Town in South Australia
Coober Pedy
(
) is a town in northern
South Australia
, 846 km (526 mi) north of
Adelaide
on the
Stuart Highway
. The town is sometimes referred to as the "opal capital of the world" because of the quantity of precious
opals
that are mined there. A
blower truck
is raised above the town sign, representing the importance of opal mining to the town's history. Coober Pedy is also renowned for its below-ground dwellings, called "
dugouts
", which are built in this fashion due to the scorching daytime heat.
[
citation needed
]
The name "Coober Pedy" is thought to derive from the
Kokatha-
Barngarla
term
kupa-piti
, which translates to "whitefellas' hole",
[6]
but in 1975 the local
Aboriginal people
of the town adopted the name
Umoona
, which means "long life" and is also their name for the
mulga tree
.
[7]
According to the
2021 Australian census
, 1,566 people lived in Coober Pedy.
[8]
History
[
edit
]
Aboriginal peoples have a long-standing connection with the area.
[9]
Coober Pedy is considered by the
Western Desert people
to be the traditional land of the
Arabana people
country, though
Kokatha
and
Yankunytjatjara
people are also closely attached to some
ceremonial sites
in the area. The origin of the name of the town (decided in 1920
[7]
) is thought to derive from the words in the
Kokatha language
,
kupa piti
, usually translated as "whitefella ? hole in the ground", or
guba bidi
, "white man's holes", relating to white people's mining activities
[10]
(also reported as meaning "boys' waterhole" in some sources
[11]
). Further investigation into the words by linguists shows that
kupa
may have originated from the
Parnkalla language
and that
piti
may be the Kokatha word specifically created for "quarry" (a white man's activity).
[10]
In 1858, Scottish-born
John McDouall Stuart
was the first European explorer to pass near the site of Coober Pedy.
[9]
On February 1, 1915, Wille Hutchison discovered the first opal in the area, after which the town was established.
[9]
Opal miners started moving in around 1916.
[12]
In 1920, five years later, a meeting settled on the name of Coober Pedy, when a
post office
was established.
[7]
In July 1975, the local Aboriginal people of Coober Pedy adopted the name
Umoona
, which means "long life" and is also their name for the
Acacia aneura
, or mulga tree, which is plentiful in the area.
[7]
The name has since been used for various establishments in the town (Umoona Opal Mine and Museum, Umoona Community Art Centre, Umoona Tjutagku Health Service Aboriginal Corporation).
Description
[
edit
]
Coober Pedy is a small town about halfway between
Adelaide
and
Alice Springs
. It is situated on the edge of the erosional scarp of the
Stuart Ranges
, on beds of
sandstone
and
siltstone
30 metres (98 ft) deep and topped with a stony, treeless desert. Very little plant life exists in town due to the region's low rainfall, high cost of water, and lack of topsoil.
[
citation needed
]
The harsh summer desert temperatures mean that many residents prefer to live in caves bored into the hillsides (known as "
dugouts
"). A standard three-bedroom cave home with lounge, kitchen, and bathroom can be excavated out of the rock in the hillside for a similar price to building a house on the surface. However, dugouts remain at a constant temperature, while surface buildings need
air conditioning
, especially during the summer months, when temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The
relative humidity
rarely gets over 20% on these hot days, and the skies are usually cloud-free. The average maximum temperature is 30?32 °C (86?90 °F), but it can get quite cool in the winter.
[
citation needed
]
The town's water supply, managed by the District Council which operates a bore and associated treatment plant, comes from the
Great Artesian Basin
. Problems with ageing pipes, high water losses, and lack of subsidies contribute to consumer water charges being the highest in South Australia.
[13]
Mining
[
edit
]
Opals
[
edit
]
In 1915, the first opals in near Coober Pedy were found by a gold prospector. Earlier opal mining in Australia was mainly concentrated in
New South Wales
in towns such as
Lightning Ridge
and
White Cliffs
, and nearby
Andamooka
in
South Australia
. Following
World War I
, returning soldiers sought employment in the opal mines, which were expanding rapidly, and following
World War II
many refugees, veterans, and immigrants from
Southern
and
Eastern Europe
found employment in the mines as well. At some points in the post-war period, up to 60 per cent of miners at Coober Pedy had Southern or Eastern European ancestry.
