Christmas figure in eastern Slavic cultures
Ded Moroz
,
[a]
or
Morozko
(
Russian
:
Морозко
,
romanized
:
Morozko
), is a
legendary
figure similar to
Saint Nicholas
,
Father Christmas
, and
Santa Claus
who has his roots in
Slavic mythology
.
[1]
The tradition of Ded Moroz is mostly spread in
East Slavic
countries and is a significant part of
Russian culture
. At the beginning of the
Soviet
era,
communist
authorities banned Ded Moroz. However, the ban was lifted and he soon became a significant part of
Soviet culture
. The literal translation of
Ded
Moroz
is
Old Man Frost
, but traditionally the name is translated as
Father Frost
.
Ded Moroz wears a heel-length
fur coat
, in red or blue, a semi-round fur hat, and
valenki
on his feet. He has a long white beard. He walks with a long
magic stick
[2]
and often rides a
troika
. He is often depicted bringing presents to well-mannered children, often delivering them in person in the days of December and secretly under the New Year Tree
[
clarification needed
]
over night on
New Year's Eve
.
The residence of Ded Moroz in
Russia
is considered to be the town of
Veliky Ustyug
,
Vologda Oblast
.
[2]
The residence of the
Belarusian
Dzyed Maroz is said to be in
Belavezhskaya Pushcha
.
In
East Slavic cultures
, Ded Moroz is accompanied by
Snegurochka
(
Russian
:
Снегурочка
,
Snegurochka
;
Belarusian
:
Снягурка
,
Sniahurka
;
Ukrainian
:
Сн?гуронька
,
Snihuro?ka
; "Snow Maiden"), his granddaughter and helper.
Development of the character
[
edit
]
The origins of the character of Ded Moroz predates Christianity as a
Slavic
spirit of winter
[
ru
]
.
[3]
[4]
Since the 19th century the attributes and legend of Ded Moroz have been shaped by literary influences, which were also influenced by the Western tradition of
Santa Claus
.
[4]
The play
The Snow Maiden
(named
Snegurochka
in Russian) by
Aleksandr Ostrovsky
was influential in this respect, as was
Rimsky-Korsakov
's
The Snow Maiden
with
libretto
based on the play.
[2]
[5]
By the end of the 19th century Ded Moroz became a popular character.
[
citation needed
]
The children's tradition of writing letters to Ded Moroz has been known since the end of the XIX century.
[6]
Following the
Russian Revolution
, Christmas traditions were actively discouraged because they were considered to be "
bourgeois
and religious".
[7]
Similarly, in 1928 Ded Moroz was declared "an ally of the priest and
kulak
".
[8]
Nevertheless, the image of Ded Moroz took its current form during
Soviet
times, becoming the main symbol of the New Year's holiday (
Novy God
) that replaced Christmas. Some Christmas traditions were revived following the famous letter by
Pavel Postyshev
, published in
Pravda
on 28 December 1935.
[7]
Postyshev believed that the origins of the holiday, which were pre-Christian, were less important than the benefits it could bring to Soviet children.
[8]
In modern Russia
[
edit
]
Ded Moroz is very popular in modern Russia.
[9]
In 1998, the town of
Veliky Ustyug
in
Vologda Oblast
, Russia was declared the home of the Russian Ded Moroz by
Yury Luzhkov
, then
Mayor of Moscow
.
[10]
Between 2003 and 2010, the post office in Veliky Ustyug received approximately 2,000,000 letters from within Russia and from all over the world for Ded Moroz.
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
On 7 January 2008, then President
Putin
of the
Russian Federation
visited Ded Moroz' residence in the town of Veliky Ustyug as part of the
Russian Orthodox
Christmas Eve
celebration.
[15]
The western
Santa Claus
made inroads in the Russian Federation during the "turbulent" 1990s when Western culture increased its penetration into the
post-Soviet
Russia.
[16]
[17]
The resurgence of Russia in the early 21st century brought about a renewed emphasis on the basic
Slavic
character of Ded Moroz. This included the Russian Federation and subordinate governments sponsoring courses about Ded Moroz every December, with the aim of establishing appropriate Slavic norms for Ded Moroz and
Snegurochka
("Snow Maiden" - Ded Moroz' granddaughter) roles for the New Year holiday.
[17]
[18]
People playing Ded Moroz and Snegurochka now typically make appearances at children's parties during the winter holiday season, distributing presents and fighting off the wicked witch,
Baba Yaga
, who children are told wants to steal the gifts.
