From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For rock climbing and mountaineering
"On sight" redirects here. For the Kanye West song, see
On Sight
.
Glossary of climbing terms
relates to
rock climbing
(including
aid climbing
,
lead climbing
,
bouldering
, and
competition climbing
),
mountaineering
, and to
ice climbing
.
[1]
[2]
[3]
The terms used can vary between different English-speaking countries; many of the phrases described here are particular to the United States and the United Kingdom.
- A-grade
Also
aid climbing grade
.
The technical difficulty
grading
system for
aid climbing
(both for "original" and an adapted version for "new wave"), which goes: A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and up to A6 (for "new wave"). See
C-grade
.
[4]
- Abalakov thread
-
Also
V-thread
.
A type of
anchor
used in
abseiling
especially in winter and in
ice climbing
.
- ABD
Also
assisted braking device
.
A term used to describe a
progress capture device
or a
self-locking device
such as a
Petzl GriGri
that immediately locks if the rope travels through it quickly in a specific direction. See
auto belay
.
- abseiling
Also
rappelling
.
A technique by which a climber descends via a
fixed rope
that is firmly attached to a fixed
anchor
point, which is also known as an "abseil station". See
tat
and
cord
.
- abseil rack
- See
rack
.
- add-on
- An indoor climbing game where climbers take turns creating a route, adding two moves at a time.
[5]
- accessory cord
- See
cord
.
- active protection
Also
active camming device
or
ACD
Type of
protection
that dynamically changes to absorb the shape and strength of a fall; active protection is the opposite of
passive protection
. See
cam
s
and
friend
s
.
- adze
-
A thin blade mounted perpendicular to the handle on an
ice axe
; is used for chopping footholds.
- aid climbing
- Type of rock climbing where artificial devices are used to make upward progress (and not just for
protection
); opposite of
free climbing
. See
clean aid climbing
.
- aider
- See
etrier
.
- alpine climbing
- A form of
mountaineering
that includes
ice climbing
,
dry-tooling
and
rock climbing
.
- Alpine-grade
Also
IFAS grade
, and
UIAA Scale of Difficulty
Part of the
alpine climbing
system for
grading
the technical difficulty of alpine climbing routes, which goes: F ("facile/easy"), PD ("peu difficile/little difficult"), AD ("assez difficile/fairly hard"), D ("difficile/difficult"), TD ("tres difficile/very hard"), and ED ("extremement difficile/extremely difficult"); ED then goes ED1, ED2, ED3, .. etc.
[4]
[6]
- alpine knee
- An awkward
climbing technique
where the knee is placed on the hold rather than the foot.
[7]
- alpine start
- Starting a climb very early in the morning, generally before 5:00
a.m. (and even much earlier); common to
alpine climbing
to avoid afternoon rockfalls and melting snow on the route, or to get firmer ice on the glacier travel to and from the route.
[2]
- alpine style
- Carrying all your own gear (even for multi-day climbs); also called "light-weight" climbing; opposite of
expedition style
.
- American death triangle
-
A dangerous
anchor
that is created by connecting a closed loop of webbing between two points of protection.
- anchor
- An arrangement of one or more pieces of fixed
protection
set up to support the weight of a
belay
, a
top rope
, or an
abseil
.
[1]
[3]
See also
deadman anchor
.
- ape index
- A measure of the ratio of a climber's arm span relative to their height.
- arete
-
1. A small ridge-like feature or a sharp outward-facing corner on a steep rock face.
- 2. A narrow ridge of rock formed by glacial erosion.
- 3. A method of
indoor climbing
in which one is able to use such a corner as a hold. See also
dihedral
.
- arm bar
- A
climbing technique
where the climber jams their arm into a crack and locks it into place, to aid their ascent.
[1]
- armchair landing
-
A technique in
deep-water soloing
for entering shallower water where the climber needs to avoid deeper hazards in the water; executed properly a 30-foot (9.1 m) fall can be absorbed in just 5 feet (1.5 m) of water.
[8]
- ascender
-
A mechanical device used for ascending a
fixed rope
, very common in
aid climbing
and
big wall climbing
. See
jumar
.
- aspect
- The geographical direction which a particular slope or rock wall faces, e.g. "north aspect".