[14]
In August 1956 at the 'Eight Mile' opal field, the
Olympic Australis
opal was found approximately 30 feet below the ground. It is the largest and one of the most valuable opals mined to date, consisting of 99 per cent gem opal (the other 1 per cent being soil). The Olympic Australis measures 11 inches in length,
4
+
3
⁄
4
inches height,
4
+
1
⁄
2
inches in width, and weights 17,000
carats
(3,450?g, 121.7?oz, 7.6?lb). It was valued at AU$2,500,000 (roughly US$1,708,000) in both 1997 and 2005, and is currently held in the offices of
Altmann & Cherny Ltd
, one of Australia's most prominent vendors and authorities on opals.
[15]
[14]
Starting around the 1970s, mechanized opal mining became more common, allowing for faster and comparatively less dangerous shaft digging, tunnelling, and
tailings
removal.
By 1999, there were more than 250,000
mine shaft
entrances in the area.
Fossicking
and mining laws discouraged large-scale mining by allowing each prospector a 165-square-foot (15.3 m
2
) claim.
[12]
These laws were also enacted in response to the hazards of walking around the town, with many mine shafts unmarked, abandoned, or merely dangerous to navigate. Coober Pedy supplies most of the world's gem-quality opal; it has over 70
opal
fields.
[16]
An opalized fossil skeleton of an
Umoonasaurus
that has been nicknamed "Eric" was discovered in the Zorba Extension Opal Field near to Coober Pedy. The fossil is now in the Westpac Long Gallery of the
Australian Museum
.
[17]
[18]
Around 95 per cent of the opals mined today are gray, white potch, or
common opals
which are less valuable as they do not have
opalescence
.
Black opals
and other precious opals are rarer, but much more valuable for their
opalescence
and other desirable
optical properties
.
Other minerals
[
edit
]
In May 2009, South Australian Premier
Mike Rann
opened the $1.15 billion
Prominent Hill Mine
, 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Coober Pedy. The copper-gold mine is operated by
OZ Minerals
.
[19]
In August 2010, Rann opened the
Cairn Hill iron ore/copper/gold mine
operated by
IMX Resources
near Coober Pedy. It was the first new iron ore mining area opened in South Australia since the 19th century.
[20]
Due to low iron ore prices, the Cairn Hill mine was closed in June 2014.
[21]
It was sold to
Cu-River Mining
who reopened the mine in 2016.
[22]
Oil reserves
[
edit
]
In 2013, a potentially significant
tight oil
(oil trapped in oil-bearing shales) resource was found near the outskirts of Coober Pedy in the
Arckaringa Basin
.
[23]
This resource was estimated to hold between 3.5 and 223 billion barrels (560
×
10
^
6
and 35,450
×
10
^
6
m
3
) of oil, providing the potential for Australia to become a net oil exporter.
[24]
[25]
Tourism
[
edit
]
The town has become a popular stopover point and
tourist destination
, especially since 1987, when the sealing of the
Stuart Highway
was completed.
[
citation needed
]
Coober Pedy today relies as much on tourism as the opal mining industry to provide the community with employment and sustainability.
[
citation needed
]
Visitors' attractions in Coober Pedy include the mines, the graveyard and the underground churches (the
Serbian Orthodox Church
and the Catholic Church).
[26]
There are several motels offering underground accommodation, ranging from a few rooms to the entire motel being a dug-out.
[27]
The hybrid
Coober Pedy Solar Power Station
supplies power to the
off-grid
area.
[28]
The dugout of crocodile hunter and WWII
Latvian National Armed Forces
soldier
Arvid Blumenthal
(or 'Crocodile Harry') is a famous tourist spot, known as 'Crocodile Harry's Underground Nest'. It is known for its bone collection, art and graffiti, and messages written by tourists. The dugout is featured as a set in movies, including
Pitch Black
and
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
.
[29]
[30]
The Umoona Opal Mine and Museum is a popular attraction.
[31]
The annual Coober Pedy Opal Festival takes place in June, with the 34th edition occurring in 2023.
