American politician and folk hero (1786?1836)
Davy Crockett
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/David_Crockett_portrait_by_Chester_Harding.jpg/220px-David_Crockett_portrait_by_Chester_Harding.jpg) |
|
|
In office
March 4, 1827 ? March 4, 1831
|
Preceded by
| Adam Rankin Alexander
|
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Succeeded by
| William Fitzgerald
|
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Constituency
| 9th district
|
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In office
March 4, 1833 ? March 4, 1835
|
Preceded by
| District created
|
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Succeeded by
| Adam Huntsman
|
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Constituency
| 12th district
|
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|
In office
1821?1825
|
|
|
Born
| David Crockett
(
1786-08-17
)
August 17, 1786
Limestone
,
Greene County, Tennessee
(at that time, part of
North Carolina
), U.S.
|
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Died
| March 6, 1836
(1836-03-06)
(aged 49)
Alamo Mission
,
San Antonio
,
Republic of Texas
|
---|
Political party
| |
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Spouses
| -
Polly Finley
(
m.
1806; died 1815)
-
|
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Children
| 6 including
John Wesley Crockett
|
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Occupation
| Pioneer
, soldier, politician
|
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Signature
| ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Davy_Crockett_signature%2C_1835.svg/128px-Davy_Crockett_signature%2C_1835.svg.png) |
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David Crockett
(August 17, 1786 ? March 6, 1836) was an American
folk hero
,
frontiersman
, soldier, and politician. He is often referred to in popular culture as the "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented
Tennessee
in the
U.S. House of Representatives
and served in the
Texas Revolution
.
Crockett grew up in
East Tennessee
, where he gained a reputation for hunting and storytelling. He was made a colonel in the
militia
of
Lawrence County, Tennessee
and was elected to the Tennessee state legislature in 1821. In 1827, he was elected to the U.S. Congress where he vehemently opposed many of the policies of President
Andrew Jackson
, especially the
Indian Removal Act
. Crockett's opposition to Jackson's policies led to his defeat in the 1831 elections. He was re-elected in 1833, then narrowly lost in 1835, prompting his angry departure to Texas (then the Mexican state of
Tejas
) shortly thereafter. In early 1836, he took part in the
Texas Revolution
and died at the
Battle of the Alamo
. It is unclear whether he died in battle or was executed after being captured by the Mexican Army.
[2]
[3]
[4]
Crockett became famous during his lifetime for larger-than-life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs. After his death, he continued to be credited with acts of mythical proportion. These led in the 20th century to television and film portrayals, and he became one of the best-known American folk heroes.
[6]
Family and early life
Davy Crockett was paternally of French and Scots-Irish descent, while maternally of English descent. The Crocketts were mostly of French-
Huguenot
ancestry, although the family had settled in
Ulster
in the north of
Ireland
before migrating to the Americas.
The earliest known paternal ancestor was Gabriel Gustave de Crocketagne, whose son Antoine de Saussure Peronette de Crocketagne was given a commission in the
Household Troops
under
King Louis XIV
of France. Antoine married Louise de Saix and emigrated to the
Kingdom of Ireland
with her, changing the family name to Crockett.
Their son Joseph Louis
was born and raised in Ireland, possibly being born, according to local tradition, near either
Castlederg
or
Donemana
, both villages in the northwest of
County Tyrone
in the west of Ulster; Joseph Louis Crockett later married Sarah Stewart, who was also from west Ulster, she being an
Ulster-Scot
from just outside the village of
Manorcunningham
in the Laggan district in the east of
County Donegal
.
[9]
[10]
Joseph and Sarah emigrated to New York, where their son William David was born in 1709. He married Elizabeth Boulay. William and Elizabeth's son David (paternal grandfather of Davy Crockett) was born in Pennsylvania and married Elizabeth Hedge. Historical records indicate that David and Elizabeth were the parents of William, David Jr., Robert, Alexander, James, Joseph, and
John
(the father of Davy Crockett); they may have had additional children whose records have not yet been found.
John was born c. 1753 in
Frederick County, Virginia
.
The family moved to
Tryon County, North Carolina
c. 1768. In 1776, the family moved to northeast
Tennessee
, in the area of modern
Hawkins County
.
John was one of the
Overmountain Men
who fought in the
Battle of Kings Mountain
during the
American Revolutionary War
.
He was away as a militia volunteer in 1777 when his parents David and Elizabeth were killed at their home near modern
Rogersville
by
Creeks
and
Chickamauga Cherokees
led by war chief
Dragging Canoe
.
John's brother Joseph was wounded in the skirmish. His brother James was taken prisoner and held for seventeen years.
Commemorative stone.
Replica cabin at Crockett's birth site in the
David Crockett Birthplace State Park
.
John married Rebecca Hawkins in 1780.
Nine children of John and Rebecca have been verified by historians and Crockett descendants: Nathan, William, Aaron, James, David, John, Elizabeth, Rebecca, and Margaret Catharine.
Their son David (nicknamed Davy) was born August 17, 1786 and was named after John's father.
Crockett's English ancestry comes from his mother Rebecca Hawkins, as the earliest ancestor arrived in
Gloucester County, Virginia
in 1658.
[22]
John Crockett was active in local politics and an advocate of the independent
State of Franklin
.
[24]
Davy Crockett was born in that area, which is now in
Greene County, Tennessee
, close to the
Nolichucky River
and near the community of
Limestone
. A replica of Davy Crockett’s birthplace cabin stands near the site, situated in the
Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park
[25]
John continually struggled to make ends meet, and the Crocketts moved to a tract of land on Lick Creek in 1792.
John sold that tract of land in 1794 and moved the family to Cove Creek, where he built a
gristmill
with partner Thomas Galbraith.
