence.
[55]
Several unique dialects of French, Creole, and English are currently spoken in Louisiana. Dialects of the French language are:
Colonial French
and Houma French.
Louisiana Creole French
is the term for one of the
Creole languages
. Two unique dialects developed of the English language:
Louisiana (Cajun) English
, a French-influenced variety of English in which dropping of postvocalic /r/ is common; and what is informally known as
Yat
, which resembles the
New York City dialect
sometimes with southern influences, particularly that of historical
Brooklyn
. Both accents were influenced by large communities of immigrant Irish and Italians, but the Yat dialect, which developed in New Orleans, was also influenced by French and Spanish. Two varieties of Spanish?
Isleno
and
Sabine River Spanish
?are also native to Louisiana and date back to the Spanish colonial period.
Renewed interest in the French language in Louisiana has led to the establishment of Canadian-modeled
French immersion
schools, as well as bilingual signage in the historic French neighborhoods of New Orleans and Lafayette. In addition to private organizations, since 1968 the state has maintained the
Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
(CODOFIL), which promotes use of the French language in the state's tourism, economic development, culture, education and international relations.
[56]
In 2018, Louisiana became the first
U.S. state
to join the
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
as an observer.
[57]
Since Louisiana joined the
Francophonie
, new organizations have launched to help revitalize Louisiana French and Creole, including the Nous Foundation.
According to the
2000 U.S. census
, among persons five years old and older,
[58]
90.8% of Louisiana residents speak only
English
(99% total speak English) and 4.7% speak
French
at home (7% total speak French). Other minority languages were
Spanish
, which was spoken by 2.5% of the population;
Vietnamese
, by 1.2%; and
German
, by 0.2%. According to the 2010 United States census, 5.4% of the population age
5 and older spoke
Spanish
at home, up from 3.5% in 2000; and 4.5% spoke French (including
Louisiana French
and
Louisiana Creole
), down from 4.8% in 2000.
[59]
[60]
Although current state law recognizes the usage of English and French in certain circumstances, the Louisiana state constitution does not declare any
"de jure official language or languages"
.
[61]
Currently the
"de facto administrative languages"
of the Louisiana state government are English and French.
Religion
[
edit
]
As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced various
Native American religions
alongside
Christianity
through the establishment of
Spanish
and
French missions
;
[63]
and other faiths including
Haitian Vodou
and
Louisiana Voodoo
were introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day.
[64]
In the colonial and present-day
U.S. state
of Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its most predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,
[65]
[66]
during two separate studies by the
Pew Research Center
and
Public Religion Research Institute
.
Among its Christian population?and in common with other southern U.S. states?the majority, particularly in the north of the state, belong to various Protestant denominations;
Protestantism
was introduced to the state in the 1800s, with Baptists establishing two churches in 1812, followed by Methodists; Episcopalians first entered the state by 1805.
[67]
Protestant Christians made up 57% of the state's adult population at the 2014 Pew Research Center study, and 53% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. According to the 2014 study, Louisiana's largest Protestant Christian denominations were the
Southern Baptist Convention
,
National Baptist Convention USA
,
National Baptist Convention of America
,
Progressive National Baptist Convention
,
American Baptist Churches USA
, non/interdenominational Evangelicals and
mainline Protestants
, the
Assemblies of God USA
,
Church of God in Christ
,
African Methodist Episcopal
and
Christian Methodist Episcopal
churches, and the
United Methodist Church
.
[65]
According to a prior study by
Association of Religion Data Archives
in 2010, the Southern Baptist Convention had 709,650 members, and the United Methodist Church had 146,848; non-denominational Protestant churches had 195,903 members.
[68]
In another study by the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, the Southern Baptists remained the state's largest Protestant denomination (648,734), followed by the United Methodists (128,108); non-denominational Protestants?whether
independent congregationalist
,
United and Uniting
, or
Bible church
es?increased to 357,465.
National Missionary Baptists
reported 67,518 members, and the National Baptist Convention USA had a statewide membership of 61,997, making them the largest
historically and predominantly African American church bodies
in the state. In this study,
Pentecostals
were the largest Protestant traditions outside of the
Baptists
and
Methodists
; the Assemblies of God USA (45,773) was the state's largest Pentecostal body followed by the Church of God in Christ (32,116). The
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America
had 23,922 members, and the remaining largest Protestant denominations were the
Churches of Christ
(22,833), Progressive National Baptists (22,756), National Baptists of America (22,034), and
Full Gospel Baptists
(9,772).
[69]
Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic.
[66]
Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants.
[63]
As Catholics continue to constitute a significant fraction of Louisiana's population, they have continued to be influential in state politics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states.
[a]
The
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans
,
Diocese of Baton Rouge
, and
Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana
are the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.
Outside of
Christendom
, Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists were
Sephardic Jews
who immigrated to the
Thirteen Colonies
. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.
[70]
[71]
The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005
Hurricane Katrina
, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include
Orthodox
and
Reform Judaism
; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.
[69]
Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat)
Judah P. Benjamin
(1811?1884), who represented Louisiana in the
U.S. Senate
before the
American Civil War
and then became the
Confederate
secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican
Michael Hahn
who was elected as governor, serving 1864?1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S. congressman;
[72]
Democrat
Adolph Meyer
(1842?1908),
Confederate Army
officer who represented the state in the
U.S. House of Representatives
from 1891 until his death in 1908;
Republican
secretary of state
Jay Dardenne
(1954?), and Republican (
Democrat
before 2011)
attorney general
Buddy Caldwell
(1946?).
Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been
Islam
,
Buddhism
and
Hinduism
. In the
Shreveport?Bossier City metropolitan area
, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.
[73]
In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.
[69]
The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana were
Sunni Islam
,
non-denominational Islam
and
Quranism
,
Shia Islam
, and the
Nation of Islam
.
[74]
Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated with
Atheism
and 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 19% were religiously unaffiliated.
[66]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Other Southern states have longstanding indigenous Catholic populations, and Florida's largely Catholic population of Cuban emigres has been influential since the 1960s. Yet, Louisiana is still unusual or exceptional in its extent of aboriginal Catholic settlement and influence. Among states in the
Deep South
(discounting
Florida's Panhandle
and much of Texas) the historic role of Catholicism in Louisiana is unparalleled and unique. Among the states of the Union, Louisiana's unique use of the term
parish
(French
la parouche
or "la paroisse") for
county
is rooted in the pre-statehood role of Catholic church parishes in the administration of government.
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