[32]
Heritage sites
[
edit
]
Coober Pedy has a number of
heritage-listed
sites, including:
- 13 Hutchison Street: Three-Roomed Dugout
[33]
- 9 Hutchison Street: Coober Pedy Catholic Church and Presbytery
[34]
Amenities and services
[
edit
]
The Umoona Tjutagku Health Service Aboriginal Corporation (UTHSAC) was established in 2005 to provide health services for local Aboriginal people.
[35]
Local media
[
edit
]
Coober Pedy is home to the
Coober Pedy Regional Times
, a free community publication released fortnightly since 15 March 2001.
[36]
Under a previous name, it had begun as a newsletter called the
Coober Pedy Times
, which was first issued in August 1982,
[37]
itself continuing from a publication known as "
Opal Chips
".
[38]
After some financial difficulties, the
Times
was bought by its editor, Margaret McKay,
[39]
in 2006 and now includes online versions.
[38]
Coober Pedy is served by both local and national radio and television services. The government-owned
ABC
provides three broadcast radio stations ? local radio
ABC North & West SA 106.1FM
& and the national networks
ABC Radio National 107.7FM
and
Triple J 101.3FM
.
Commercial radio stations are Dusty Radio 104.5FM and Flow FM 99.7 <
http://www.flowfm.com.au/
>.
Community radio
is provided by
indigenous
broadcaster
CAAMA Radio 102.9FM
.
Five broadcast television services operate in Coober Pedy: commercial stations
Imparja Television
,
Southern Cross Central
(formally known as Seven Central) and
10 Central
. Also including the Government-owned
ABC
and
SBS
.
Sport and recreation
[
edit
]
The local golf course ? mostly played at night with glowing balls, to avoid daytime heat ? is completely free of grass, and golfers take a small piece of "turf" around to use for teeing off. As a result of correspondence between the two clubs, the
Coober Pedy Golf Club
is the only club in the world to enjoy reciprocal rights at
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
.
[40]
The town also has an
Australian rules football
club, the Coober Pedy Saints, established in 2004, which competes in the
Far North Football League
(formerly the Woomera & Districts Football League). Due to the town's isolation, to play matches the Saints must make round trips of over 900 kilometres (560 mi) to
Roxby Downs
, where the rest of the league's teams are located.
The town has a
drive-in theatre
. It opened in 1965, but became less popular after 1980 with the arrival of television to the town, and ceased regular operation in 1984. It was re-opened in 1996,
[41]
[42]
and with the closure of the Mainline Drive-in at
Gepps Cross
in February 2022,
[43]
became the last drive-in in the state.
[44]
[45]
Art centre
[
edit
]
A board for the Umoona Community Art Centre was established in 2021, but needs government funding to establish a permanent location in the town. A group of highly talented artists has joined the
APY Art Centre Collective
, which helps to create employment opportunities for Indigenous artists in the region. An exhibition in the Adelaide gallery of the collective in September 2021 featured the work of 24 of these artists.
[46]
In philately
[
edit
]
A rare exhibition
cachet
, signed by Coober Pedy
postmaster
Alfred P. North, was discovered in
Memphis, Tennessee
, by philatelist David Saks on 3 February 2016. To date, it is the only known example of this cachet in the world.
[47]
[48]
[
unreliable source?
]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Both the town and its
hinterland
, for different reasons, are photogenic and have attracted film makers.
[49]
The town itself is the setting for several films, and its environment has also attracted movie producers. These include:
The town is also featured in the 2016 racing game
Forza Horizon 3
.
[56]
[57]
Climate
[
edit
]
Coober Pedy experiences a
hot desert climate
(
Koppen:
BWh
,
Trewartha:
BWhl
), with very hot, dry summers; mild to hot, dry springs and autumns; and mild, dry winters. Typical of a desert climate, diurnal ranges are wider than in most places, with an annual average high of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) and an annual average low of just 14.2 °C (57.6 °F). Summer temperatures range from 35 °C (95 °F) in the shade, with occasional dust storms. The annual rainfall in the area is low and amongst the lowest in Australia, at around 141 millimetres (5.6 in).