A flood destroyed the gristmill and the Crockett homestead. The Crocketts then moved to Mossy Creek in
Jefferson County, Tennessee
, but John forfeited his property in bankruptcy in 1795.
The family next moved on to property owned by a Quaker named John Canady ? an Irish surname with variant spellings; for example, Crockett’s autobiography referred to the property owner as “John Kennedy”.
At
Morristown
in the
Southwest Territory
, John built a tavern on a stage coach route; the
Crockett Tavern Museum
now stands on that site.
When David was 12 years old, his father
indentured
him to Jacob Siler to help with the Crockett family indebtedness. He helped tend Siler's cattle as a
cowboy
on a 400-mile (640 km) trip to near
Natural Bridge
in
Virginia
. He was well treated and paid for his services but, after several weeks in Virginia, he decided to return home to Tennessee.
The next year, John enrolled his sons in school, but David played
hookey
after an altercation with a fellow student. Upon learning of this, John attempted to whip him but was outrun by his son. David then joined a
cattle drive
to
Front Royal, Virginia
, for Jesse Cheek.
Upon completion of that trip, he joined teamster Adam Myers on a trip to
Gerrardstown, West Virginia
.
In between trips with Myers, he worked for farmer John Gray.
After leaving Myers, he journeyed to
Christiansburg, Virginia
, where he apprenticed for the next four years with hatter Elijah Griffith.
Contract of marriage for David Crockett and Margaret Elder, October 21, 1805
In 1802, David journeyed by foot back to his father's tavern in Tennessee.
His father was in debt to Abraham Wilson for $36 (equivalent to $767 in 2023), so David was hired out to Wilson to pay off the debt.
Later, he worked off a $40 debt to John Canady.
Once the debts were paid, John Crockett told his son that he was free to leave. David returned to Canady's employment, where he stayed for four years.
Marriages and children
Crockett fell in love with John Canady's niece Amy Summer, who was engaged to Canady's son Robert.
While serving as part of the wedding party, Crockett met Margaret Elder. He persuaded her to marry him, and a marriage contract was drawn up on October 21, 1805. However,
[43]
Margaret had also become engaged to another young man at the same time, whom she married instead of Crockett.
He met Polly Finley and her mother Jean at a harvest festival.
Although friendly towards him in the beginning, Jean Finley eventually felt Crockett was not the man for her daughter.
Crockett declared his intentions to marry Polly, regardless of whether the ceremony was allowed to take place in her parents' home or had to be performed elsewhere. He arranged for a justice of the peace and took out a marriage license on August 12, 1806. On August 16, he rode to Polly's house with family and friends, determined to ride off with Polly to be married elsewhere. Polly's father pleaded with Crockett to have the wedding in the Finley home. Crockett agreed only after Jean apologized for her past treatment of him.
Crockett's second wife, Elizabeth
The newlyweds settled on land near Polly's parents, and their first child,
John Wesley Crockett
, who became a United States Congressman,
[48]
was born July 10, 1807.
Their second child, William Finley Crockett, was born November 25, 1808.
In October 1811, the family relocated to
Lincoln County
.
Their third child Margaret Finley (Polly) Crockett was born on November 25, 1812.
The Crocketts then moved to
Franklin County
in 1813. He named the new home on Beans Creek "Kentuck".
His wife died in March 1815,
and Crockett asked his brother John and his sister-in-law to move in with him to help care for the children.
That same year, he married the widow Elizabeth Patton, who had a daughter, Margaret Ann, and a son, George.
David and Elizabeth's son, Robert Patton, was born September 16, 1816.
Daughter Rebecca Elvira was born December 25, 1818.
Daughter Matilda was born August 2, 1821.
David Crockett family tree
David Crockett family tree
- Gabriel Gustave de Crocketagne m. Mademoiselle de Saix of France
[59]
- Antoine de Saussure Peronette de Crocketagne (changed name to Crockett) (1643?1735) m. Louise de Saix (1648)
[60]
- Joseph Louis Crockett born in Ireland (1676?1749) m. Sarah Gilbert Stewart (1680?1776)
[61]
- William David Crockett (1709?1770) m. Elizabeth Boulay (1710)
- David "the Elder" Crockett (1729?1777) m. Elizabeth Hedge (1730?1777)
- William Crockett (1748?1846)
[62]
- David Crockett Jr.
[63]
- Robert Crockett
[64]
- Alexander Crockett
[65]
- James Crockett
[66]
- Joseph Crockett
[67]
- John Crockett
(1753?1834) m. Rebecca Hawkins (1756?1832)
[68]
- Margaret Catharine Crockett (c. 1778?1792)
- Nathan Crockett (1778?1839)
- William Crockett (1780?1840)
- Aaron Crockett (1782?1835)
- James Patterson Crockett (1784?1834)
- David Crockett
(1786?1836)
- m. Polly Finley (1788?1815)
[69]
- John Wesley Crockett
(1807?1852)
[70]
m. Martha Hamilton
- William Finley Crockett (1809?1846)
[71]
m. Clorinda Boyett
- Margaret Finley (Polly) Crockett (1812?1860)
[72]
m. Wiley Flowers
- m. Elizabeth Patton (1788?1860)
[73]
- Robert Patton Crockett (1816?1889)
[74]
- m. Matilda Porter
- m. Louisa A. Wohlford
- m. Lydia America Corley
- Rebecca Elvira Crockett (1818?1879)
[75]
- m. George Kimbrough
- m. James Halford
- Matilda Crockett (1821?1890)
[76]
- m. Thomas P. Tyson
- m. James Wilson
- m. Redden Fields
- John Crockett (1787?1841)
- Elizabeth Crockett (1788?1805)
- Rebecca Crockett (1796?1819)
Tennessee militia service
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Davy_Crockett2_1967_Issue-5c.jpg/220px-Davy_Crockett2_1967_Issue-5c.jpg)
US postage stamp, issued 1967
Andrew Jackson
was appointed major general of the Tennessee
militia
in 1802.
