Political party in Denmark
The
Danish People's Party
(
Danish
:
Dansk Folkeparti
,
DF
; or sometimes in English:
DPP
) is a
nationalist
and
right-wing populist
political party
in
Denmark
. It was formed in 1995 by former members of the
Progress Party
(FrP).
The party saw a period of significant growth after its founding and lent its support to the
Venstre
?
Conservative People's Party
coalition government that ruled from the
general election of 2001
until the
2011 election
defeat. While not part of the cabinet, DF cooperated closely with the governing coalition on most issues and received support for key political stances in return, to the point that the government was commonly referred to as the "VKO-government" (O being DF's election symbol).
[7]
It also provided parliamentary support to
Lars Løkke Rasmussen
's cabinets from 2016 to 2019, again without participating in it. In the
2014 European Parliament election in Denmark
, DF secured 27% of the vote as part of the
European Conservatives and Reformists
group. This was followed by receiving 21% of the vote in the
2015 general election
, becoming the second largest party in Denmark for the first time.
However, since 2015, the party has since seen a decline in support, falling to 3rd place and 10.8% of the vote in the
2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
, and to just 8.7% in the
2019 Danish general election
, resulting in a loss of 21 seats and a return to opposition. The party would later lose over half of its seats in the
2021 Danish local elections
, losing 130 of the 221 it held before the election, achieving just 4.1% of the vote. Some commentators attributed the losses to internal conditions within the party and conflicts with the leadership, its perceived indecisiveness in government and rival parties adopting many of its policy ideas. The DF would also suffer a number of defections during 2022 following the rise of the
Denmark Democrats
party which many former DF members and supporters joined.
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
It would receive its worst general election result ever in
2022
, when it only won five seats. As of February 2023
[update]
, due to defections from
Nye Borgerlige
, DF now has seven of the seats in the Danish Folketing.
History
[
edit
]
The party's popularity has grown since its inception, taking 25 seats in the 179-member
Folketing
in the
2007 parliamentary election
(13.8% of the vote, remaining the third largest party in Denmark).
[12]
In the
2011 parliamentary election
, while maintaining its position as the third largest party, DF received 12.3% of the vote, marking its first electoral decline.
[13]
Kjærsgaard leadership (1995?2012)
[
edit
]
Early years (1995?2001)
[
edit
]
The Danish People's Party was founded on 6 October 1995, after
Pia Kjærsgaard
,
Kristian Thulesen Dahl
, broke out from the
Progress Party
.
[14]
Its first national convention was held in
Vissenbjerg
on 1 June 1996, where Pia Kjærsgaard was unanimously elected as the party's chairman.
[15]
The party was established in protest over the "
anarchistic
conditions" of the Progress Party, and its "all or nothing" policies. It was initially seen by many as a "clone" of the Progress Party, but this was soon proved false.
[14]
In a struggle to be respected as a responsible party able to cooperate with others and distance it from the conditions in the Progress Party, the leadership of the party struck down criticism from its members by means of expulsions.
[7]
The party saw a highly centralized party leadership as necessary, as it would not tolerate internal conflicts and disagreements with the official strategy.
[16]
The party was the first successful parliamentary party in the Nordic countries to relate philosophically more closely to the French
Nouvelle Droite
, than to the previous Nordic form of right-wing populism. DF represented a synthesis of several political currents: the Lutheran movement
Tidehverv
and its related journal, an intellectual nationalist right from the
Danish Association
(
Den Danske Forening
) and conservative populists from the Progress Party.
[17]
[18]
In 1997, the party won about 7% in the municipal elections, and did very well in traditional left-wing municipalities, potentially rivaling the
Social Democrats
.
[19]
By 1998, the party had 2,500 registered members.
[19]
The party made its electoral debut in the
1998 Danish parliamentary election
, winning 13 seats and 7.4% of the vote. The party was, however, left with no influence in the formation of a government; it was shut out in large part due to the perception that it was not
stuerent
(i.e. not acceptable or "housebroken").
