President of Kenya from 1988 to 2002
This article is about a person whose name includes a
patronymic
. As such, this person should normally be referred to by their
given name
, Daniel.
Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
CGH
(
MOH
-ee
; 2 September 1924 ? 4 February 2020)
[2]
was a Kenyan politician who served as the second
president of Kenya
from 1978 to 2002. He is the country's longest-serving president to date. Moi previously served as the third
vice president of Kenya
from 1967 to 1978 under President
Jomo Kenyatta
, becoming the president following the latter's death.
[3]
Born into the
Tugen
sub-group of the
Kalenjin people
in the
Kenyan Rift Valley
, Moi studied as a boy at the
Africa Inland Mission
school before training as a teacher at the Tambach teachers training college, working in that profession until 1955. He then entered politics and was elected a member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. As independence approached, Moi joined the Kenyan delegation which travelled to London for the
Lancaster House Conferences
, where the country's first post-independence constitution was drafted. In 1960, he founded the
Kenya African Democratic Union
(KADU) as a rival party to Kenyatta's
Kenya African National Union
(KANU). Following independence in 1963, Kenyatta who became
Prime Minister
and later President of the new nation, convinced Moi to merge the two parties. Kenyatta appointed Moi to his government in 1964 and then promoted him to vice-president in 1967. Despite opposition from a
Kikuyu
elite known as the
Kiambu Mafia
, Kenyatta retained Moi as his Vice President. Moi took over as president when Kenyatta died in 1978.
Initially popular both nationally and in
Western countries
, who saw his regime as countering against influences from the
Eastern Bloc
-aligned governments of
Ethiopia
and
Tanzania
, Moi's popularity fell around 1990 as the economy stagnated after the end of the
Cold War
. Following the agitation and external pressure, he was forced to allow multiparty elections in 1991; he then led his party, KANU, to victory in the
1992
and
1997 elections
,
[4]
both of which have generally been regarded as neither free nor fair by independent observers.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Constitutionally barred from seeking a third term, Moi chose
Uhuru Kenyatta
as his successor, but Kenyatta was defeated by opposition leader
Mwai Kibaki
in the 2002 general election, and Kibaki succeeded Moi as president. Kenyatta would eventually win the presidency in the
2013 election
.
Moi's regime was deemed dictatorial especially before 1992 when Kenya was a
one-party state
.
Human rights organisations such as
Amnesty International
, as well as a special investigation by the United Nations, accused Moi of
human rights abuses
during his presidency. Inquiries held after the end of his presidency found evidence that Moi and his sons had engaged in significant levels of corruption, including the 1990s
Goldenberg scandal
.
[9]
Early life and entry into politics
[
edit
]
Moi was born Toroitich arap (son of) Moi, Toroitich meaning "welcome home the cattle", in the
Rift Valley
village of Kuriengwo, which is now in
Sacho
division of
Baringo County
.
[10]
Moi's father, Kimoi arap Chebii, died in 1928. Moi was only four then and little is known about his mother, Kabon. What is known is that Tuitoek, his elder brother, became his guardian. Moi was one of the herdsboys from Sacho location recommended to join the new
Africa Inland Mission
(AIM) School at
Kabartonjo
in 1934 before it was shifted to
Kapsabet
.
[11]
He was from the
Tugen
sub-group of the
Kalenjin people
.
[12]
At the African Mission School at Kabartonjo, Moi became a Christian and adopted the name Daniel.
[10]
Moi attended Tambach Teachers Training College after its relocation from Kabartonjo from 1945 to 1947. This is after the colonial government denied him a chance to enroll at
Alliance High School
. He later attended Kagumo Teacher's College,
[11]
and taught classes at Tambach Teacher's Training College. Later he became the headmaster of a school in the
Keiyo District
. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955.
[11]
Moi entered politics in 1955 when he was elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. He was the chosen replacement of Dr. John ole Tameno, the former representative who had had to quit due to heavy drinking and suspected connections to the freedom movement.