The
Fort Mims massacre
occurred near
Mobile
,
Mississippi Territory
, on August 30, 1813, and became a rallying cry for the
Creek War
.
On September 20, Crockett left his family and enlisted as a scout for a term of 90 days with
Francis Jones
's Company of Mounted Rifleman,
part of the Second Regiment of Volunteer Mounted Riflemen.
They served under Colonel
John Coffee
in the war, marching south into present-day
Alabama
and taking an active part in the fighting.
Crockett often hunted wild game for the soldiers, and felt better suited to that role than killing Creek warriors.
He served until December 24, 1813.
The
War of 1812
was being waged concurrently with the Creek War. After the
Treaty of Fort Jackson
in August 1814, Andrew Jackson, then with the
U.S. Army
, wanted
the British
forces ousted from
Spanish Florida
and asked for support from the Tennessee militia. Crockett re-enlisted as third sergeant for a six-month term with the Tennessee Mounted Gunmen under Captain John Cowan on September 28, 1814.
Crockett's unit saw little of the main action because they were days behind the rest of the troops and were focused mostly on foraging for food. Crockett returned home in December.
He was still on a military reserve status until March 1815, so he hired a young man to fulfill the remainder of his service.
Public career
Davy Crockett by
William Henry Huddle
, 1889
In 1817, Crockett moved the family to new acreage in
Lawrence County
, where he first entered public office as a commissioner helping to configure the new county's boundaries.
On November 25, the state legislature appointed him county justice of the peace.
On March 27, 1818, he was elected lieutenant colonel of the
Fifty-seventh Regiment of Tennessee Militia
, defeating candidate Daniel Matthews for the position.
By 1819, Crockett was operating multiple businesses in the area and felt his public responsibilities were beginning to consume so much of his time and energy that he had little left for either family or business. He resigned from the office of justice of the peace and from his position with the regiment.
Tennessee General Assembly
In 1821, he resigned as commissioner and successfully ran for a seat in the Tennessee General Assembly,
[92]
representing
Lawrence
and
Hickman
counties.
It was this election where Crockett honed his anecdotal oratory skills.
He was appointed to the Committee of Propositions and Grievances on September 17, 1821, and served through the first session that ended November 17, as well as the special session called by the governor in the summer of 1822, ending on August 24.
He favored legislation to ease the tax burden on the poor.
Crockett spent his entire legislative career fighting for the rights of impoverished settlers who he felt dangled on the precipice of losing title to their land due to the state's complicated system of grants.
[98]
He supported 1821 gubernatorial candidate
William Carroll
, over Andrew Jackson's endorsed candidate Edward Ward.
Less than two weeks after Crockett's 1821 election to the General Assembly, a flood of the
Tennessee River
destroyed Crockett's businesses.
In November, Elizabeth's father Robert Patton deeded 800 acres (320 ha) of his
Carroll County
property to Crockett.
Crockett sold off most of the acreage to help settle his debts, and moved his family to the remaining acreage on the
Obion River
, which remained in Carroll County until 1825 when the boundaries were reconfigured and put it in Gibson County.
In 1823, he ran against Andrew Jackson's nephew-in-law William Edward Butler
and won a seat in the General Assembly representing the counties of Carroll, Humphreys, Perry, Henderson and Madison.
He served in the first session, which ran from September through the end of November 1823, and in the second session that ran September through the end of November 1824, championing the rights of the impoverished farmers.
During Andrew Jackson's election to the United States Senate in 1823, Crockett backed his opponent
John Williams
.
United States House of Representatives
On October 25, 1824, Crockett notified his constituents of his intention to run in the 1825 election for a seat in the
U.S. House of Representatives
. He lost that election to incumbent
Adam Rankin Alexander
.
A chance meeting in 1826 gained him the encouragement of
Memphis
mayor Marcus Brutus Winchester
[108]
to try again to win a seat in Congress.
The
Jackson Gazette
published a letter from Crockett on September 15, 1826, announcing his intention of again challenging Rankin, and stating his opposition to the policies of President
John Quincy Adams
and Secretary of State
Henry Clay
and to Rankin's position on the cotton tariff.
Militia veteran William Arnold also entered the race, and Crockett easily defeated both political opponents for the 1827?29 term.
[111]
He arrived in Washington, D.C. and took up residence at Mrs. Ball's Boarding House, where a number of other legislators lived when Congress was in session.
Jackson was elected as president in
1828
. Crockett continued his legislative focus on settlers getting a fair deal for land titles, offering H.R. 27 amendment to a bill sponsored by
James K. Polk
.
I believed it was a wicked, unjust measure.... I voted against this Indian bill, and my conscience yet tells me that I gave a good honest vote, and one that I believe will not make me ashamed in the day of judgement.
?David Crockett,
A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett
Crockett was re-elected for the 1829?31 session,
[116]
once again defeating Adam Rankin Alexander.
He introduced H.R. 185 amendment to the land bill on January 29, 1830, but it was defeated on May 3.
On February 25, 1830, he introduced a resolution to abolish the
United States Military Academy
at
West Point, New York
[118]
because he felt that it was public money going to benefit the sons of wealthy men.
He spoke out against Congress giving $100,000 to the widow of
Stephen Decatur
, citing that Congress was not empowered to do that.
He opposed Jackson's 1830
Indian Removal Act
and was the only member of the Tennessee delegation to vote against it.
Cherokee
chief
John Ross
sent him a letter on January 13, 1831, expressing his thanks for Crockett's vote.
His vote was not popular with his own district, and he was defeated in the 1831 election by
William Fitzgerald
.
Crockett ran against Fitzgerald again in the 1833 election and was returned to Congress, serving until 1835.