[7]
Venstre-Conservative coalitions (2001?2011)
[
edit
]
In the
2001 election
, the party won 12% of the vote and 22 seats in
parliament
. It became the third largest party in the parliament, giving them a key position, as they would have a parliamentary majority together with the
Conservative People's Party
and
Venstre
. DF was favoured by these parties, as it had supported the
Venstre
candidate for Prime Minister,
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
, during the election campaign.
[16]
Eventually, it gave its parliamentary support for a
Venstre
-Conservative coalition government, headed by Prime Minister Rasmussen, in exchange for the implementation of some of their key demands, first and foremost stricter policies on immigration.
[7]
The party had a key role in writing the rules and conditions for immigration in the immigration law that was established by the government in May 2002,
[20]
which it called "Europe's strictest".
[21]
In the
2005 election
, the party further increased their vote, and won 13.2% of the vote and 24 seats.
[7]
With young first-time voters the party was even more popular, receiving one fifth of their votes.
[22]
The party continued to support the government, and developed a broader policy base, as it made welfare policies its core issue, together with immigration policies.
[7]
In 2006, the party's popularity rose dramatically in
opinion polls
following the
Jyllands-Posten
Muhammad cartoons controversy
, at the expense of the
Social Democrats
. The average of all monthly national polls showed DF gaining seven seats in parliament from January to February, with the Social Democrats losing an equal number.
[23]
This effect, however, somewhat waned with the falling media attention to the cartoons controversy.
In the
2007 parliamentary election
, DF won 13.9% and 25 seats, and again continued to support the Conservative-Liberal government. Thus, in every election since its founding the party has had a steady growth, although the growth rate has stagnated somewhat in recent years. Parties in the political centre, particularly the newly founded
New Alliance
had sought to become the kingmaker and be able to isolate the immigration policies of DF, but eventually failed.
[7]
The party was a member of the
Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy
(MELD).
[24]
[25]
In the
2009 elections for the European Parliament
, the prime candidate for the party,
Morten Messerschmidt
, won his seat in a landslide with 284,500 personal votes (most votes for any single candidate by any party); thus giving the party a second seat (which went to
Anna Rosbach Andersen
).
[26]
The party made a breakthrough from its previous results in European elections, more than doubling its vote to 15.3%, and receiving 2
MEPs
.
On 15 September 2012, Kristian Thuesen Dahl succeeded Kjærsgaard as chairman.
[27]
Thulesen Dahl leadership (2012?2022)
[
edit
]
During the
2015 election
the DF won 21.08% of the national vote under the leadership of
Kristian Thulesen Dahl
, the highest since its founding and gained 37 seats putting the party in second place. In the aftermath, the party entered negotiations with
Venstre
to again provide parliamentary support in return for stricter policies on immigration and the EU. A minority government headed by
Lars Løkke Rasmussen
was subsequently formed with the DF, the
Liberal Alliance
and the
Conservative People's Party
providing support.
[28]
The party suffered a major defeat in the
2019 election
, recording its worst result since 1998. It won just 8.7% of the vote and 16 seats, a net loss of 21 seats since 2015; it fell to third place, just narrowly outpolling the
Social Liberals
. Some journalists and political commentators opined that the DF's loss in support was as a result of the party's refusal and indecisiveness on taking direct part in government and the main parties including the Social Democrats adopting many of the DF's policies on immigration and integration.
[29]
In January 2022, Dahl stood down as leader and was replaced by
Morten Messerschmidt
in a leadership election where he won 499 out of the 828 delegators' votes against two other candidates.
[30]
After Messerschmidt a total of 11 out of 16 MPs had in June left the party including Thuelsen Dahl who was the only one of them who passed on his seat to the next in line.
[31]
Messerschmidt leadership (2022?present)
[
edit
]
At the
2022 election
, the party suffered its worst election result ever with 2.6% of the vote, equal to 5 seats.
[32]
In December 2022, Morten Messerschmidt was
acquitted
of all charges related to
prior allegations of misuse of EU funds
according to several political analysts and commentators, paving the way for a restoration of the party.
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
During January and February 2023,
Mikkel Bjørn
and
Mette Thiesen
, who were both elected for Nye Borgerlige, joined the Danish People's Party, increasing its seat count to seven.
[38]
[39]
Policies
[
edit
]
DF is a
nationalist
[40]
and
right-wing populist
party.