- ATC
- A
belay device
from
Black Diamond
(the "Air Traffic Controller") that became a generic term for any
tuber
belay device.
- Australian rappel
-
Also
angel jumping
,
deepelling
and
rap jumping
.
A type of
abseiling
technique performed face first; used for military purposes.
[9]
- auto belay
- A mechanical
belay device
on indoor
climbing wall
s, which hangs from the top of routes that solo climbers clip into.
- B-grade
- A
grading system
for
bouldering
invented by
John Gill
, now superseded by the
V-grading system
.
- Bachar ladder
-
A piece of training equipment used to improve
campusing
and core body and arm strength; invented by
John Bachar
.
- back-clipping
- A hazardous mistake whereby the rope is clipped into a
quickdraw
such that the leader's end runs underneath the quickdraw as opposed to over the top of it. If the leader falls, the rope may fold directly over the gate, causing it to open and release the rope from the
carabiner
.
[1]
[10]
- back-step
-
Stepping on a hold where the outside edge ? little toe side ? of the shoe touches the rock.
[1]
[11]
[12]
- bail
- To retreat from a climb.
- ball nut
- A type of
protection
device consisting of a nut and a movable ball used for very small thin cracks.
[13]
- barn-door
-
When all four points of contact are on a straight axis, the body can swing uncontrollably on this axis. See
flagging
.
[2]
- bashie
- See
copperhead
.
- bat hang
-
Where a
lead climber
gains a brief upside-down rest by hanging from their wedged feet. See
chest jam
and
knee bar
.
- belay
- To
protect
a roped
lead climber
from falling by controlling the rope; usually involves a
belay device
.
[1]
[2]
- belayer
- The person
belaying
the
lead climber
, also known as a
second
.
- belay device
- A mechanical device used by
belayers
to increase braking force when belaying; can be passive like a
figure eights
or
tubers
, or a more active
assisted braking device
like the
Petzl GriGri
.
[1]
[2]
- belay gloves
-
Gloves that are worn by the
belayer
to protect their skin in the event of sudden rope movement and to aid grip.
- belay loop
- The strongest point on a climbing
harness
, and the loop to which a
belay device
is physically attached.
[1]
[2]
- belay off
- A
climbing command
from a
belayer
to confirm that the friction of
belaying
has been removed from a climbing rope. It is a standard response to a climber's "
off belay
" request.
[14]
- belay on
- A
climbing command
from a
belayer
to confirm that the friction of
belaying
has been (re)applied to a climbing rope. It is a standard response to a climber's "
on belay
" request.
[14]
- belay station
-
The place from which a
belayer
is belaying, sometimes anchored to the ground, or directly to the rock (particularly in a
hanging belay
on
big wall climbing
routes), or other objects.
[15]
- bergschrund
- A
crevasse
that forms on the upper portion of a
glacier
where the moving section pulls away from the
headwall
.
- beta
- Information on how to complete (or protect) a particular climbing route. See
on-sight
and
flash
.
[1]
[2]
[3]
- beta break
- In
sport climbing
, a move on a climbing route other than the move originally intended by the route setter. In bouldering, a move other than the move usually used on the boulder.
- beta flash
- See
flash
.
- bicycle
- A
rock-climbing technique
for
overhangs
where the feet "pinch-hold" a foothold by one foot pushing down on it while the other foot pulls up on it (i.e. like the pedals on a bicycle).
[16]
- Big Bro
Also
tube chock
.
A hollow telescopic tubular device manufactured by Trango for use as
protection
in
off-width
crack climbing
.
[17]
- big wall climbing
-
A long sustained sheer exposed rock climb with
at least
6?10
pitch
es (over 300?500 metres), that typically takes over a day (if not many days), and requires the hauling of food, water, sleeping bags, and the use of
portaledge
s.
[1]
- bivouac
Also
bivy
or
bivvy
.
A crude overnight camp or shelter on a climbing route; on a sheer vertical wall, a
portaledge
can be used.
- bivy-bag
- A lightweight garment or sack offering full-body protection from wind and rain, which is used in a
bivouac
.
- body belay
Also
hip belay
.
Where the
belayer
uses their body, and not a mechanical
belay device
, to increase braking force when belaying; usually involves wrapping the rope around their waist or hip.