On January 2, 1834, he introduced the land title resolution H.R. 126, but it never made it as far as being debated on the House floor.
He was defeated for re-election in the August 1835 election by
Adam Huntsman
.
During his last term in Congress, he collaborated with
Kentucky
Congressman
Thomas Chilton
to write his autobiography, which was published by E. L. Carey and A. Hart in 1834 as
A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, Written by Himself
,
and he went east to promote the book. In 1836, newspapers published the now-famous quotation attributed to Crockett upon his return to his home state:
I told the people of my district that I would serve them as faithfully as I had done; but if not, they might go to hell, and I would go to Texas.
[127]
Although Crockett owned some slaves, his record in Congress did not indicate either avid support for or opposition to the institution of
slavery in the United States
.
[128]
Texas Revolution
Portrait of Davy Crockett by
John Gadsby Chapman
By December 1834, Crockett was writing to friends about moving to
Texas
if Jackson's chosen successor
Martin Van Buren
was elected president. The next year, he discussed with his friend
Benjamin McCulloch
raising a company of volunteers to take to Texas in the expectation that a revolution was imminent.
His departure to Texas was delayed by a court appearance in the last week of October as co-executor of his deceased father-in-law's estate; he finally left his home near
Rutherford
in West Tennessee with three other men on November 1, 1835, to explore Texas.
His youngest child Matilda later wrote that she distinctly remembered the last time that she saw her father:
He was dressed in his hunting suit, wearing a
coonskin cap
, and carried a fine rifle presented to him by friends in Philadelphia. ... He seemed very confident the morning he went away that he would soon have us all to join him in Texas.
Crockett traveled with 30 well-armed men to
Jackson, Tennessee
, where he gave a speech from the steps of the
Madison County
courthouse, and they arrived in
Little Rock, Arkansas
, on November 12, 1835. The local newspapers reported that hundreds of people swarmed into town to get a look at Crockett, and a group of leading citizens put on a dinner in his honor that night at the Jeffries Hotel. Crockett spoke "mainly to the subject of Texan independence", as well as Washington politics.
Crockett arrived in
Nacogdoches, Texas
, in early January 1836. On January 14, he and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months: "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the
Rio Grande
in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (1,900 ha) of land as payment. On February 6, he and five other men rode into
San Antonio de Bexar
and camped just outside the town.
The Fall of the Alamo
by
Robert Jenkins Onderdonk
depicts Davy Crockett swinging his rifle at Mexican troops who have breached the south gate of the mission.
Crockett arrived at the
Alamo Mission in San Antonio
on February 8.
A Mexican army arrived on February 23 led by General
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
, surprising the men garrisoned in the Alamo, and the Mexican soldiers immediately
initiated a siege
.
Santa Anna ordered his artillery to keep up a near-constant bombardment. The guns were moved closer to the Alamo each day, increasing their effectiveness. On February 25, 200?300 Mexican soldiers crossed the San Antonio River and took cover in abandoned shacks approximately 90 to 100 yards (82 to 91 m) from the Alamo walls.
The soldiers intended to use the huts as cover to establish another artillery position, although many
Texians
assumed that they actually were launching an assault on the fort.
Several men volunteered to burn the huts.
To provide cover, the Alamo cannons fired
grapeshot
at the Mexican soldiers, and Crockett and his men fired rifles, while other defenders reloaded extra weapons for them to use in maintaining a steady fire. The battle was over within 90 minutes,
and the Mexican soldiers retreated.
There were limited stores of powder and shot inside the Alamo, and Alamo commander
William Barret Travis
ordered the artillery to stop returning fire on February 26 so as to conserve precious ammunition. Crockett and his men were encouraged to keep shooting, as they were unusually effective.
A knife purportedly used by Davy Crockett during the
Battle of the Alamo
As the siege progressed, Travis sent many messages asking for reinforcements. Several messengers were sent to
James Fannin
who commanded the group of Texian soldiers at
Presidio La Bahia
in
Goliad, Texas
. Fannin decided that it was too risky to reinforce the Alamo, although historian Thomas Ricks Lindley concludes that up to 50 of Fannin's men left his command to go to Bexar.
These men would have reached Cibolo Creek on the afternoon of March 3, 35 miles (56 km) from the Alamo, where they joined another group of men who also planned to join the garrison.
There was a skirmish between Mexican and Texian troops that same night outside the Alamo.
Historian
Walter Lord
speculates that the Texians were creating a diversion to allow their courier John Smith to evade Mexican pickets.
However, Alamo survivor
Susannah Dickinson
said in 1876 that Travis sent out three men shortly after dark on March 3, probably a response to the arrival of Mexican reinforcements. The three men?including Crockett?were sent to find Fannin.
Lindley states that Crockett and one of the other men found the force of Texians waiting along Cibolo Creek just before midnight; they had advanced to within 20 miles (32 km) of the Alamo. Just before daylight on March 4, part of the Texian force managed to break through the Mexican lines and enter the Alamo. A second group was driven across the prairie by Mexican cavalry.
The siege ended on March 6 when the Mexican army attacked just before dawn while the defenders were sleeping. The daily artillery bombardment had been suspended, perhaps a ploy to encourage the natural human reaction to a cessation of constant strain. But the garrison awakened and the final fight began. Most of the noncombatants gathered in the church
sacristy
for safety. According to Dickinson, Crockett paused briefly in the chapel to say a prayer before running to his post.
The Mexican soldiers climbed up the north outer walls of the Alamo complex, and most of the Texians fell back to the barracks and the chapel, as previously planned.
Crockett and his men, however, were too far from the barracks to take shelter
and were the last remaining group to be in the open. They defended the low wall in front of the church, using their rifles as clubs and relying on knives, as the action was too furious to allow reloading. After a volley and a charge with
bayonets
, Mexican soldiers pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church.