[58]
[59]
Precipitation is well-distributed through the year, although the lowest amounts are recorded in the winter months.
Extremes of annual rainfall since 1921 range from 30.6 millimetres (1.20 in) in 1929 to 427.2 millimetres (16.82 in) in 1973.
[60]
Coober Pedy was flooded when 115 millimetres (4.5 in) of rainfall was recorded in 24 hours (which is over three-quarters of the mean annual rainfall) on 10 April 2014.
[61]
Climate data for
Coober Pedy Airport
, South Australia, Australia (1994-present normals and extremes); 225 m AMSL
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
47.8
(118.0)
|
47.0
(116.6)
|
43.9
(111.0)
|
41.5
(106.7)
|
33.5
(92.3)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
30.4
(86.7)
|
34.3
(93.7)
|
39.4
(102.9)
|
44.8
(112.6)
|
45.9
(114.6)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
42.6
(108.7)
|
41.2
(106.2)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
33.2
(91.8)
|
27.6
(81.7)
|
22.2
(72.0)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
33.1
(91.6)
|
36.8
(98.2)
|
39.4
(102.9)
|
40.8
(105.4)
|
42.6
(108.7)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
36.7
(98.1)
|
35.4
(95.7)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
27.3
(81.1)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
25.7
(78.3)
|
29.0
(84.2)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
29.5
(85.1)
|
28.4
(83.1)
|
25.3
(77.5)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
16.1
(61.0)
|
12.6
(54.7)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
14.4
(57.9)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
22.2
(72.0)
|
21.4
(70.5)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
6.8
(44.2)
|
6.4
(43.5)
|
7.6
(45.7)
|
11.2
(52.2)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
17.6
(63.7)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
16.7
(62.1)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
3.3
(37.9)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
6.8
(44.2)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
14.8
(58.6)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
5.2
(41.4)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
?0.1
(31.8)
|
?0.4
(31.3)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
2.9
(37.2)
|
5.5
(41.9)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
10.1
(50.2)
|
?0.4
(31.3)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
14.2
(0.56)
|
15.1
(0.59)
|
10.7
(0.42)
|
13.4
(0.53)
|
10.0
(0.39)
|
12.1
(0.48)
|
4.8
(0.19)
|
7.0
(0.28)
|
8.6
(0.34)
|
11.2
(0.44)
|
15.1
(0.59)
|
18.8
(0.74)
|
141
(5.55)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
1.4
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
1.8
|
1.1
|
1.3
|
1.4
|
2.1
|
2.8
|
2.8
|
21.5
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
28.0
|
31.5
|
33.0
|
36.0
|
45.5
|
54.5
|
51.0
|
42.5
|
35.0
|
31.0
|
31.0
|
29.5
|
37.4
|
Average
dew point
°C (°F)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
7.3
(45.1)
|
5.1
(41.2)
|
4.5
(40.1)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
4.0
(39.2)
|
2.6
(36.7)
|
1.4
(34.5)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
1.8
(35.2)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
4.9
(40.8)
|
4.0
(39.1)
|
Source:
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
(1994-present normals and extremes)
[62]
|
Transport
[
edit
]
The town is served by daily coach services from Adelaide by
Greyhound Australia
.
The Ghan
train serves the town through the
Manguri Siding
, 42 kilometres (26 mi) from Coober Pedy, which is served by trains once weekly in each direction. Passengers on The Ghan are not usually allowed to disembark at Manguri unless they have prearranged transport, due to the siding's isolation and the extremely cold temperatures at night.
[63]
Coober Pedy is a gateway to the outback communities of
Oodnadatta
and
William Creek
, which are both located on the
Oodnadatta Track
. There is a twice-a-week
mail run
from Coober Pedy to these communities and other outback homesteads. It carries the mail, general freight and passengers.
[64]
Regional Express
also has direct flights to Adelaide, from
Coober Pedy Airport
.
|
---|
|
|
Stations and services in
italics
are planned or under construction.
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Australian Bureau of Statistics
(28 June 2022).
"Coober Pedy (urban centre and locality)"
.
Australian Census 2021
.
