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D minor

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D minor
{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 \omit Score.TimeSignature \key d \minor s16 \clef F \key d \minor s^"" }
Relative key F major
Parallel key D major
Dominant key A minor
Subdominant G minor
Component pitches
D, E, F, G, A, B ♭ , C

D minor is a minor scale based on D , consisting of the pitches D, E , F , G , A , B ♭ , and C . Its key signature has one flat . Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major .

Scale [ edit ]

The D natural minor scale is:

{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c' { \key d \minor \time 7/4 d e f g a bes c d c bes a g f e d2 \clef F \key d \minor } }

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The D harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c' { \key d \minor \time 7/4 d^"D harmonic minor scale" e f g a bes cis d cis bes a g f e d2 } }
{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c' { \key d \minor \time 7/4 d^"D melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" e f g a b cis d c! bes! a g f e d2 } }

Scale-degree chords [ edit ]

The scale-degree chords of D minor are:

Music in D minor [ edit ]

Of Domenico Scarlatti 's 555 keyboard sonatas, 151 are in minor keys, and with 32 sonatas, D minor is the most often chosen minor key.

The Art of Fugue by Johann Sebastian Bach is in D minor.

Michael Haydn 's only minor-key symphony, No. 29 , is in D minor.

According to Alfred Einstein , the history of tuning has led D minor to be associated with counterpoint and chromaticism (for example, the chromatic fourth ), and cites Bach's Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue , BWV 903, in D minor. [1] Mozart's Requiem is written primarily in D minor, as are the famous Queen of the Night Aria , "Der Holle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen", the ouverture and the final scene of Don Giovanni . Of the two piano concertos that Mozart wrote in a minor key, one of them is in D minor: Piano Concerto No. 20 , K. 466. Furthermore, his String Quartet No. 13 , K. 173, and String Quartet No. 15 , K. 421, are also in D minor.

The only chamber music compositions in D minor by Ludwig van Beethoven are his stormy Piano Sonata No. 17 and the haunting Largo of the Ghost Trio Op. 70/1. Franz Schubert 's String Quartet No. 14 ( Death and the Maiden ) is in D minor. A number of Gabriel Faure 's chamber music works are written in D minor, including the Piano Trio Op. 120 , the First Piano Quintet Op. 89 , and the First Cello Sonata Op. 109 . Arnold Schoenberg 's Verklarte Nacht is in D minor, as is his String Quartet No. 1 .

Since D minor is the key of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 , Anton Bruckner felt apprehensive about writing his own Symphony No. 9 in the same key. [2] As well as Bruckner's First Mass and Third Symphony , multiple other post-Beethoven symphonies are in D minor, including Robert Schumann 's Symphony No. 4 , the only Symphony written by Cesar Franck , Dvo?ak 's Seventh Symphony and Symphony No. 3 by Gustav Mahler .

Jean Sibelius often reserved the key of D minor for compositions he saw as being of a noble character; the Violin Concerto , the Sixth Symphony , and the string quartet Voces intimae are each in the key.

The tonality of D minor held special significance for Helene and Alban Berg . [3]

D minor is particularly recurrent in the music of Sergei Rachmaninoff , with pieces written in the key occupying close to one eighth of his total compositional output, including the Third Piano Concerto ; the Piano Sonata No. 1 ; the Symphony No. 1 ; the Trio elegiaque No. 2 ; the Etudes-Tableaux, Op. 33 , No. 4; and Op. 39 , No. 8; the Corelli Variations ; and the symphonic poem Prince Rostislav .

Works in the classical music era and later beginning in minor typically end in major, or at least on a major chord (such as a picardy third ), but there are a few notable examples of works in D minor ending in much sharper keys. Two symphonies that begin in D minor and end in E major are Havergal Brian 's Gothic Symphony and Carl Nielsen 's Symphony No. 4 ( The Inextinguishable ) . Franz Liszt 's Dante Symphony opens in D minor and ends in B major .

Similar to a D minor symphony ending in D major , as with Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, a D major symphony can have for its allegro first movement a slow introduction in D minor. Robbins Landon wrote that "Tonic minor Adagio introductions, especially in the key of D minor, were very popular with English composers of the year 1794", and Joseph Haydn copied this procedure for the D major symphonies he wrote in London. [4]

Film composer Hans Zimmer is one of the most prominent users of the key of D minor in modern times. Many of his well-known scores were written in the key; notable examples are Gladiator , The Dark Knight , Pirates of the Caribbean and The Da Vinci Code . His frequent use of the key has been noticed by reviewers such as Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks.com , who has called the trend "ridiculous stubbornness". [5]

Other notable compositions [ edit ]

See also: List of symphonies in D minor

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Alfred Einstein , Mozart, His Character, His Work , Chapter 10, "Mozart's Choice of Keys", New York: Oxford University Press (1945)
  2. ^ Hans-Hubert Schonzeler , Bruckner , London: Calder & Boyars (1978): 106?107. According to Gollerich , he [Bruckner] made the remark: "It really annoys me that the theme of my new symphony is in D minor, because everybody will say now: 'Of course, Bruckner's Ninth must be in the same key as Beethoven's!'"
  3. ^ Pople, Anthony (1997). "Early Works: Tonality and Beyond", The Cambridge Companion to Berg , p. 81. Pople, Anthony, ed. ISBN   0-521-56489-1 .
  4. ^ H. C. Robbins Landon , Supplement to The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn London: Barrie & Rockliff (1961): 47
  5. ^ Clemmensen, Christian. "The Dark Knight Rises Review" . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 1 August 2012 .

External links [ edit ]

  • Media related to D minor at Wikimedia Commons
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