[13]
In 1957 Moi was re-elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. Moi was part of the Kenyan delegation at the
Lancaster House Conferences
in London, which drafted the country's first post-independence constitution, and in 1961, he became Minister of Education in the pre-independence government.
[14]
In 1960 he founded the
Kenya African Democratic Union
(KADU) with Ronald Ngala as a
political alternative
to the
Kenya African National Union
(KANU) led by Jomo Kenyatta. KADU pressed for a
federalist
constitution, while KANU was in favour of
a centralized government
. The advantage lay with the numerically stronger KANU, and the first post-independence constitution emphasised national unity, structuring the country as a unitary state.
[15]
Vice-Presidency
[
edit
]
Paul Kiplimo Boit
with Daniel arap Moi during his sons wedding in 1972 which was held in Kapkong Primary School
After Kenya gained independence on 12 December 1963, Kenyatta convinced Moi that KADU and KANU should merge to complete the process of decolonisation. Accordingly, KADU dissolved and joined KANU in 1964. The only real challenge to KANU's dominance came from the
Kenya People's Union
, starting in 1966. That party was banned in 1969, and from that point onward Kenya was a de facto
one-party state
dominated by the
K?k?y?
-
Luo
alliance. However, with an eye on the fertile lands of the Rift Valley populated by members of Moi's
Kalenjin
tribe, Kenyatta secured their support by first promoting Moi to Minister for Home Affairs in 1964, and then to
Vice-President
in 1967. As a member of a minority tribe Moi was also an acceptable compromise for the major tribes. Moi was elected to the
Kenyan parliament
in 1963 from
Baringo North
. From 1966 until his retirement in 2002, he served as the MP for
Baringo Central
in addition to his various other offices.
[16]
However, Moi faced opposition from the Kikuyu elite known as the
Kiambu Mafia
, who would have preferred one of their own to accede to the presidency. This resulted in an attempt by the constitutional drafting group to change the constitution to prevent the vice-president automatically assuming power in the event of the president's death.
[17]
However, many senior Kikuyu politicians, including
Mwai Kibaki
and
Charles Njonjo
, as well as Kenyatta himself, opposed such a change to the
order of succession
, fearing it might lead to
political instability
if Kenyatta died, given his advanced age and perennial illnesses. Thus, Moi's position as successor to Kenyatta was safeguarded.
[18]
Presidency
[
edit
]
Presidential Standard of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became acting president. Per the Constitution, a
special presidential election
for the balance of Kenyatta's term was to be held on 8 November, 90 days later. However, a Cabinet meeting decided that no one else was interested in running for presidency, thus various politicians began campaigning across the country for Moi to be declared the president unopposed. He was therefore sworn in as the second President of Kenya on 14 October 1978 as a result of the
walkover
electoral process.
[19]
[20]
Moi with
Queen Juliana
and
Prince Bernhard
during his state visit to the Netherlands in June 1979
In the beginning, Moi was popular with widespread support all over the country. He toured the country and came into contact with the people everywhere, which was in great contrast to Kenyatta's imperious style of leadership from behind closed doors. However, political realities dictated that he would continue to be beholden to the system of government that Kenyatta had created and to whose headship he had acceded, including the nearly dictatorial powers vested in his office. Despite his popularity, Moi was still unable to fully consolidate his power. From the beginning,
anti-communism
was an important theme of Moi's government; speaking on the new President's behalf, Vice-President
Mwai Kibaki
bluntly stated, "There is no room for
Communists
in Kenya."
[21]
On 1 August 1982, lower-level Air Force personnel, led by Senior
Private
Grade-I
Hezekiah Ochuka
and backed by university students,
attempted a coup d'etat
to oust Moi. The revolt was quickly suppressed by military and police forces commanded by Chief of General Staff
Mahamoud Mohamed
.
[22]
There may have been two or even three independent groups attempting to seize power at the same time, for differing reasons, but the most serious was led by prominent Kikuyu politicians and members of the police and armed forces.