[19]
In November and December 2010, Ded Moroz was one of the candidates in the running for consideration as a
mascot
for the
2014 Winter Olympics
in
Sochi
, Russia.
[10]
Variations of Ded Moroz in ethnic minority groups of Russia
[
edit
]
Many ethnic minorities have for linguistic reasons other names for Ded Moroz or even have their own culture-equivalent counterparts to Ded Moroz. For example, in
Bashkir
Ded Moroz is known as
?ыш бабай
(
Qi? babay
, literally: "Winter Old Man"), in
Tatar
it has the similar spelling
Qı? Babay
(
Кыш бабай
) with the same meaning. In
Nenets
he is known as
Yamal Iri
("Grandfather of Yamal").
[20]
The
Yakut
indigenous people have their own counterpart to Ded Moroz, which is called
Chys Khaan
("Master of Cold").
[21]
International relations of Ded Moroz
[
edit
]
Ded Moroz, and on occasion the Belarus
Dzied Maroz
, are presented in the media as being in on-going
detente
with various counterparts from other cultures, such as the Estonian Santa Claus (
Jouluvana
or "Old man of Yule"), the Finnish Santa Claus (
Joulupukki
or "
Yule Goat
"), and other
Santa Claus
,
Father Christmas
, and
Saint Nicholas
figures.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
The detente efforts portrayed have included one-on-one meetings, group meetings and friendly competitions, such as the annual November Santa Claus championships of
Celle
, Germany.
[26]
[27]
GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz
[
edit
]
In November 2009, for the first time, the Russian Federation offered competition to
NORAD Tracks Santa
with GLONASS Tracks Ded Moroz, which purports to use
GLONASS
(GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or "the Russian GPS") to track Ded Moroz on
New Year's Eve
(according to the
Gregorian Calendar
).
[28]
The Russian-language website provides "real-time tracking" of Ded Moroz, "news" of Ded Moroz throughout the year, a form to send e-mail to Ded Moroz, photos, videos, streaming audio of Russian songs, poems and verses from children's letters to Ded Moroz, information on
Veliky Ustyug
in
Vologda Oblast
(considered to be Ded Moroz's hometown) and opportunities to enter competitions and win prizes.
[29]
Regional differences
[
edit
]
There are equivalents of Ded Moroz and Snegurochka all over the
former USSR
, as well as the countries once in the
Eastern bloc
and in the former
Yugoslavia
. After the
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
, some of these countries made efforts to move away from Soviet and Russian heritage toward their own ancient traditions.
Armenia
[
edit
]
The Armenian name for Ded Moroz is Dzmer Pap (
Armenian
:
???? ???
), literally Grandfather Winter. His loyal granddaughter Dzyunanushik (
Armenian
:
????????????
), whose name means Snow Sweetie, or Snow Anush (a popular Armenian female name), is another counterpart of
Snegurochka
. The tradition was set throughout the times of the
Russian Empire
after the
Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)
, when
Eastern Armenia
was joined to Russia according to the 1828
Treaty of Turkmenchay
.
[30]
For almost 160 years of influence Dzmer Pap and Dzyunanushik have hardly changed their appearance or behavior: they come in red, blue or white winter fur coats and, bringing presents to children, expect them to sing songs or recite poems. They are parts of New Year and
Christmas
matinees and shows in Armenia. In the recent decades well-off parents have developed a tradition to invite Dzmer Pap and Dzyunanushik to their children.
Azerbaijan
[
edit
]
In
Azerbaijani
, Ded Moroz is known as
?axta Baba
("Grandfather Frost") and his companion Snegurochka is known as
Qar Qızı
("Snow Girl"). In the predominantly Muslim but
secular country
, where Christians are a small minority,
[31]
this tradition remains very popular.
?axta Baba
brings gifts to children at New Year celebrations, however
Qar Qızı
is rarely present at the festivities.
Belarus
[
edit
]
Ded Moroz is
Dzied Maroz
(
Belarusian
:
Дзед Мароз
) in the
Belarusian language
. He is not a historical folkloric Belarusian character,
[32]
[33]
but was a replacement for
Saint Nicholas
, known locally as
?viaty Mikałaj
, whom Soviet authorities disapproved of because of his Christian origin.
The official residence of
Dzied Maroz
in Belarus is declared to be in the
Białowie?a Forest
.
[34]
Bulgaria
[
edit
]
The Bulgarian name of Santa Claus is Дядо Коледа (
Dyado Koleda
, Grandfather
Koleda
), with
Dyado Mraz
(Дядо Мраз, "Grandfather Frost") being a similar Russian-imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during Communist rule. However, he has been largely forgotten since 1989, when
Dyado Koleda
again returned as the more popular figure.
