Cyrus of Alexandria
(
Arabic
:
???????
al-Muqawqis
,
Greek
:
Κ?ρο? ?λεξανδρε?α?
) was a prominent figure in the 7th century. He served as a
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
and held the position of the last
Byzantine
prefect of Egypt
. Notably, he played a significant role in the development of
monothelitism
.
[1]
Cyrus died in Alexandria on March 21, 642.
[2]
Bishop of Phasis
[
edit
]
In 620, he assumed the position of Bishop of
Phasis
in
Colchis
. In 626, during the
Persian campaign
led by the Byzantine Emperor
Heraclius
, he was consulted regarding a plan proposed by
Sergius
, the
Patriarch of Constantinople
, aimed at reconciling the
Miaphysites
of Egypt with the Church and gaining their support for the empire. This plan, known as the
monenergist
plan, involved accepting the
Chalcedonian principle
of two natures of Christ while effectively nullifying it by asserting that he possessed only one energy, referred to as
hen thelema kai mia energeia
(?ν θ?λημα κα? μ?α ?ν?ργεια).
[3]
Cyrus embraced this formula after Sergius assured him that Pope Honorius I in Rome had endorsed it
[4]
and that it did not contradict the teachings of the
Church Fathers
or the decisions made at the Council of Chalcedon. Cyrus was subsequently appointed by Heraclius as the Bishop of
Alexandria
in 630, in opposition to the
Miaphysite
Patriarch of Alexandria
, with the intention of implementing this plan.
Patriach of Alexandria
[
edit
]
Cyrus, once patriarch, made persistent efforts to reconcile the Miaphysites and Chalcedonians by promoting monenergism, which eventually developed into
monothelitism
?a belief in a single will. In June 633, he presented the Pact of Union, also known as the plerophoria of "Satisfactio," during a synod held in Alexandria. This agreement consisted of nine articles, with the seventh one boldly asserting monothelitism.
[3]
Although the Miaphysites, also referred to as Theodosians or Severians, welcomed the pact, they maintained that Chalcedon should come to them rather than vice versa. During this time, numerous clergy, soldiers, and common people converted to Cyrus's position, but the change did not endure
[4]
There was an expectation that Pope Honorius I would be persuaded to adopt the monothelete stance. In 636, Cyrus attended another synod in Cyprus under
Arkadios II
,
[4]
where he served as a moderator. He allowed opponents of Monothelitism to present their case to the Emperor. After receiving the Emperor's Monothelite response, known as the
Ecthesis
, Cyrus signed it in 637. However, the monothelete compromise ultimately proved ineffective. It was condemned at the
Lateran Council of 649
[4]
and soon lost credibility, earning the derogatory name "enosis hydrobaphes" or "washy union" in
Medieval Greek
.
For a period of ten years, Cyrus harshly persecuted the Egyptians, attempting to forcefully convert them to his faith. However, the majority of the Egyptian people did not recognize him as their patriarch. Instead, they acknowledged
Pope Benjamin I
, who went into hiding and was relentlessly pursued by Cyrus, though without success. In one instance, Cyrus's troops captured Benjamin's brother, Mennas, subjecting him to a brutal torture. According to
Severus ibn al-Muqaffa
, Mennas was burned with torches until the fat dripped from his sides to the ground. Despite this torment, Mennas remained steadfast, refusing to renounce his faith even when his teeth were pulled out. He was then placed in a sack filled with sand, taken by boat a considerable distance from the shore, and thrown into the sea where he drowned. The biographer of Benjamin noted, "Yet it was not they who were victorious over Mennas, that champion of the faith, but Mennas who by Christian patience overcame them."
[5]
On another occasion, Cyrus summoned
Samuel the Confessor
, an Egyptian abbot, and had him brought in chains. Samuel, full of joy in the Lord, expressed his willingness to shed his blood for the name of Christ. When Cyrus saw him, he ordered the soldiers to beat him mercilessly until his blood flowed abundantly. Cyrus questioned Samuel, saying, "Samuel, you wicked ascetic, who appointed you as the abbot of the monastery and instructed you to teach the monks to curse me and my faith?" The holy Abba Samuel responded, "It is better to obey God and His holy Archbishop
Benjamin
than to obey you and your devilish doctrine, O son of Satan, Antichrist, Beguiler." Enraged by Samuel's words, Cyrus commanded the soldiers to strike him dead, but the ruler of
Faiyum
intervened and saved him from their hands. As a result, Cyrus ordered Samuel to be banished from the
Nitrian Desert
.
[5]
Cyrus appointed Chalcedonian bishops to govern every Egyptian city up to
Ansena
, and Coptic priests were put to death whenever discovered. Despite the absence of priests, the Coptic people continued to hold secret gatherings. One priest,
Agathon
, risked his life each night to administer communion in Alexandria. Later, he succeeded Benjamin as Pope. Some Copts made an attempt on Cyrus's life, but the plot was uncovered by Eudocianus, the brother of Domentianus, who was a general in the
Muslim conquest of Egypt
. The conspirators were summarily executed without trial.
Military prefect
[
edit
]
During the period when
Umar
's general,
'Amr ibn al-'As
, also known as Amru to the
Romans
, posed a threat to the
Prefecture
of
Egypt
, Cyrus was appointed as
prefect
and given the responsibility of leading the war efforts. In order to maintain peace, Cyrus agreed to certain conditions that were deemed humiliating. However, this decision displeased his superior to such an extent that he was recalled and harshly accused of colluding with the
Rashidun Caliphate
. Despite these accusations, Cyrus was eventually reinstated to his former position due to the imminent
siege of Alexandria
. Unfortunately, he was unable to prevent the fall of the illustrious city in 641. Subsequently, on November 8, 641, he signed a peace treaty that resulted in the surrender of Alexandria and Egypt. Cyrus died in 642.
[6]
Writings
[
edit
]
Cyrus communicated with Sergius through three letters, known as the "Satisfactio," which have been preserved in the acts of the Roman Synod of the Lateran and the
Sixth Ecumenical Council
(
Mansi
, X, 1004; XI, 560, 562, 964).
In the first letter, Cyrus expressed his acceptance of the Ecthesis. The second letter described his dilemma between
Pope Leo
and Sergius, while the third letter narrated the conversion of the Theodosians.
One of the articles in the "Satisfactio," specifically the seventh article, states: "The one and same Christ, the Son, performs the works proper to God and to man by one theandric operation according to St. Dionysius."
Cyrus faced opposition from
St. Sophronius
, who died in 638 (Epistola synodica, Mansi, XI, 480), and
St. Maximus
, who died in 662 (
Epistola ad Nicandrum; disputatio cum Pyrrho
, P.G., XCI, 101, 345). They accused him of tempering with the revered text of Dionysius and introducing alterations. They also refuted his claim of support from the Church Fathers and explained that while the divine and human natures of Christ are referred to as one because they belong to the same person and work in harmony, they cannot be physically identified, as they have distinct origins. Historians hold differing opinions on how Cyrus adopted these views. Some believe he had a predisposition towards Monophysitism from the beginning, while others argue that he was influenced by Sergius and Heraclius.
Posthumously, Cyrus was condemned as a heretic at the Lateran Council of 649 (
Denzinger
, Enchiridion, 217, 219) and again in 680 at the
Third Ecumenical Council of Constantinople
(Denzinger, 238; Mansi, XI, 554).
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Sources
[
edit
]
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
People
| |
---|