[23]
Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power. He reduced the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet through a long-running judicial enquiry that resulted in the identification of key Kenyatta men as traitors. Moi pardoned them but not before establishing their traitor status in the public view. The main conspirators in the coup, including Ochuka, were sentenced to death, marking the last judicial executions in Kenya.
[24]
Moi appointed loyalists to key positions and changed the constitution to formally make KANU the only legally permitted party in the country. But this made little difference to the political situation, as all significant opposition parties had been outlawed since 1969. Kenya's academics and other intelligentsia did not accept this and educational institutions across the country became sites of movements that sought to introduce democratic reforms. However, Kenyan
secret police
infiltrated these groups and many of their members were exiled.
Marxism
could no longer be taught at Kenyan universities. The remaining opposition at home went underground.
[25]
Moi welcoming
Hastings Banda
to Kenya
Starting in the late 1980s, Moi's regime faced the
end of the Cold War
, as well as a national economic stagnation under rising oil prices and falling prices of agricultural commodities. Western governments also became more hostile to the KANU regime, a change of policy from the time of the Cold War, when Kenya had been viewed as an important regional stabilizer, preventing the spread of Soviet influence beyond
Ethiopia
,
Somalia
, and
Tanzania
. During that time, Kenya had received much foreign aid, and the country was accepted as a stable, if authoritarian, regime with Moi and the KANU firmly in charge. Western allies overlooked the increasing degree of
political repression
, including the use of
torture
at the infamous
Nyayo House
torture chambers. Some of the evidence of these torture cells was exposed in 2003 after opposition leader
Mwai Kibaki
became president.
[26]
Daniel arap Moi of Kenya is welcomed upon his arrival for a visit to the United States on 28 September 1981.
With the fall of the Soviet Union and a lessening need to counter
socialist influence
in the region, Western policymakers changed their policy towards Moi, increasingly regarding him as a
despotic ruler
rather than an important regional stabilizer. Foreign aid was withheld pending compliance with economic and political reforms. One of the key conditions imposed on his regime, especially by the United States through fiery ambassador
Smith Hempstone
, was the restoration of a
multi-party system
. Despite his own lack of enthusiasm for the reintroduction of a multi-party system, Moi managed to win over his party who were against the reform. Moi announced his intention to repeal Section 2(A) of the constitution, lifting the ban on opposition parties, at a KANU conference in
Kasarani
in December 1991. Despite fierce debate and opposition from many delegates, the conference passed the motion unanimously.
[27]
Regardless of the presence of opposition parties, Moi and the KANU clinched power in the first multi-party elections in
1992
, and once again in
1997
. Both elections were marred by
political violence
on both the government and opposition forces. Moi skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions in these contests, gaining a plurality in both elections through a mix of picking votes across the country while his opponents' support was more concentrated, attracting votes from smaller tribes, and the
Luhya
, and taking advantage of fears of Kikuyu domination over the non-Kikuyu majority.
[28]
In the absence of an effective and organised opposition, Moi had no difficulty in winning. Although it is also suspected that electoral fraud may have occurred, the key to his victory in both elections was a divided opposition. In 1992 he polled 36.3% of the votes, and in 1997 he received 40.4%, but both were comfortable victories due to vote-splitting between the various opposition groups, which failed to unify and field one opposition candidate.
[28]
Criticism and corruption allegations
[
edit
]
Nyayo Monument, located in Central Park in
Nairobi
, was built in 1988 to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of Daniel Arap Moi's presidency.
In 1999, the findings of NGOs like
Amnesty International
and a special investigation by the United Nations were published, and they indicated that
human rights abuses
were prevalent in Kenya under the Moi regime.
[29]
[30]
Reporting on corruption and human rights abuses by British reporter
Mary Anne Fitzgerald
from 1987 to 1988 resulted in her being vilified by the government and finally deported.
