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Comparison of commercial battery types

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This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Common characteristics [ edit ]

Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Re­charge­able Com­mercial­ized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost † Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life
Anode Electrolyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume
year V V V MJ/kg
(Wh/kg) 		MJ/L
(Wh/L) 		W/kg Wh/$
($/kWh) 		% %/month years
Lead?acid SLA
VRLA
PbAc 		Lead H 2 SO 4 Lead dioxide Yes 1881 [1] 1.75 [2] 2.1 [2] 2.23?2.32 [2] 0.11?0.14
(30?40) [2] 		0.22?0.27
(60?75) [2] 		180 [2] 5.44?13.99
(72?184) [2] 		50?92 [2] 3?20 [2]
Zinc?carbon Carbon?zinc Zinc NH 4 Cl Manganese (IV) oxide No 1898 [3] 0.75?0.9 [3] 1.5 [3] 0.13
(36) [3] 		0.33
(92) [3] 		10?27 [3] 2.49
(402) [3] 		50?60 [3] 0.32 [3] 3?5 [4]
Zinc?air PR KOH Oxygen No 1932 [5] 0.9 [5] 1.45?1.65 [5] 1.59
(442) [5] 		6.02
(1,673) [5] 		100 [5] 2.18
(460) [5] 		60?70 [5] 0.17 [5] 3 [5]
Mercury oxide?zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell 		NaOH/KOH Mercuric oxide No 1942? [6] 1996 [7] 0.9 [8] 1.35 [8] 0.36?0.44
(99?123) [8] 		1.1?1.8
(300?500) [8] 		2 [6]
Alkaline Zn/ MnO
2
LR 		KOH Manganese (IV) oxide No 1949 [9] 0.9 [10] 1.5 [11] 1.6 [10] 0.31?0.68
(85?190) [12] 		0.90?1.56
(250?434) [12] 		50 [12] 0.39
(2574) [12] 		45?85 [12] 0.17 [12] 5?10 [4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAM KOH Yes 1992 [13] 0.9 [14] 1.57 [14] 1.6 [14] <1 [13]
Silver-oxide SR NaOH/KOH Silver oxide No 1960 [15] 1.2 [16] 1.55 [16] 1.6 [17] 0.47
(130) [17] 		1.8
(500) [17]
Nickel?zinc NiZn KOH Nickel oxide hydroxide Yes 2009 [13] 0.9 [13] 1.65 [13] 1.85 [13] 13 [13]
Nickel?iron NiFe Iron KOH Yes 1901 [18] 0.75 [19] 1.2 [19] 1.65 [19] 0.07?0.09
(19?25) [20] 		0.45
(125) [21] 		100 3.31?4.41
(227?302) [1] 		20?30 30? [22] 50 [23] [24]
Nickel?cadmium NiCd
NiCad 		Cadmium KOH Yes c. 1960 [25] 0.9?1.05 [26] 1.2 [27] 1.3 [26] 0.11
(30) [27] 		0.36
(100) [27] 		150?200 [28] 10 [13]
Nickel?hydrogen NiH
2
Ni-H
2 		Hydrogen KOH Yes 1975 [29] 1.0 [30] 1.55 [28] 0.16?0.23
(45?65) [28] 		0.22
(60) [31] 		150?200 [28] 5 [31]
Nickel?metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH 		Metal hydride KOH| Yes 1990 [1] 0.9?1.05 [26] 1.2 [11] 1.3 [26] 0.36
(100) [11] 		1.44
(401) [32] 		250?1,000 2.65
(378) [1] 		30 [33]
Low self-discharge nickel?metal hydride LSD NiMH Yes 2005 [34] 0.9?1.05 [26] 1.2 1.3 [26] 0.34
(95) [35] 		1.27
(353) [36] 		250?1,000 0.42 [33]
Lithium?manganese dioxide Lithium
Li-MnO
2
CR
Li-Mn 		Lithium Manganese dioxide No 1976 [37] 2 [38] 3 [11] 0.54?1.19
(150?330) [39] 		1.1?2.6
(300?710) [39] 		250?400 [39] 1 5?10 [39]
Lithium?carbon monofluoride Li-(CF)
x
BR 		Carbon monofluoride No 1976 [37] 2 [40] 3 [40] 0.94?2.81
(260?780) [39] 		1.58?5.32
(440?1,478) [39] 		50?80 [39] 0.2?0.3 [41] 15 [39]
Lithium?iron disulfide Li-FeS
2
FR 		Iron disulfide No 1989 [42] 0.9 [42] 1.5 [42] 1.8 [42] 1.07
(297) [42] 		2.1
(580) [43] 		10-20 [43]
Lithium?titanate Li
4 Ti
5 O
12
LTO
Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008 [44] 1.6?1.8 [45] 2.3?2.4 [45] 2.8 [45] 0.22?0.40
(60?110) 		0.64
(177) 		3,000?5,100 [46] 0.39
(2539) [46] 		85 [46] 2?5 [46] 10?20 [46]
Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO
2
ICR
LCO
Li?cobalt [47] 		Graphite ‡ LiPF 6 /LiBF 4 / LiClO 4 Lithium cobalt oxide Yes 1991 [48] 2.5 [49] 3.7 [50] 4.2 [49] 0.70
(195) [50] 		2.0
(560) [50] 		2.21
(453) [1]
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO
4
IFR
LFP
Li?phosphate [47] 		Lithium iron phosphate Yes 1996 [51] 2 [49] 3.2 [50] 3.65 [49] 0.32?0.58
(90?160) [50] [52] [53] 		1.20
(333) [50] [52] 		200 [54] ?1,200 [55] 4.5 20 years [56]
Lithium manganese oxide LiMn
2 O
4
IMR
LMO
Li?manganese [47] 		Lithium manganese oxide Yes 1999 [1] 2.5 [57] 3.9 [50] 4.2 [57] 0.54
(150) [50] 		1.5
(420) [50] 		2.21
(453) [1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides LiNiCoAlO
2
NCA
NCR
Li?aluminium [47] 		Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide Yes 1999 3.0 [58] 3.6 [50] 4.3 [58] 0.79
(220) [50] 		2.2
(600) [50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide LiNi
x Mn
y Co
1-x-y O
2
INR
NMC [47]
NCM [50] 		Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008 [59] 2.5 [49] 3.6 [50] 4.2 [49] 0.74
(205) [50] 		2.1
(580) [50]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics [ edit ]