[41]
It is positioned on the
right-wing
[42]
to
far-right
[43]
[44]
[45]
of the
political spectrum
. The DF's stated goals are to protect the freedom and cultural heritage of the Danish people, including the family, the
monarchy
and the
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark
, to enforce a strict
rule of law
, to work against Denmark becoming a multi-cultural society by limiting
immigration
and promoting
cultural assimilation
of admitted immigrants, to maintain a strong welfare system for those in need, and to promote
entrepreneurship
and
economic growth
by strengthening education and encouraging people to work, to protect the environment and natural resources, and to protect Danish sovereignty against the
European Union
.
[46]
In comparison to its predecessor, the
Progress Party
, the DF focuses more on immigration, while at the same time being more pragmatic on other topics.
[47]
[48]
While overall considered part of the radical right, its policies on most economic issues would rather place the party in the centre to centre-left.
[47]
The party's former leader, Kristian Thulesen Dahl, once declared DF an anti-
Muslim
party.
[49]
Immigration
[
edit
]
DF is opposed to immigration.
[53]
The party holds that Denmark is not naturally a country of
immigration
. The party also does not accept a
multi-ethnic
transformation of Denmark,
[54]
and rejects
multiculturalism
.
[7]
Former party leader Pia Kjærsgaard stated she did "not want Denmark as a multiethnic, multicultural society",
[55]
and that a multiethnic Denmark would be a "national disaster".
[56]
The party seeks to drastically
reduce non-Western immigration
and favors
cultural assimilation
of immigrants from all religions. In 2010, the party proposed to put a complete stop to all immigration from non-Western countries, a continuation of a proposal the month before to toughen the
24-year rule
.
[57]
They do, however, make the distinction between immigrants, those who intend to stay in Denmark permanently, and refugees, those that will only be in Denmark for the duration of the conflict, but ultimately intend to return home. The party has stated that it is more than happy to help those in need, but have a moral responsibility to the people of Denmark to keep Denmark Danish.
[58]
Cooperation with the Conservative-Liberal coalition government resulted in the implementation of some of their key demands, most importantly strong restrictions in immigration policies, which have resulted in what is often described as Europe's strictest immigration laws.
[21]
The new government enacted rules that prevented Danish citizens and others from bringing a foreign spouse into the country unless both partners were aged 24 or above, passed a solvency test showing the Dane had not claimed social security for 12 months, and could lodge a bond of 60,011 kroner (about US$10,100). One declared aim of this was to fight
arranged marriages
. These new rules had the effect that while about 8,151
family reunification
permits were granted in 2002, the number had fallen to 3,525 by 2005. Some social benefits for refugees were also cut by 30-40% during their first seven years in power. Ordinary unemployment benefits were replaced by a reduced "start-up aid". Whereas the government coalition's declared aim with this was to improve integration by inciting people to work, immigration spokesman
Søren Krarup
of DF has expressed his content in that the start-up aid has decreased the number of economic refugees greatly, showing them that "one does not find gold on the street, as has been told out in the third world".
[59]
Nevertheless, total immigration increased post implementation of the migration reforms.
[
citation needed
]
Other domestic
[
edit
]
The party wants to improve conditions for the
elderly
and disabled,
[
citation needed
]
and advocates stricter punishments for crimes such as
rape
,
violence
,
sexual abuse
, reckless driving, and cruelty to animals. It supports grants for specific research into
terrorism
,
Islamism
, and
Cold War
history as well as increased defense spending. It also wants to maintain the Danish
monarchy
and the current
Danish constitution
, and to abolish the
'hate speech' clause
in the
Danish criminal code
.
[60]
[61]
Economy
[
edit
]
The party is considered to be the first pure example of a radical right-wing populist (RRP) party in Denmark; as such the party was described as the "pioneer of welfare chauvinism".