[18]
- boinking
- A
sport climbing
technique to get back onto the wall after falling by pulling on the rope to un-weight it, allowing the belayer to
take in
the
slack
quickly; avoids the fallen climber having to return to the ground.
[19]
- bollard
-
A large block of rock or ice that is used as an
anchor
to construct a
belay
.
- bolt
- A point of
protection
permanently installed in a hole drilled into the rock, to which a metal
bolt hanger
is attached, with a hole to attach a
carabiner
or a
quickdraw
; used in
sport climbing
and in
competition climbing
.
[1]
[2]
- bolt chopping
- The deliberate removal of
bolts
from a climb; happens on
traditional climbing
routes (e.g. the
Indian Face
); also featured in the "bolt wars" of the 1980s and 1990s in the US.
[3]
- bolt ladder
- Sequence of
bolts
that are so close together, they can be used by
aid climbers
as a ladder.
[2]
- bolt hanger
Also
hanger
.
A piece of metal that is pre-attached to a
bolt
(i.e. before the bolt is screwed in) into which
quickdraw
s can be clipped.
- bolt runner
- A term to describe a
bolt
that has no
bolt hanger
; will require a
rivet hanger
to be used by a climber.
- bomb-proof
Also
bomber
.
A highly secure
anchor
, or a particularly solid handhold or foothold.
[1]
[2]
[20]
- bosun's chair
- A type of larger harness to give a climber relief from bearing a constant load via their
climbing harness
.
- bouldering
- A type of climbing on large
boulders
less than 20 feet (6.1 m) high with only
crash pads
and
spotting
for protection.
[1]
[2]
- bouldering mat
-
A thick foam pad used for protection when
bouldering
; also called a crash pad.
[2]
- bounce test
- A technique in
aid climbing
where a new placement is tested by using the
lead climber
's bodyweight.
[21]
- bowline on a bight
- A knot that makes a pair of fixed-size loops in the middle of a rope.
[22]
- bridging
- See
stemming
.
[1]
[2]
- bucket
- A large handhold that is very easy to use.
[2]
- buildering
- The practice of climbing on buildings, which is often illegal.
- buttress
-
A prominent rock feature that juts out from the rock face or from the mountain.
[2]
- C-grade
Also
clean aid climbing grade
.
The technical difficulty
grading
system for
aid climbing
that is "clean" (i.e. no
hammered
piton
s or
bolt
s), which goes: C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5; also has an
A-grade
equivalent of the "original" aid grades for "new wave".
[4]
- cam
- A
spring-loaded camming device
(SLCD), also known as "friends", used as
protection
in
traditional climbing
.
[1]
- camalot
- A brand of
spring-loaded camming device
(SLCD), manufactured by
Black Diamond Equipment
.
- campusing
-
Ascending a route without using the feet; is done on overhanging routes or on a
campus board
.
[1]
[2]
See
paddling
.
- campus board
- A piece of
training equipment
used to build finger strength and strong arm lock-offs.
[2]
- carabiner
Also
twist-lock carabiner
,
bent-gate carabiner
.
An aluminum loop with a spring-loaded gate used to attach various load-bearing climbing devices together.
[1]
- carrot bolt
-
Also
bash-in
.
An Australian term for a metal hex-headed
machine bolt
that functions like a
bolt
but with no fixed
bolt hanger
; climbers attach to the carrot bolt by using a version of a
rivet hanger
or by attaching a removable bolt hanger plate.
[23]
- chalk
- Gymnastic
magnesium carbonate
chalk that is used to reduce moisture, improve friction, and mark holds.
[1]
[2]
- chalk bag
-
A hand-sized holder for climbing
chalk
that is carried on a chalk belt or clipped to a
harness
.
- chest harness
- Type of
harness
that also covers the upper body to help prevent a rotation in any fall; particularly used when the climber is carrying a heavy pack, or is climbing in an area with crevasses.
- chest jam
- Jamming the torso into a wide crack, especially to allow the climber to rest.
- chicken bolt
- Term in
big wall climbing
and
aid climbing
to refer to a
bolt
placed to reduce the risk of a difficult section.
[24]
- chicken head
-
Knob or horn of rock narrowed at the base .
[2]
- chicken wing
- A
crack
climbing technique
where a hand is placed on one side of the crack and the shoulder on the other.