A coffin in the
San Fernando Cathedral
purports to hold the ashes of the Alamo defenders. However, historians believe it more probable that the ashes were buried near the Alamo.
The
Battle of the Alamo
lasted almost 90 minutes,
and all of the defenders were killed. Santa Anna ordered his men to take their bodies to a nearby stand of trees, where they were stacked together and wood piled on top.
That evening, they lit a fire and burned their bodies to ashes.
The ashes were left undisturbed until February 1837, when Juan Seguin and his cavalry returned to Bexar to examine the remains. A local carpenter created a simple coffin, and ashes from the funeral pyres were placed inside. The names of Travis, Crockett, and
Bowie
were inscribed on the lid.
The coffin is thought to have been buried in a peach tree grove, but the spot was not marked and can no longer be identified.
Death
The David Crockett Spring in
Crockett
,
Houston County, Texas
David Crockett died at the Alamo on the morning of March 6, 1836, at the age of 49. Accounts from survivors of the battle differ on the manner of Crockett's death, with stories ranging from Crockett putting up a heroic last stand to the account that he surrendered along with several other men and was executed. To further confusion, historians have been able to back up opposing theories with "voluminous evidence".
[157]
Controversy
The popular mythology of Crockett's death in American culture is one of a heroic last stand, a tale that is backed up by some historical evidence. For example, a former
African-American slave
named Ben, who had acted as cook for one of Santa Anna's officers, maintained that Crockett's body was found in the barracks surrounded by "no less than sixteen Mexican corpses", with Crockett's knife buried in one of them.
There is, however, historical evidence countering the popular myth, with stories of a Crockett surrender and execution circulating as far back as just a few weeks after the battle.
The counter myth picked up historical steam, when, in 1955, Jesus Sanchez Garza discovered the memoirs of
Jose Enrique de la Pena
, a Mexican officer present at the Battle of the Alamo, and self-published it as
La Rebelion de Texas – Manuscrito Inedito de 1836 por un Oficial de Santa Anna
.
Texas A&M University Press
published the English translation in 1975
With Santa Anna in Texas: A Personal Narrative of the Revolution
. The English publication caused a scandal within the United States, as it asserted that Crockett did not die in battle, but was executed soon thereafter.
The translator of the English publication, Carmen Perry, the former librarian of the
Daughters of the Republic of Texas
, was harassed with anonymous letters and intimidating phone calls by Crockett loyalists who considered the mere suggestion that Crockett had not died fighting blasphemous.
[161]
Some have questioned the validity of the text. Author and retired firefighter William Groneman III posited that the journals were made up of several different types of paper from several different paper manufacturers, all cut down to fit.
Longtime
John Wayne
enthusiast Joseph Musso
[163]
also questioned the validity of de la Pena's diary, basing his suspicions on the timing of the diary's release, and the fact that historical interest in the topic rose around the same time as the
Walt Disney
mini-series
Davy Crockett
was released in 1955. Some questions were answered when, in 2001, archivist David Gracy published a detailed analysis of the manuscript, including lab results. He found, among other things, that the paper and ink were of a type used by the Mexican army in the 1830s, and the handwriting matched that on other documents in the Mexican military archives that were written or signed by de la Pena.
[164]
[165]
David Crockett
clipper ship
card
As for those who have questioned de la Pena's ability to identify any of the Alamo defenders by name, historians believe that de la Pena likely witnessed or was told about executions of the Alamo survivors. And while some claim neither he nor his comrades would have known who those men were,
[166]
others conclude that the "enormous weight of evidence" is in favor of the surrender-execution hypothesis.
[161]
However, several survivors and first-hand witnesses to the battle claimed Crockett fought to the death.
[157]
Legacy
One of Crockett's sayings, many of which were published in almanacs between 1835 and 1856 (along with those of
Daniel Boone
and
Kit Carson
), was: "Always be sure you are right, then go ahead
."
While serving in the United States House of Representatives, Crockett became a
Freemason
. He entrusted his masonic apron to a friend in Tennessee before leaving for Texas, and it was inherited by the friend's descendant in Kentucky.
[168]
In 1967, the
U.S. Postal Service
issued a 5-cent stamp commemorating Davy Crockett.
[169]
[170]
Namesakes
Col. Crockett statue, Lawrenceburg Public Square
Tennessee
Texas
- Crockett County
[173]
- Crockett
,
Houston County, Texas
[174]
- Crockett High School
,
Austin independent school District
[175]
- Davy Crockett Lake,
Fannin County
[176]
- Davy Crockett Loop, Prairies and Pineywoods Wildlife Trail ? East
[177]
- Crockett Middle School
, Amarillo
- Davy Crockett National Forest
,
Angelina County
[178]
- Davy Crockett School,
Dallas independent school District
[179]
- Crockett Elementary School,
Abilene independent school District
,
Abilene, Texas
(closed 2002)
- Crockett Street, a major thoroughfare in
Downtown San Antonio
- Crockett Street in
Beaumont Texas
, ending in a pedestrian walk in the historic downtown area.
- Fort Crockett
,
Galveston County
[180]
Alamo Cenotaph
Miscellaneous
- M28 Davy Crockett Weapon System
: a small Nuclear weapons system, the smallest developed by the U.S. which could be fired from a light vehicle, or from a tripod mounted launcher.