[62]
According to
Scandinavian Political Studies
, the success of the party in the 2015 election was not based only on its hardline stance towards immigration, but also its support for pro-welfare, redistributive policies that voters considered highly neglected by the
Social Democrats
. This made "economic insecurity, marginalization, regional core?periphery divides" the decisive factors of the 2015 election. In the
2019 Danish general election
, Social Democrats were then able to regain voters they lost to Danish People's Party by sharply turning left on welfare and redistribution, as well as shifting right on social issues by adopting "left-conservative" stances. DPP was therefore classified as economically left and socially right-wing, as it shares its voter base with a “left conservative” social democratic party, which Social Democrats became between 2015 and 2019.
[62]
Despite its right-wing orientation, Danish People's Party stands is left of center on the issues of economic and welfare, favouring staunchly left-wing policies towards the elderly. However, the party also has a strong welfare chauvinist policy, and has some conservative inclinations on income benefits. While the populist nature of the party could make its program appear blurry and constantly oscillating between the economic centre and economic left, its economic stance is much closer to Social Democrats and the
Socialist People's Party
than the centre-left
Danish Social Liberal Party
.
[62]
DPP largely tried to imitate the traditionally left-wing economic policies; this made DPP a "working-class party" that was able to attract manual workers at odds with the stance of left-wing Danish parties on socio-cultural issues. Prior to 2015, these voters would still vote for traditional left-wing parties as long as they identified with their economic positions and saw them as defenders of the working class.
[63]
Norwegian political scientist
Anders Ravik Jupskas
described Danish People's Party as a unique right-wing populist party that appeals to "authoritarian working class" and presents a platform that is "a combination of left-wing economics and nativist immigration policies".
[64]
The party described itself as the "true defender of the Danish welfare state" and campaigned on excluding immigrants from the Danish welfare state as the best way to protect it.
[65]
However, the party also spoke in favour of increasing spending for Danish pensions and healthcare, and it was found that the party's voteres "most unanimously favour increasing expenditures, even in comparison with social democrats and left wing voters". The party warned against the creeping market liberalisation and attacked neoliberalism and globalization on both economic and social perspectives, which allowed it to make inroads with working-class voters. The party also promised to empower trade unions and entered cooperation agreements with minor unions and workers' associations.
[66]
Under Messerschmidt's leadership, the party has moved in a more
economic liberal
direction, advocating tax cuts.
[67]
[68]
Foreign
[
edit
]
The party opposes a cession of Denmark's
sovereignty
to the
European Union
and opposes further EU integration and Eurofederalism. It also opposes the
Euro
currency and wants to maintain the
Danish krone
. It is also against the potential
accession of Turkey to the European Union
.
[69]
DF is
Eurosceptic
.
[70]
[71]
The party initially voted in favour of the
2003 invasion of Iraq
, but in 2014, the foreign affairs spokesman
Søren Espersen
said this support had been mistaken and that the rule of former dictator
Saddam Hussein
was "far preferable" to the events that followed.
[72]
He claimed the party had "blindly followed" Prime Minister
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
at the time of the invasion.
[73]
The party supported Danish enforcement of a no-fly zone during the
2011 military intervention in Libya
,
[74]
but was initially sceptical of proposals for direct Danish military involvement. The party later supported the decision out of solidarity with NATO.
[75]
The party leadership subsequently supported extending the Danish mission in Libya, despite the disagreement of its defense spokesman Ib Poulsen.
[76]
[77]
Three years after the intervention, foreign affairs spokesman Espersen stated the party's support for the intervention was a "mistake" and predicated on a misunderstanding of the ideology of the Libyan rebels.
[78]
The party supported Danish participation in France's
Operation Serval
against Islamist fighters in Mali. However, it opposed proposals for Danish involvement in the
Syrian Civil War
.
[79]
The party seeks international recognition of
Taiwan
and supports Taiwan in its disputes with the
People's Republic of China
.
[80]
In 2007, the party opposed the Danish government's plan to
recognise the independence of Kosovo
, and maintained the territorial integrity of
Serbia
.
[81]
The DF is supportive of
Israel
and opposes the recognition of
Palestine
on the grounds that there is no effective Palestinian state,
[82]
and wants to move the Danish embassy in Israel to
Jerusalem
.
[83]
The DF also supports Danish membership of
NATO
.
[84]
Analysis of vote
[
edit
]
- An analysis by the trade union SiD after the 2001 election stated that among unskilled workers aged under 40, 30% voted for DF and only 25% for the Social Democrats.