[25]
- chimneying
-
Rock-climbing technique
for climbing a rock cleft with mostly parallel vertical sides, large enough to fit the climber's body. See
stemming
.
[1]
[2]
- chipping
- Improving a climbing hold by chipping the rock ? is considered unethical and poor practice in climbing.
[2]
- chock
Also
chockstone
.
A stone wedged in a crack that can be threaded to create a point of
protection
in
traditional climbing
.
[1]
[2]
- chop route
- British term for a
traditional climbing
route with very poor
protection
where any fall could be fatal. See
X
.
[2]
- choss
- Loose or "rotten" rock that makes for unpleasant, difficult, or dangerous climbing; useful for
dry-tooling
.
[2]
- classification
- See
grade
.
- clean
- 1. To remove (or strip)
protection
equipment from a climbing route.
- 2. A route that is free of loose vegetation and rocks; vigorous cleaning can be
chipping
[2]
- 3. To complete a climb without falling or resting on the rope. See
redpoint
.
- clean aid climbing
- A type of
aid climbing
where only removable
traditional climbing
protection
is allowed, and no
hammered-in
bolt
s or
piton
s. See
C-grade
.
- clean climbing
- A broad movement that extended from the earlier
free climbing
movement, which advocated minimizing any form of climbing that permanently impacted the natural rock surface, such as the use of
bolt
s or
piton
s in
sport climbing
.
- cleaning tool
-
Also
nut key
or
nut tool
.
A device for removing jammed protection equipment, especially
nuts
, from a
route
.
- climbing area
- A region with numerous
climbing route
s. See
crag
- climbing command
- A short phrase used for communication and instructions between a
lead climber
and a
belayer
. See
take
.
[14]
- climbing gym
- A specialized
indoor climbing
center; usually just called a "climbing centre" in the UK.
- climbing peak
- From german (Klettergipfel) a formation that can only be ascended by climbing.
[26]
- climbing rope
See
dynamic rope
and
static rope
General term for the wide range of specialized ropes that are used in all forms of climbing.
[27]
- climbing route
- A path by which a climber reaches the top of a mountain, a rock face or obstacle, or an ice-covered face or obstacle.
- climbing shoe
-
Footwear designed specifically for rock climbing that fits tightly and with sticky rubber soles for grip.
- climbing wall
- Artificial rock face that is typically housed indoors; is also used for
competition climbing
.
- clip in
Also
clipping in
.
The process of attaching the rope to
protection
(usually via a
carabiner
), to
belay
devices, or to other
anchors
. See
tie in
.
- clipstick
- See
stick clip
.
- competition climbing
- A type of climbing held on
climbing wall
s for mostly professional or Olympic climbers, split into the disciplines of
lead climbing
(on a bolted
sport climbing
route),
bouldering
and
speed climbing
. A fourth discipline of "combined" add the three together. See
IFSC
.
[28]
- competition ice climbing
- A type of ice climbing held on
climbing wall
s for mostly professional ice climbers, split into the disciplines of ice
lead climbing
(on a bolted
sport climbing
dry-wall route), and ice
speed climbing
on an iced route. See also
UIAA
.
- copperhead
-
Also
head
.
A small nut on a loop of wire with a head made of metal (often copper), soft enough to deform during placement, which is often with a
hammer
; commonly used in
aid climbing
as a point of placement, remaining fixed in-situ after placement.
- cord
Also
cordage
,
accessory cord
A short piece of thin climbing rope used for various purposes in climbing, including for creating
abseil stations
. See
tat
.
[27]
- cord lock
- A lock or toggle used to fasten cords with gloved hands. Used on most mountaineering gear.
- cordelette
-
A loop of narrow (e.g. 5-7 millimetre) accessory perlon cord that is used to tie into multiple
anchor
points.
- corner
- An inside corner of rock, the opposite of an
arete
(UK). See
dihedral
.
[2]
- cornice
- An overhanging edge of snow on a ridge.
- crack climbing
- To ascend by wedging body parts into natural cracks in the rock.
[1]
[2]
See
jamming
,
chimney
, and
off-width
.
- crag
- An expanse of continuous rock that contains a number of rock
climbing route
s (e.g.