[31]
Moi was implicated in the 1990's
Goldenberg scandal
and subsequent cover-ups, where the Kenyan government subsidised exports of gold far in excess of the foreign currency earnings of exporters. In this case, the gold was smuggled from
Congo
, as Kenya has negligible gold reserves. The Goldenberg scandal cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual GDP.
[32]
International environmental conference in the Peace Palace in
The Hague
, 11 March 1989
Inquiries that began at the request of foreign aid donors never amounted to anything substantial during Moi's presidency.
[33]
[34]
Although it appears that the
peaceful transition of power
to
Mwai Kibaki
may have involved an understanding that Moi would not stand trial for offences committed during his presidency, foreign aid donors reiterated their requests, and Kibaki reopened the inquiry. As the inquiry progressed, Moi, his two sons; Philip and Gideon (now a Senator), and his daughter, June, as well as a host of high-ranking Kenyans, were implicated. In a testimony delivered in late July 2003, Treasury Permanent Secretary
Joseph Magari
recounted that in 1991 Moi ordered him to pay Ksh34.5 million ($460,000) to Goldenberg, contrary to the laws then in force.
[35]
President Moi with U.S. President George W. Bush in New York in 2001
Wangari Maathai
discussed Moi's actions during the 1980s and early 1990s, systematically attempting to dismantle the
Greenbelt Movement
after Maathai voiced displeasure at the government's attempts to build an office tower in
Uhuru Park
. According to Maathai, Moi's actions included removing the Greenbelt Movement from government office space and attempting to cut off funding from international donors by limiting funding through government sanctioned bodies.
[36]
Maathai also discussed Moi's tactics during the beginning of the multiparty movement in the 1990s (see
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy
) whereby Moi announced the military would take over the government before the December 1992 elections. Maathai received communication during that time that an assassination list had been drawn up, and noted the mysterious deaths of Bishop
Alexander Muge
and
Robert Ouko
.
[37]
The Release Political Prisoners party was also formed in the early 1990s to secure the release of political prisoners of the Moi regime and to protest state-sanctioned torture and random imprisonment. The police dispersed the protestors and many of the mothers of these political prisoners from Freedom Corner in Uhuru Park on March 3, 1992. After a year-long vigil and hunger strike by many of the mothers of these political prisoners in the Anglican
All Saints Cathedral
near Uhuru Park, the government released 51 prisoners en masse in early 1993.
[37]
In October 2006, Moi was found by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes to have taken a bribe from a Pakistani businessman, to award a monopoly of duty-free shops at the country's international airports in Mombasa and Nairobi. The businessman, Ali Nasir, claimed to have paid Moi US$2 million in cash to obtain government approval for the World Duty Free Limited investment in Kenya.
[38]
On 31 August 2007,
WikiLeaks
published a secret report that laid bare a web of shell companies, secret trusts and front men that his entourage had used to channel hundreds of millions of pounds into nearly 30 countries.
[39]
Retirement
[
edit
]
US President
George W. Bush
welcomes President Daniel arap Moi of Kenya and Prime Minister
Meles Zenawi
of Ethiopia to the Oval Office, 2002.
Moi was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 presidential elections. Some of his supporters flirted with the idea of amending the constitution to allow him to run for a third term, but Moi preferred to retire, choosing
Uhuru Kenyatta
, the son of Kenya's first President, as his successor.
[40]
However,
Mwai Kibaki
was elected president by a two to one majority over Kenyatta, which was confirmed on 29 December 2002. At that point Kibaki required the use of a wheelchair, having narrowly escaped death in a road accident on the campaign trail. Moi handed over power in a poorly organised ceremony that had one of the largest crowds ever seen in Nairobi in attendance. The crowd was openly hostile to Moi.
[41]
After leaving office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement, largely shunned by the political establishment. Nevertheless, he still retained some popularity with the masses, and his presence never failed to gather a crowd. He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005, which according to him, the document was contrary to the aspirations of the Kenyan people. After the proposal was defeated in a
November 2005 constitutional referendum
, President Kibaki called Moi to arrange for a meeting to discuss the way forward.