[35]
Former Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
In
socialist Yugoslavia
(i.e.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Croatia
,
Montenegro
,
Macedonia
,
Serbia
, and
Slovenia
) the character who was said to bring gifts to children was called "Grandfather Frost" (
Bosnian
:
Djeda Mraz
;
Croatian
:
Djed Mraz
;
Macedonian
:
Дедо Мраз
,
romanized
:
Dedo Mraz
;
Serbian
:
Деда Мраз
,
romanized
:
Deda Mraz
;
Slovene
:
Dedek Mraz
). He was said to bring gifts for the
New Year
because public celebration of Christmas was frowned upon during communism.
[36]
[37]
[38]
In Croatia after the
breakup of Yugoslavia
,
Djed Mraz
was labeled a communist creation and
Djed Bo?i?njak
(literally: "Grandfather Christmas") was introduced. Attempts were made in the mass media and advertising to replace
Djed Mraz
with
Djed Bo?i?njak
. After 1999 the names of
Djed Mraz
and
Djed Bo?i?njak
became more or less synonymous, including in their use on public television. In some families
Djed Mraz
is still said to brings gifts at New Year.
[39]
In Croatia, children also get presents on 6 December. Due to the historical influence of
Austrian culture
in parts of Croatia, presents are also said to be brought by a traditional figure called
Sveti Nikola
(Saint Nicholas) who closely resembles
Djed Mraz
or
Djed Bo?i?njak
, except for the fact that he is accompanied by
Krampus
who takes misbehaving children away, another character from
Central European
folklore.
[40]
In some religious families, little Jesus (
Isusek, Mali Isus,
Kriskindl
) is said to brings gifts at Christmas instead of
Djed Bo?i?njak
.
[40]
Also, in some parts of
Dalmatia
the gifts are brought by
Saint Lucy
(
Sveta Lucija
).
Slovenia
[
edit
]
In
Slovenia
, the name
Ded Moroz
was translated from Russian as
Dedek Mraz
(literally, "Grandpa Frost").
Dedek Mraz
is depicted as a slim man wearing a grey leather coat, which has fur inside and is decorated outside, and a round
dormouse
fur cap. This version of the character is based on traditional imagery, especially as depicted by Maksim Gaspari in images commissioned in 1952.
[41]
Although the name was translated literally from the Soviet figure, other names for the character were also considered:
Sne?eni mo?
("the Snow Man") and
oca Triglav
("Daddy Triglav").
[41]
A female figure named
babica Zima
(Grandma Winter) was also proposed.
[41]
Initially he was said to live in
Siberia
, but with the
Informbiro
crisis and the schism between Yugoslavia and the
Soviet Union
his home was relocated to Mt.
Triglav
, Slovenia's (and also Yugoslavia's) highest peak. Public processions featuring the character began in Ljubljana in 1953.
[41]
The notion of Grandpa Frost was ideologically useful because it served to reorient the December/January holidays away from religion (
Saint Nicholas Day
and
Christmas
) and towards the secular
New Year
.
[41]
After the ousting of Communism at the beginning of the 1990s, two other "good old men" (as they are currently styled in Slovenian) reappeared in public:
Miklav?
("
Saint Nicholas
") is said to bring presents on 6 December, and
Bo?i?ek
("Christmas man"; usually depicted as Santa Claus) on
Christmas Eve
. St. Nicholas has had a strong traditional presence in Slovenian ethnic territory and his feast day remained celebrated in family circles throughout the Communist period. Until the late 1940s it was also said in some areas of Slovenia that
Christkind
(called
Jezu??ek
("little Jesus") or
Bo?i?ek
) brought gifts on Christmas Eve. Slovenian families have different preferences regarding their gift-giver of choice, according to political or religious persuasion. Slovenian popular culture depicts Grandpa Frost, Saint Nicholas and Santa Claus as friends
[42]
[43]
and has also started blending attributes of the characters, for example, mention of Santa's reindeer is sometimes mingled into the Grandpa Frost narrative at public appearances. Due to his non-religious character and strong institutionalization, Grandpa Frost continues to retain a public presence.
[44]
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
[
edit
]
Ayaz Ata
is the Kazakh and Kyrgyz name for Ded Moroz.
Mongolia
[
edit
]
Since the introduction and familiarization of Russian culture during the
socialist era
, Mongolia has been celebrating the New Year's festivities as a formal holiday. "?влийн ?вг?н" (Ovliin Ovgon, Grandfather Winter) is the Mongolian equivalent of Ded Moroz, who brings children and adult alike gifts on New Year's Eve.