[181]
- Crockett Park, north of downtown San Antonio
Monuments
- Alamo Cenotaph
,
San Antonio
, sculptor
Pompeo Coppini
, west panel of the Cenotaph features a Crockett statue and a statue of
William B. Travis
in front of other Alamo defenders
[182]
- David Crockett Statue,
Ozona, Texas
, sculptor William M. McVey
[183]
- Life-size statue Colonel David Crockett, Public Square,
Lawrenceburg, Tennessee
, W. M. Dean Marble Company of
Columbia
[185]
[186]
In popular culture
Television
Fess Parker
as Davy Crockett in
Disneyland
Walt Disney
adapted Crockett's stories into a
television miniseries
titled
Davy Crockett
, which aired in 1954 and 1955 on
Walt Disney's Disneyland
. The series popularized the image of Crockett, portrayed by
Fess Parker
, wearing a
coonskin cap
, and originated the song "
The Ballad of Davy Crockett
". The first three parts of the series were edited into a
feature-length movie
for theaters.
Crockett's stories were used by the French animation
Studios Animage
for a 1994 animated series titled
Davy Crockett
.
[187]
A 2009 episode of
MythBusters
tested whether Crockett could split a bullet in half on the blade of an ax 40 yards (37 m) away, and concluded that it would indeed be possible to do so.
[188]
Film
In films, Crockett has been played by:
- Charles K. French
,
Davy Crockett ? In Hearts United
(1909), silent
[189]
- Hobart Bosworth
,
Davy Crockett
(1910), silent
- Dustin Farnum
,
Davy Crockett
(1916), silent
- Cullen Landis
(
Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo
, 1926, silent)
- Jack Perrin
(
The Painted Stallion
, 1937)
- Lane Chandler
(
Heroes of the Alamo
, 1937)
- Robert Barrat
(
Man of Conquest
, 1939)
- Trevor Bardette
(
The Man from the Alamo
, 1953)
- Arthur Hunnicutt
(
The Last Command
, 1955)
- Fess Parker
(
Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier
, 1955, and
Davy Crockett and the River Pirates
, 1956, both on
Walt Disney's Disneyland
)
- James Griffith
(
The First Texan
, 1956)
- John Wayne
(
The Alamo
, 1960)
- Brian Keith
(
The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory
, 1987)
- Merrill Connally
(
Alamo: The Price of Freedom
, 1988)
[197]
- Johnny Cash
(
Davy Crockett: Rainbow in the Thunder
, 1988)
- Tim Dunigan
(
Davy Crockett: Rainbow in the Thunder
,
Davy Crockett: A Natural Man
,
Davy Crockett: Guardian Spirit
,
Davy Crockett: Letter to Polly
, 1988?1989)
- David Zucker
(
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear
, 1991 [a very small cameo role])
[199]
- John Schneider
(
James A. Michener's Texas
, 1994)
[200]
- Scott Wickware
(
Dear America: A Line in the Sand
, 2000)
[201]
- Justin Howard (
The Anarchist Cookbook
, 2002)
- Billy Bob Thornton
(
The Alamo
, 2004)"
Theatre
Prose fiction
Crockett appears in at least two short
alternate history
works: "Chickasaw Slave" by
Judith Moffett
in
Mike Resnick
's anthology
Alternate Presidents
(1992), where Crockett is the seventh President of the United States, and "Empire" by
William Sanders
in
Harry Turtledove
's anthology
Alternate Generals II
(2002) where Crockett fights for Emperor
Napoleon I
of
Louisiana
in a conflict analogous to the
War of 1812
.
[205]
Crockett is also a character in
Gore Vidal
's novel
Burr
as a congressman from Tennessee.
Comics
Columbia Features
syndicated a
comic strip
,
Davy Crockett, Frontiersman
, from June 20, 1955, until 1959. Stories were by
France Herron
[206]
and the artwork was ghosted in early 1956 by
Jack Kirby
.
[207]
See also
Notes
Citations
- ^
Price, Angel.
"Davy Crockett- Bear Hunting in Tennessee"
.
- ^
De La Pena, Jose Enrique (1975).
With Santa Anna in Texas A Personal Narrative of the Revolution
. Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN
978-0-89096-001-1
.
- ^
Weber, David J. (January 1990).
Myth and the History of the Hispanic Southwest
. University of New Mexico Press. p. 137.
ISBN
978-0-8263-1194-8
.
- ^
Kilgore, Dan (January 19, 2010).
How Did Davy Die? And Why Do We Care So Much?: Commemorative Edition (Elma Dill Russell Spencer Series in the West and Southwest)
(Commemorative ed.). Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN
978-1-60344-194-0
.
- ^
Lofaro, Michael A (December 2010).
"David "Davy" Crockett"
.
Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
'A distinguished list of
Ulster-Scots
from
Londonderry
who helped make America' (
Northern Ireland World
, 9 September 2010 (scroll down to No. 7 on the list: David Crockett)).
https://www.northernirelandworld.com/news/a-distinguished-list-of-ulster-scots-from-londonderry-who-helped-make-america-2817455
- ^
'Davy Crockett and his Donegal ancestors' (
Go Visit Donegal
Facebook
page, 6 March 2020).
https://m.facebook.com/govisitdonegal/posts/1878320515631813
- ^
James Atkins Shackford (1994).
David Crockett: The Man and the Legend
. University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN
978-0-8032-9230-7
.
- ^
"Greene County"
.
The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
. Tennessee Historical Society
. Retrieved
October 12,
2013
.
- ^
"David Crockett Birthplace State Park"
. Tennessee State Parks. Archived from
the original
on November 4, 2013
. Retrieved
October 12,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett's Marriage License Back in Rightful Place"
(PDF)
.
The Blue Pages
. Vol. 1, no. 3. Office of the Secretary of State of Tennessee. May 2010
. Retrieved
November 2,
2013
.
- ^
"John Wesley Crockett"
. United States Congress
. Retrieved
October 21,
2013
.
- ^
DRT (2001), p.43
- ^
DRT (2001), p.43
- ^
DRT (2001), p.43
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.19
- ^
Wallis (2011), pp.76-77
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.81
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.81
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.93
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.93
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.146
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.156
- ^
Wallis (2011), p.162
- ^
"Members of the Tennessee General Assembly 1794?2010"
. Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived from
the original
on November 8, 2013
. Retrieved
November 7,
2013
.