On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to
Sudan
, referring to Moi's "vast experience and knowledge of African affairs" and "his stature as an elder statesman". In his capacity as peace envoy, Moi's primary task was to help secure peace in southern Sudan where an agreement, signed in early 2005, was being implemented. At the time, the Kenyan press speculated that Moi and Kibaki were planning an alliance ahead of the
December 2007 election
.
[42]
On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election and said that he would campaign for Kibaki. He sharply criticised the two opposition
Orange Democratic Movement
factions, arguing that they were tribal in nature.
[43]
[44]
Moi owned the
Kiptagich Tea Factory
, established in 1979, which has been involved in controversy. In 2009, the factory was under the threat of being closed down by the government during the
Mau Forest
evictions.
[45]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Moi was married to
Lena Moi
[
simple
]
(nee Helena Bomett) from 1950 until their separation in 1974, before his assumption of the presidency. Lena's parents, the Paul Bomett family, were pioneer Christians in Eldama Ravine. They respected Moi, the young, tall, handsome and well-mannered orphan boy.
[11]
It was at the Bometts that Moi sought shelter during school holidays, unable to return home, 160 kilometres away, like the older boys.
[11]
He would also stay at the home of the Christian family of
Isaiah Chesire
, the father of Kanu's nominated MP
Zipporah Kittony
, and former Eldoret North MP
Reuben Chesire
.
[11]
In 1950, after leaving Kagumo Teacher's College, Moi, who had been dating Lena, married her in a church wedding officiated by Erik Barnett, the son of Albert Barnett (after whom
Kabarnet
Town is named) at the AIC mission in Eldama Ravine after he paid two heifers, one ox, and four sheep to the Bomett family. Moi's long-time friend,
Francis Cherogony
, was the best man. With the marriage, Lena abandoned her career as a teacher and immersed herself in bringing up her family, settling down with Moi at Tambach Government School, where his first two children, Jennifer and Jonathan Kipkemboi, were born in 1952 and 1953 respectively.
[11]
Daniel arap Moi had eight children: five sons and three daughters. Among the children are
Gideon Moi
, who had a political career of his own in Kenya and Jonathan Toroitich (a former
rally
driver, died 2019) and Philip Moi (a retired army officer).
[46]
[47]
His older and only brother William Tuitoek died in 1995.
[48]
He was a lifelong member of the
Africa Inland Mission
Church, following his enrollment at the church's school with fellow acquaintance Sammy C. and Philip M. in 1934.
[12]
Moi was the founder and patron of major schools in Kenya which include Moi Educational Centre, Kabarak High School, Kabarak University
[49]
and Sunshine Secondary Schools, and Sacho Primary and Secondary, among others.
[50]
Death
[
edit
]
In October 2019, retired president Moi was hospitalized under critical condition at
The Nairobi Hospital
due to complications of
pleural effusion
.
[51]
He was discharged in November 2019, only to be hospitalized again days later for knee surgery.
[52]
He developed respiratory complications and underwent a
tracheotomy
.
[53]
A month later, he suffered from
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
which led to
multiple organ failure
, and was placed on life-support.
[53]
Moi died at The Nairobi Hospital in the early morning of 4 February 2020, at the age of 95; however, during Moi's memorial service on 9 February 2020 at his Kabarnet Gardens home in Nairobi, his son Raymond, told congregants that he was 105 years old at the time of his death.
[54]
Moi's body was lain at parliament building for public view for three days, from 8 February to 10 February 2020. A state funeral service was conducted at Nyayo Stadium on 11 February 2020, before the burial in his Kabarak home in Nakuru county.
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
He was buried at his Kabarak home on 12 February 2020,
[59]
complete with military honors which included a
19-gun salute
followed by a
missing man formation
flyby.
[60]
His grave is next to his former wife Lena Bomett.
[60]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Eponyms
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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