[85]
- Decreased importance of "economic cleavage": Several authors believe that the political "cleavages" of European societies have changed over recent decades
[86]
Contemporary Western European democracies are characterized by two major cleavage dimensions: the economic cleavage dimension, which pits workers against the capital, and which concerns the degree of state involvement in the economy, and the socio-cultural cleavage dimension.
[
citation needed
]
- Referendums brought the rejection of the
Maastricht Treaty
and the
Euro
. The DF has managed to harness this scepticism more effectively than others.
[87]
One feature, compared to other Danish parties, is that the Danish People's Party is usually underrepresented by about 1-1.5% in
opinion polls
. Election researchers have suggested that the party's voters may be less interested in politics, and therefore declining to talk to pollsters, or that voters are reluctant to reveal their support for the party to pollsters.
[88]
Leaders
[
edit
]
The party has had the following leaders since its foundation:
No.
|
Portrait
|
Leader
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Time in office
|
Ref.
|
1
| | Kjærsgaard, Pia
Pia Kjærsgaard
(born 1947)
| 6 October 1995
| 11 September 2012
| 16 years, 341 days
| [89]
|
2
| | Thulesen Dahl, Kristian
Kristian Thulesen Dahl
(born 1969)
| 12 September 2012
| 23 January 2022
| 9 years, 133 days
| [90]
|
3
| | Messerschmidt, Morten
Morten Messerschmidt
(born 1980)
| 23 January 2022
| Incumbent
| 2 years, 140 days
| [91]
|
Election results
[
edit
]
Parliament
[
edit
]
Election
|
Votes
|
%
|
Seats
|
+/?
|
Government
|
1998
|
252,429
|
7.4 (#5)
|
|
|
Opposition
|
2001
|
413,987
|
12.0 (#3)
|
|
9
|
External support
|
2005
|
444,205
|
13.3 (#3)
|
|
2
|
External support
|
2007
|
479,532
|
13.9 (#3)
|
|
1
|
External support
|
2011
|
436,726
|
12.3 (#3)
|
|
3
|
Opposition
|
2015
|
741,539
|
21.1 (#2)
|
|
15
|
External support
|
2019
|
308,219
|
8.7 (#3)
|
|
21
|
Opposition
|
2022
|
93,428
|
2.6 (#12)
|
|
11
|
Opposition
|
Local elections
[
edit
]
- Municipal elections
|
|
- Regional elections
|
|
- Mayors
|
European Parliament
[
edit
]
Election
|
Votes
|
%
|
Seats
|
+/?
|
1999
|
114,865
|
5.8 (#8)
|
|
|
2004
|
128,789
|
6.8 (#6)
|
|
0
|
2009
|
357,942
|
15.3 (#4)
|
|
1
|
2014
|
605,889
|
26.6 (#1)
|
|
2
|
2019
|
296,978
|
10.8 (#4)
|
|
3
|
2024
|
156,014
|
6.4 (#9)
|
|
0
|
Notes
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hoffmann-Hansen, Henrik; Nilsson, Simone; Jespersen, Johan Storgaard; Krasnik, Benjamin; Fabricius, Kitte; Schmidt, Mara Malene Raun; Gosmann, Mie Borggreen Winther og Sara Mathilde (3 October 2022).
"Overblik: Partierne i Danmark"
.
Kristeligt Dagblad
(in Danish)
. Retrieved
4 January
2023
.
- ^
"Farvekoder"
(PDF)
.
Danskfolkeparti.dk
. Retrieved
18 September
2021
.
- ^
KORT Da Dansk Folkeparti blev størst i hele Danmark
. DR.
- ^
"DF star til markant tilbagegang i Sydjylland: S bliver størst"
[DPP expected to decline in Southern Jutland: S will be biggest].
Berlingske Tidende
. Ritzau. 28 May 2019
. Retrieved
22 February
2020
.
- ^
"AKVA3: Valg til regions rad efter omrade, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn"
.
Statistics Denmark
. Retrieved
13 June
2010
.
- ^
"VALGK3: Valg til kommunale rad efter omrade, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn"
.