- ^
"Early North Carolina and Tennessee Land Grants"
. Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived from
the original
on January 23, 2014
. Retrieved
November 7,
2013
.
- ^
"Marcus Brutus Winchester"
.
Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
. Retrieved
November 6,
2013
.
- ^
Credential of election for David Crockett, 09/18/1827
. File Unit: Credentials of Representatives and Delegates to the 20th Congress, 12/1827 - 3/1829. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 306597. September 18, 1827. Archived from
the original
on December 7, 2014
. Retrieved
October 12,
2013
.
- ^
"Crockett, David, (1786?1836)"
.
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
.
United States Congress
. Retrieved
January 4,
2013
.
- ^
Congressman Davy Crockett's Resolution to Abolish the Military Academy at West Point, 02/25/1830
. File Unit: Bills and Resolutions Originating in the House of Representatives, 21st Congress, 1829 - 1831. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2173241. February 25, 1830. Archived from
the original
on December 7, 2014
. Retrieved
October 20,
2013
.
- ^
*
Crockett quote from the
Niles Weekly Register
newspaper
Archived
November 12, 2013, at the
Wayback Machine
, April 9, 1836
- ^
Smith, Richard Penn (2003).
On to the Alamo: Col. Crockett's Exploits and Adventures in Texas
. Penguin. p. 139.
ISBN
978-0-14-243764-3
. Retrieved
September 8,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Gilley, Kenneth (December 13, 2019).
"The Mysterious Death of David Crockett"
.
Texas Monthly
. Archived from
the original
on May 16, 2020.
- ^
a
b
Paulsen, Barbara (February 9, 2017).
"Say It Ain't So, Davy"
.
Texas Monthly
.
- ^
Spangenberger, Phil (March 18, 2014).
"Davy Crockett's "Ol' Betsy" Found"
.
True West: History of the American Frontier
. True West. Archived from
the original
on October 18, 2019
. Retrieved
September 11,
2019
.
- ^
Adams, Cecil (May 14, 2004).
"Remembering the Alamo (and the death of Davy Crockett)"
.
straightdope
. Retrieved
April 23,
2015
.
- ^
Gracy II, David B. (October 2001).
"Just As I Have Written It: A Study of the Authenticity of the Manuscript of Jose Enrique de la Pena's Account of the Texas Campaign"
.
Southwestern Historical Quarterly
.
105
(2): 254?294.
- ^
"Michael Lind's, The Death of David Crockett"
.
tamu.edu
. Archived from
the original
on October 15, 2008
. Retrieved
June 24,
2008
.
- ^
"...
made for him by Mrs. A.C. Massie of Washington, D.C., during his tenure in Congress. Before leaving for Texas, he entrusted the apron to the sheriff of Weakley County, Tennessee, and it was inherited and preserved by the sheriff's nephew, E.M. Taylor of Paducah, Kentucky. The lodge at Weakley County, near the Crockett home, burned during the Civil War destroying all the lodge records. From The Texas Mason By Pete Normand, PM Texas Lodge of Research";
Crockett, Davy.
"Grand Lodge of Texas"
.
Masonic Research
. Grand Lodge of Texas. Archived from
the original
on May 12, 2012
. Retrieved
July 29,
2012
.
- ^
"Stamp Series"
. United States Postal Service. Archived from
the original
on December 13, 2013
. Retrieved
January 31,
2017
.
- ^
Davy Crockett stamp
U.S. Stamp Gallery
- ^
"David Crockett State Park"
. Tennessee Dept of Environment and Conservation
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Crockett County, Tennessee"
.
Tennessee Encyclopedia
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
Smith, Julia Cauble.
"Crockett County"
.
Handbook of Texas Online
. Texas State Historical Association
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
Long, Christopher; Bishop, Elize H.
"Crockett, Texas"
.
Handbook of Texas Online
. Texas State Historical Association
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Crockett High School"
. Austin ISD
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett Lake"
. Texas Parks and Wildlife
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett Loop"
.
Great Texas Wildlife Trails
. Texas Parks and Wildlife
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett National Forest"
. United States Department of Agriculture
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett School"
. Dallas City Hall. Archived from
the original
on May 10, 2012
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
Darst, Maury.
"Fort Crockett"
.
Handbook of Texas Online
. Texas State Historical Association
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"The Davy Crockett"
. The Brookings Institution. Archived from
the original
on May 26, 2013
. Retrieved
January 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Alamo Cenotaph"
.
Handbook of Texas Online
. Texas State Historical Association.
- ^
"David Crockett Statue, Ozona, Tx"
. Crockett County Museum. March 22, 2013
. Retrieved
October 21,
2013
.
- ^
"Lawrenceburg Public Square"
. City of Lawrenceburg. Archived from
the original
on April 23, 2013
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"D Crockett Statue, Lawrenceburg, Tn"
. Waymarking
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett"
.
AnimeGuides
(in French)
. Retrieved
August 31,
2018
.
- ^
Meisfjord, Eric (June 4, 2020).
"The Untold Truth Of MythBusters Jr"
.
Grunge
. Retrieved
September 6,
2023
.
- ^
The Moving Picture World, Volume 4
. Moving Pictures Exhibitors Association. 1909. pp. 653, 690, 734, 760, 769, 780, 811, 885.
- ^
Curtis, Gregory (May 1988).
"The myth of the six-story Alamo"
.
Texas Monthly
. pp. 5, 6.
- ^
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear
at
IMDb
- ^
New York Media, LLC (April 17, 1995).
"John Leonard's TV Notes"
.
New York
. p. 157.
- ^
Dear America: A Line in the Sand
at
IMDb
- ^
"Davy Crockett musical play"
. AllMusic
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"Davy Crockett : piano score / Kurt Weill"
.