[45]
Romania
[
edit
]
In 1948, after the Communists gained power in Romania, it was decided that
Christmas
should not be celebrated. 25 and 26 December became working days and no official celebrations were to be held. As a replacement for
Mo? Cr?ciun
(Father Christmas), a new character was introduced,
Mo? Geril?
(literally "Old Man Frosty", a
Romanian language
adaptation of the Russian Ded Moroz).
[46]
He was said to bring gifts to children on 31 December.
Officially, the
New Year's Day
celebrations began on 30 December, which was named the Day of the Republic, since it was the day when King
Mihai I of Romania
abdicated in 1947.
After the
Romanian Revolution of 1989
,
Mo? Geril?
lost his influence, being replaced by
Mo? Cr?ciun
.
[47]
[48]
Sakha Republic
[
edit
]
Chys Khan
is known as the master of cold, accompanied by the snow maiden
Khaarchana
.
[20]
Tajikistan
[
edit
]
In Tajikistan the tradition of Ded Moroz has continued. In Tajik, Ded Moroz is known as
Boboi Barfi
("Grandfather Snow"), and Snegurochka is called
Barfak
("Snowball").
In 2012, a young man dressed as Ded Moroz was stabbed to death in
Dushanbe
by a crowd shouting "You infidel!". The murder was motivated by religious hatred, according to the Tajik police.
[49]
On 11 December 2013, Saidali Siddiqov, the first deputy head of the Committee for TV and Radio-broadcasting under the Government of Tajikistan, announced in an interview that "Father Frost, his maiden sidekick Snegurochka (Maiden Snow), and New Year's tree will not appear on the state television this year, because these personages and attributes bear no direct relation to our national traditions, though there is no harm in them".
[50]
However next day this was denounced, and planned celebrations did include these despite objections of some religious figures.
[51]
Ukraine
[
edit
]
Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and especially in recent years, there has been a shift from Ded Moroz (
Ukrainian
:
Д?д Мороз
), who came to be associated with the Soviet-era heritage, to
Saint Nicholas
(Святий Миколай,
Sviatyi Mykolai
), who is more popular in
Western Ukraine
.
[52]
With the onset of the
Russian invasion
there were rumors that Ded Moroz imagery was being discouraged by the authorities; however, the
Ukrainian Ministry of Culture
had denied this.
[53]
Uzbekistan
[
edit
]
In 2012 it was reported that
Uzbekistan
, a largely Muslim nation, moved away from celebrating Christmas. While the celebration of the
New Year
still remains a notable family event, it is no longer celebrated on a wide national scale, as it was during the times of the
Soviet Union
, and Ded Moroz, while not being banned, was removed from Uzbek TV channels. This decision was met with mixed reception. Some say that traditions are not for government to decide upon, whereas more orthodox Muslims want the New Year and Ded Moroz banned altogether, as was done with
Valentine Day
.
[54]
Notes
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
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Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh : the Bradt travel guide
(Fourth ed.). Chalfont St. Peter. p. 96.
ISBN
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.
OCLC
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.
{{
cite book
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.
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e
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Amintiri cu Mo? Geril?
[
permanent dead link
]
("Memories with Mo? Geril?"),
Evenimentul Zilei
, 24 December 2005
- ^
"The Scent of Christmas in Romania, Dec 2006 by Magdalena Chitic"
. European Youth Voice. Archived from
the original
on 15 March 2012
. Retrieved
26 November
2010
.
- ^
Roman Kozhevnikov (3 January 2012).
"
'Father Christmas' stabbed to death in Tajikistan"
.
Reuters
.
- ^
Asia-Plus (11 December 2013).
"
'Tajik official confirms information about banning Father Frost from New Year's broadcasts"
.
Asia-Plus
. Archived from
the original
on 13 December 2013
. Retrieved
12 December
2013
.
- ^
"В Таджикистане решили не запрещать Деда Мороза и Снегурочку"
(retrieved 3 January 2016)
- ^
"Kiev Brings Back Orthodox Santa Claus Instead of Soviet-Era Father Frost"
.
The Moscow Times
. 20 November 2014.
- ^
"Деда Мороза и Снегурочку в Украине никто не запрещал - Минкульт"
- ^
"Father Christmas off air in Uzbekistan"
.
BBCNews
. 24 December 2012.
External links
[
edit
]
Look up
ded moroz
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Ded Moroz
.