Statistics Denmark
. Retrieved
13 June
2010
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Dansk Folkeparti"
.
Den store dansk
. Retrieved
15 July
2010
.
- ^
"Tidligere DF'er Hans Kristian Skibby vil ogsa være med i Støjbergs parti | Nyheder"
.
DR
(in Danish). 25 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 November
2022
.
- ^
"Endnu en tidligere DF'er melder sig klar for Danmarksdemokraterne | Nyheder"
.
DR
(in Danish). 25 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 November
2022
.
- ^
"Jens Henrik Thulesen Dahl melder sig ind i Støjbergs nye parti - TV 2"
.
nyheder.tv2.dk
(in Danish). 24 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 November
2022
.
- ^
"Peter Skaarup forlader Dansk Folkeparti: Vil være kandidat i Inger Støjbergs nye parti"
.
DR
(in Danish). 24 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 November
2022
.
- ^
"Danish centre-right wins election"
.
BBC News
. 14 November 2007.
- ^
"Folketingsvalg torsdag 15. september 2011"
.
dst.dk
.
Statistics Denmark
. Retrieved
22 October
2011
.
- ^
a
b
Richter-Jørgensen, Christian Bjerre; Frøstrup, Freja; Abel Lytken, Louise; Gerion Johansen, Christina (2004).
"Dansk Folkeparti - en succes"
[The Danish people's party - a success].
Roskilde University Digital Archive
(in Danish). p. 9. Archived from
the original
on 3 August 2007.
- ^
"Historie"
.
Dansk Folkeparti
. Archived from
the original
on 25 July 2010
. Retrieved
15 July
2010
.
- ^
a
b
Meret, 2009, p. 99.
- ^
Khazaleh, Lorenz (29 March 2008).
"- A symptom of large societal changes"
.
CULCOM
. Archived from
the original
on 2 August 2012.
- ^
Hervik, Peter. 2011. The Annoying Difference: The Emergence of Danish Neonationalism, Neoracism, and Populism in the Post-1989 World. Berghahn Books. p. 25.
- ^
a
b
Meret, 2009, p. 98.
- ^
Meret, 2009, p. 100.
- ^
a
b
"Denmark's immigration issue"
. BBC. 19 February 2005.
- ^
Valgretsalder ? unges partivalg og deltagelse
. DUF Fakta. 2009.
- ^
"Dansk Folkeparti sterkt fram"
.
NRK (NTB)
(in Norwegian). 3 March 2006.
- ^
"Intern EU-rapport retter skarp kritik af udgifter i Messerschmidts europæiske parti"
. 16 October 2015.
- ^
"DF-sejltur blev ogsa støttet af dansk EU-kasse - TV 2"
. 20 October 2015.
- ^
"Personlige stemmer ved Europa-Parlamentsvalget 7. juni 2009"
(PDF)
.
Danmarks Statistik
.
- ^
"Thulesen Dahl valgt til formand for DF"
.
Altinget.dk
. 15 September 2012
. Retrieved
10 June
2023
.
- ^
"Denmark's Rasmussen to form minority govt"
.
Yahoo! News
. 21 June 2015
. Retrieved
24 June
2015
.
- ^
"Anti-immigrant Sweden Democrats celebrate election gains"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 December 2022
. Retrieved
24 June
2022
.
- ^
"Morten Messerschmidt bliver ny formand for Dansk Folkeparti"
.
Altinget.dk
(in Danish). 23 January 2022
. Retrieved
30 January
2023
.
- ^
"Liste: De har forladt Dansk Folkeparti"
.
Altinget.dk
(in Danish). 26 June 2022
. Retrieved
30 January
2023
.
- ^
"DF mister over 100.000 stemmer pa to valg i Sjællands Storkreds"
.
Berlingske
(in Danish). 2 November 2022
. Retrieved
30 January
2023
.
- ^
"Morten Messerschmidt frifundet for svindel med EU-midler"
.
DR
(in Danish). 21 December 2022
. Retrieved
30 January
2023
.
- ^
Jørgenssen, Steen A.; Redder, Anders (21 December 2022).
"Morten Messerschmidt er frifundet for EU-svindel"
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Sources
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External links
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