Cell chemistry Charge efficiency Cycle durability
% # 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead?acid 50?92 [2] 50?100 [60] (500@40%DoD [2] [60] )
Rechargeable alkaline 5?100 [13]
Nickel?zinc 100 to 50% capacity [13]
Nickel?iron 65?80 5,000
Nickel?cadmium 70?90 500 [25]
Nickel?hydrogen 85 20,000 [31]
Nickel?metal hydride 66 300?800 [13]
Low self-discharge nickel?metal hydride battery 500?1,500 [13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 90 500?1,000
Lithium?titanate 85?90 6,000?10,000 to 90% capacity [46]
Lithium iron phosphate 90 2,500 [54] ?12,000 to 80% capacity [61]
Lithium manganese oxide 90 300?700

Thermal runaway [ edit ]

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway , leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [62]

Cell chemistry Overcharge Overheat
Onset Onset Runaway Peak
SOC% °C °C °C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150 [62] 165 [62] 190 [62] 440 [62]
Lithium iron phosphate 100 [62] 220 [62] 240 [62] 21 [62]
Lithium manganese oxide 110 [62] 210 [62] 240 [62] 100+ [62]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide 125 [62] 140 [62] 195 [62] 260 [62]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170 [62] 160 [62] 230 [62] 100+ [62]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li?polymer vs. LTO [ edit ]

Types Cell Voltage Self-discharge Memory Cycles Times Temperature Weight
NiCd 1.2V 20%/month Yes Up to 800 -20 °C to 60 °C Heavy
NiMH 1.2V 30%/month Mild Up to 500 -20 °C to 70 °C Middle
Low Self Discharge NiMH 1.2V 3%/year?1%/month No 500?2,000 -20 °C to 70 °C Middle
Li-ion (LCO) 3.6V 5?10%/month No 500?1,000 -20 °C to 60 °C Light
LiFePO 4 (LFP) 3.2V 2?5%/month No 2,500?12,000 [61] -20 °C to 60 °C Light
LiPo (LCO) 3.7V 5?10%/month No 500?1,000 -20 °C to 60 °C Lightest
Li?Ti (LTO) 2.4V 2?5%/month [46] No 6,000?20,000 -40 °C to 75 °C Light

[63]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

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