- ^
"Far North SA government region"
(PDF)
. The Government of South Australia
. Retrieved
16 August
2015
.
- ^
"District of Giles Background Profile"
. Electoral Commission SA
. Retrieved
20 August
2015
.
- ^
"Federal electoral division of Grey, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011"
(PDF)
. Australian Electoral Commission
. Retrieved
20 August
2015
.
- ^
"Search result for "Coober Pedy (LOCB)" (Record no SA0015214) with the following layers selected - "Suburbs and Localities", "Place names (gazetteer)" and "Road Labels"
"
.
Property Location Browser
. Government of South Australia. Archived from
the original
on 12 October 2016
. Retrieved
2 February
2017
.
- ^
https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p170581/pdf/ch0940.pdf
[
bare URL PDF
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"The History of Coober Pedy"
.
Coober Pedy SA
. Retrieved
13 October
2021
.
- ^
Australian Bureau of Statistics
(27 June 2017).
"Coober Pedy (State Suburb)"
.
2016 Census QuickStats
. Retrieved
28 January
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
Henderson Henderson.
"District Council of Coober Pedy - Welcome to the Opal Capital of the World"
. Archived from
the original
on 22 July 2012
. Retrieved
29 September
2007
.
- ^
a
b
Naessan, Petter (2010).
"The etymology of Coober Pedy, South Australia"
.
Aboriginal History
.
34
: 217?233.
JSTOR
24047032
.
PDF
- ^
Place Names of South Australia
Archived
28 July 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
Smith, R.
Australia: Journey Through a Timeless Land
. National Geographic Society, 1999. p 118.
- ^
Opal capital Coober Pedy 'on knife-edge' as desert town faces big water problem
ABC News
, 6 March 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^
a
b
Shang, GG, Phoebe (n.d.).
"Opal Mining in Coober Pedy: History and Methods"
.
International Gem Society (IGS)
. Retrieved
29 December
2023
.
- ^
"Famous Opals"
.
Opals Down Under
. 22 August 2010
. Retrieved
29 December
2023
.
- ^
"Opals - The Gem of the Outback"
. Retrieved
4 February
2023
.
- ^
Shepherd, Tory (13 May 2023).
"White Cliffs NSW: where life is lived underground and the desert 'does all sorts of strange things'
"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
15 May
2023
.
- ^
Yi Zhen, Yong (4 April 2017).
"A National Treasure"
.
The Australian Museum
. Retrieved
15 May
2023
.
- ^
Christopher Russell (25 May 2009).
"Prominent Hill open for business"
.
The Advertiser
. Retrieved
9 September
2014
.
- ^
"IMX Celebrates Opening of SA's First Iron Ore Mining District Since 19th Century"
(PDF)
(Press release). IMX Resources. 26 August 2010. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 19 February 2011
. Retrieved
9 September
2014
.
- ^
Cairn Hill iron ore miner IMX Resources to close South Australian office, focus on Tanzanian exploration
The Advertiser
, 3 September 2014. Accessed 4 September 2014.
- ^
"Overview"
. Cu-River Mining
. Retrieved
24 September
2019
.
- ^
"Major oil discovery in outback SA"
.
Yahoo7 Finance Australia
. 24 January 2013. Archived from
the original
on 26 July 2013
. Retrieved
8 July
2013
.
- ^
England, Cameron (24 January 2013).
"$20 trillion shale oil find surrounding Coober Pedy 'can fuel Australia'
"
.
Herald Sun
. Retrieved
23 January
2013
.
- ^
"$20 trillion shale oil find surrounding Coober Pedy 'can fuel Australia'
"
.
NewsComAu
. Archived from
the original
on 12 May 2013
. Retrieved
24 January
2013
.
- ^
"Coober Pedy Attractions"
(PDF)
. Coober Pedy Visitors Information Center
. Retrieved
23 July
2015
.
- ^
"Experience Underground"
.
www.cooberpedy.net
. Archived from
the original
on 7 June 2017
. Retrieved
14 June
2017
.
- ^
"EDL's Coober Pedy Hybrid Renewable Project wins at 2019 Asia Power Awards"
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External links
[
edit
]