Clogwyn Du'r Arddu
).
[2]
- crampons
-
A pair of metal frames with spikes that can be attached to boots to increase grip on snow and ice. See
front pointing
.
- cranking
- To pull on a climbing hold as hard as possible.
- crash pad
- See
bouldering mat
.
- crater
- See
ground fall
.
[2]
- crimp
-
Also
crimper
.
A hold which is only just big enough to be grasped with the tips of the fingers.
[1]
[2]
[12]
- crux
- The most difficult portion of a climb; often the
grade
is defined by the difficulty of the crux.
[1]
[2]
[29]
- cut-loose
- When a climber's feet swing away from the rock on overhanging terrain and they hang by their hands.
- D-grade
Also
dry-tool climbing grade
.
Where
mixed climbing
routes are completed in fully dry conditions (i.e. no ice or snow), the "M" suffix of the
M-grade
is swapped for a "D".
- dab
- A term in
bouldering
for touching the ground,
crash pad
, spotter, or hold from other
route
.
[30]
- daisy chain
-
A special-purpose type of
sling
with multiple sewn or tied loops, used in
aid
and
big wall climbing
.
- dead hang
-
When a climber hangs limp, such that their weight is held by arm
ligament
tension rather than by muscles.
- deadman anchor
Also
snow anchor
and
T-slot
An object which lies horizontally, buried in the snow, serving as an
anchor
for an attached
fixed rope
.
[31]
- deadpoint
- A controlled
dynamic motion
in which the hold is grabbed with one hand at the apex of upward motion of the body, while one or both feet and the other hand maintain contact with the rock.
[32]
See
dynos
.
- deck
- The ground below a climbing route (i.e they fell to the ground and "hit the deck"). See
ground fall
.
[2]
- deep-water soloing
Also
psicobloc
.
Free solo climbing
on an overhanging route over a body of water to absorb any fall.
[2]
- descender
Also
rappel device
.
A mechanical device that enables a controlled descent on a
fixed rope
;
belay devices
can be descenders.
[2]
- dexamethasone
Also
dex
.
A drug to treat
high-altitude cerebral edema
(HACE) and
high-altitude pulmonary edema
(HAPE).
[33]
- dialled
- To have a complete understanding of a particular climbing move or sequence of moves on a route.
- Diamox
- A drug used to inhibit the onset of
altitude sickness
; otherwise known as
acetazolamide
.
[33]
- dihedral
-
An open book-shaped
corner
formed at the intersection of two flat rock faces; the opposite of an
arete
.
[1]
[2]
- direttissima
- Italian for "shortest link", is the most direct route to the summit of a mountain up the fall line (e.g. the
Brandler-Hasse Direttissima
on the
Cima Grande
,
Dolomites
); origin of the term is often attributed to
Emilio Comici
who said: "I wish some day to make a route, and from the summit let fall a drop of water, and this is where my route will have gone".
[34]
- direct start
- A new variation of an existing rock climbing route that avoids detours taken before the main line is reached due to their greater difficulty (e.g.
Supreme Jumbo Love
as a direct start to
Jumbo Love
).
- dirtbag
- A climber who lives modestly and often itinerantly, to maximize the amount of time climbing. Practitioners included
Jan and Herb Conn
and
Fred Beckey
(from the film:
Dirtbag: The Legend of Fred Beckey
).
[35]
- double ropes
Also
half ropes
.
In
lead climbing
where two thinner ropes are used instead of a single rope to manage
rope drag
. Compare
twin ropes
.
[27]
- downclimb
- To descend by climbing downward (rather than by
abseiling
or
lowering off
), after completing a climb, or
bail
ing.
- drag
Also
rope drag
.
Friction from the rope running over the rock and through the lower
protection
. See
slack
and
double ropes
.
[36]
[37]
[38]
- drilled baby angle
-
Also
drilled pitons
.
A type of
anchor
used in soft rock instead of
bolts
that uses a "baby angle" (
piton
)
hammered
into a drilled hole, which some think is better in soft rock than bolts that can crack the rock.
[39]
[40]
- drive-by
- A
deadpoint
where one arm crosses over the other to reach a hold that is above and to the side.
- drop knee
Also
egyptian
.
Also
knee drop
.
Also
lolotte
.