U.S. Copyright Records Database
. United States Copyright Office
. Retrieved
October 21,
2013
.
- ^
"Sanders, William. "Empire"
"
.
uchronia.net
.
Archived
from the original on January 2, 2019
. Retrieved
January 14,
2022
.
- ^
Leiffer, Paul; Ware, Hames (n.d.).
"Herron, Ed"
.
Who's Who of American Comic Strip Producers
.
Archived
from the original on March 3, 2016.
- ^
Holtz, Allan.
"Obscurity of the Day: Davy Crockett, Frontiersman,"
Stripper's Guide
(September 18, 2018).
General and cited references
- Abramson, Rudy; Haskell, Jean; Lofaro, Michael (2006).
Encyclopedia of Appalachia
. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
ISBN
978-1-57233-456-4
.
- Bense, Judith A. (1999).
Archaeology of Colonial Pensacola (Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen Series)
. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
ISBN
978-0-8130-1661-0
.
- Boylston, James R.; Wiener, Allen J. (2009).
David Crockett in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Poor Man's Friend
. Houston, TX: Bright Sky Press.
ISBN
978-1-933979-51-9
.
- Cobia, Manley F. Jr. (2003).
Journey into the Land of Trials: The Story of Davy Crockett's Expedition to the Alamo
. Franklin, TN: Hillsboro Press.
ISBN
978-1-57736-268-5
.
- Cozad, W. Lee (2002).
Those Magnificent Mountain Movies: The Golden Years 1911?1939
. Lake Arrowhead, CA: Rim of the World Historic Society.
ISBN
978-0-9723372-1-2
.
- Crockett, David (1834).
A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett
. Baltimore, MD: E. L. Carey and A. Hart.
OCLC
1306778
.
- Derr, Mark (1983).
The Frontiersman : The Real Life and the Many Legends of Davy Crockett
. New York: William Morrow.
ISBN
978-0-688-13798-4
.
- DRT (2001).
Daughters of Republic of Texas ? Vol II
. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-56311-641-4
.
- Edmondson, J.R. (2000).
The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts
. Plano: Republic of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-0-585-24106-7
.
- Fulgham, Richard Lee (2000).
Appalachian Genesis: The Clinch River Valley from Prehistoric Times to the End of the Frontier Era
. Johnson City, TN: Overmountain Press.
ISBN
978-1-57072-088-8
.
- Groneman, Bill (1999).
Death of a Legend: The Myth and Mystery Surrounding the Death of Davy Crockett
. Plano: Republic of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-0-585-26267-3
.
- Groneman, William (2005).
David Crockett: Hero of the Common Man
. New York: Forge Books.
ISBN
978-0-7653-1067-5
.
- Hardin, Stephen L..
(1994).
Texian Iliad
. Austin: University of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-0-292-73086-1
.
- Hasday, Judy L. (2010).
Davy Crockett (Legends of the Wild West)
. New York: Chelsea House Publications.
ISBN
978-1-60413-592-3
.
- Jones, Randell (2006).
In the Footsteps of Davy Crockett
. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair.
ISBN
978-0-89587-324-8
.
- Langman, Larry (1992).
A guide to silent westerns
. New York: Greenwood.
ISBN
978-0-313-27858-7
.
- Langman, Larry; Ebner, David (2001).
Hollywood's Image of the South: A Century of Southern Films
. New York: Greenwood.
ISBN
978-0-313-31886-3
.
- Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003).
Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions
. Lanham, MD: Republic of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-1-55622-983-1
.
- Little, Carol Morris (1996).
A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas
. Austin: University of Texas Press.
ISBN
978-0-292-76036-3
.
- Lord, Walter
(1961).
A Time to Stand
. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN
978-0-8032-7902-5
.
- Marill, Alvin H. (2011).
Television Westerns: Six Decades of Sagebrush Sheriffs, Scalawags, and Sidewinders
. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
ISBN
978-0-8108-8133-4
.
- Michno, Gregory; Michno, Gregory F.; Michno, Susan (2008).
Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films
. Jefferson. NC: McFarland.
ISBN
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.
- Monush, Barry; Willis, John (2005).
Screen World: 2004 Film Annual
. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books.
ISBN
978-1-55783-638-0
.
- Niemi, Robert
(2006).
History in the Media: Film And Television
. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
ISBN
978-1-57607-952-2
.
- Nofi, Albert A.
(1992).
The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History
. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc.
ISBN
978-0-585-19807-1
.
- Petite, Mary Deborah (1999).
1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence
. Mechanicsburg, PA: Savas Publishing Company.
ISBN
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.
- Remini, Robert V.; Clark, Wesley K. (2008).
Andrew Jackson (Great Generals)
. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan
.
ISBN
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.
- Roberts, Randy; Olson, James S (2001).
A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory
. New York: The Free Press.
ISBN
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.
- Tinkle, Lon
(1985).
13 Days to Glory: The Siege of the Alamo
. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN
978-0-89096-238-1
.
. Reprint. Originally published: New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958
- Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998).
Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution
. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.
ISBN
978-1-57168-152-2
.
- Wallis, Michael (2011).
David Crockett: The Lion of the West
. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
ISBN
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.
- Whitburn, Joel (2000).
Top Pop Singles 1955?1999
. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, Inc.
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.
- Williamson, Jerry Wayne (1995).
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. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
ISBN
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.
- Winders, Richard Bruce (2001).
Davy Crockett: The Legend of the Wild Frontier
. New York: Rosen Publishing Group.
ISBN
978-0-8239-5747-7
.
Further reading
Numerous books have been written about David Crockett, including the first one that bears his name as its author.
External links
This audio file
was created from a revision of this article dated 23 September 2005
(
2005-09-23
)
, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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