An advanced
rock-climbing technique
where the knee is dropped downwards to twist the hips?and the centre of gravity?closer to the rock face, thus increasing the amount of upward reach and torque available to the climber; the unique stresses on the knee can lead to serious injuries.
[1]
[11]
- dry-tooling
-
Using
ice climbing
tools such as
crampons
and
ice axes
, on bare rock. See
Mixed climbing
.
- Dry Tooling Style
Also
DTS
.
Type of
dry-tooling
with additional restrictions and particularly a prohibition on
yaniro
moves.
- Dulfersitz
- A classical non-mechanical
abseiling
technique where the
fixed rope
is wrapped around the body.
- dynamic rope
- An elastic
climbing rope
that softens falls to some extent and absorbs the energy of heavy loads. Compare
static rope
.
[27]
- dyno
- In rock climbing, a dynamic jump or leap to grab an out-of-reach hold; failure to grab the hold will usually result in a
fall
. See also
paddling
and
campusing
.
[1]
[2]
[41]
- E-grade
- Part of the British adjectival grading system that is used to rank the level of risk (a separate grade is given for technical difficulty) of
traditional climbing
routes, and which goes E1, E2, E3, ... to E11 (an additional metric is used for technical difficulty).
[4]
- edging
- Using the edge of a
climbing shoe
on a narrow foothold; in the absence of footholds,
smearing
is used.
- Egyptian
-
See
Drop knee
.
[1]
[11]
- Egyptian bridging
- The same position as
bridging
or
chimneying
, but with one leg in front and one behind the body.
- eight-thousander
- A mountain whose elevation exceeds 8,000 meters (26,247 ft)
a.s.l
, of which there are only 14 in the world.
- eliminate
- 1. A
bouldering
move, or series of moves, where certain holds are placed "off bounds".
[2]
- 2. A British climbing term for a route that does not take the most obvious or direct line, and instead 'eliminates' the use of other features to create its line (e.g. not allowing the climber to use a nearby crack in making their ascent).
[2]
- Elvis legs
- See
sewing-machine leg
.
[2]
- enchainment
- A mountaineering term to describe linking-up several individual climbs to create a larger undertaking.
- energy absorber
-
Also
shock absorber
.
A piece of
protection
equipment used in
via ferrata
climbing to absorb the energy of the arrest of any fall. See
lanyard
.
- epic
- An otherwise ordinary climb that turned into a major struggle.
- ERNEST
- An acronym for Equalised, Redundant, No Extension, Strong, and Timely, in building
anchors
. See
SERENE
.
- etrier
-
A short ladder made of
webbing
that is used for
aid climbing
.
[2]
[42]
- European death knot
- A flat overhand used to join a pair of ropes for retrievable
abseils
; considered dubious in America.
- expedition style
Also
siege tactics
.
- Using teams of support people (e.g. support climbers, sherpas, and/or equipment porters, etc.), and equipment (e.g.
fixed rope
, base camps, etc.) in helping the lead climbers reach the eventual summit; opposite of
alpine style
.
- exposure
- The level of empty space below or around a climber who is not in a secure position.
[2]
- face climbing
- Any climbing on vertical rock using finger holds,
edges
, and
smears
, as opposed to
crack climbing
.
[1]
- fall factor
- Ratio of the height (h) a climber falls to the rope length (l) available to absorb the energy of a fall.
[1]
[2]
- false peak
Also
false summit
A
peak
that appears to be the pinnacle of the mountain but upon reaching, it turns out the
summit
is higher (and further ahead).
- figure-four
-
Also
figure of four
and
figure-four move
and
yaniro
An advanced
climbing technique
in which the climber hooks a leg over the opposite arm (which needs to be in a good handhold), and then pushes down with this leg to achieve a greater vertical reach; more common in
mixed climbing
.
[2]
- figure-nine
Also
figure of nine
and
figure-nine move
A variation of the
figure-four
move where the "same-side" leg is used instead of the "opposite" leg.
[2]
- figure eight
-
A
belay device
or
descender
that is shaped like the number eight.
[2]
[12]
- figure-eight knot
-
Also
figure-eight loop
.
A knot commonly used to
tie in
a climber's
harness
to the climbing rope.
- finger jam
Also
finger lock
.
A type of
jam
using the fingers in a crack.
[1]
- finger board
- Training equipment used to build finger strength. See also
hangboard
.
[2]
- first ascent
Also
FA
.
The first successful ascent of a new
route
by any means, including
aid climbing
(i.e. not via
free climbing
).
- first free ascent
Also
FFA
.
The
first ascent
of a new
route
without
aid
, following the
free climbing
criteria of a
redpoint
.
- first female free ascent
Also
FFFA
.
The first female to complete a free ascent of a route that has already had an FFA.
- fist jam
- A type of
jam
using the hand.
- fixed rope
-
A rope that hangs from a fixed attachment point; commonly used for
abseiling
(going down) or for
jumaring
(going up).
- flagging
- A
rock-climbing technique
where a leg is held in a position to maintain balance, rather than to support weight, often to prevent a
barn-door
.
[2]
There are three types of flagging:
[12]
[11]
- normal flag
- Flagging foot stays on the same side (e.g. flagging right foot to the right side of the body).
[12]
[11]
- reverse inside-flag
- Flagging foot is crossed in front of the foot that is on a foothold.
[12]
[11]
- reverse outside-flag
- Flagging foot is crossed behind the foot that is on a foothold.
[12]
[11]
- flake
- A thin slab of rock detached from the main face offering a hold, although it may become detached.
[2]
- flash
- To ascend a route on the first attempt, but having obtained
beta
; with no beta, it is an
on-sight
.
[1]
[2]
[43]
[3]
- font
Also
Fontainebleau grade
.
The French
grade
system for
bouldering
, which goes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 6C, 7A, 7B, 7C, .... , to 9A; with the American
V-grade
system, is the most common worldwide boulder-grading system. Font grades are often confused with
French grade
s.
[6]
Also
heel-to-toe jam
.
A technique of
jamming
the foot into a large crack by twisting so that the heel and toes touch the sides.
- flapper
- The tearing of skin and flesh due to friction with sharp or rough surfaces.
- fourteener
- A mountain summit that exceeds 14,000 feet (4,300 m), particularly one in the contiguous United States.
- freeBASE
- Free solo climbing
but with a
BASE jumping
parachute as a backup in the event of a fall.
- free climbing
- Climbing without artificial
aids
other than for
protection
; can be done as
sport climbing
or
traditional climbing
.
[2]
- free solo climbing
Also
free soloing
.
Climbing without any type of
aid
or any form of climbing
protection
.
- French free climbing
- The use of very basic
aid climbing
techniques (i.e.
A0-graded
aid techniques such as pulling on climbing protection) to bypass a short section that is not easily climbable, particularly used in
big wall climbing
.
[44]
- French grade
Also
Sport climbing grade
, and
Plaisir grade
The French
grade
system for
sport climbing
, which goes: 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, .... , to 9c; with the American
YDS
system, is the most common sport climbing grading system. French grades are often confused with
font
grades.
[6]
- French start
- Moving off for the second hold without being established on the start holds, thus using the floor as a foothold. In most
competition climbing
, including
IFSC
events, starting a climb in this manner invalidates the attempt.
[45]
- frenchies
- An exercise used to develop lock-off strength consisting of pull-ups that stop with the elbows locked at angles between 20 and 160 degrees.
- friable
- Delicate and easily broken rock, or ice, often dangerously so.
- friction climbing
- A
rock-climbing technique
relying solely on the
friction
between the sloped rock and the sole of the
shoe
.
- Friend
-
The name of Wild Country's
spring-loaded camming device
(SLCD)
protection
, and a generic name for SLCDs.
[2]
- front pointing
- An
ice climbing
technique that uses the frontmost-spikes of the
crampons
to ascend iced routes.
- fruit boot
-
Type of lightweight shoe used in
mixed climbing
and
ice climbing
that have in-built
crampons
.
- gaiters
- Mountaineering clothing equipment that is worn over the boots and lower leg to give added protection and waterproofing.
- Gaston
- A climbing grip using one hand with the thumb down and elbow out, like a reverse
side pull
. The grip maintains friction against a hold by pressing outward toward the elbow. Named for
Gaston Rebuffat
.
[1]
[2]
[11]
- gate flutter
- The unwelcome action of the gate on a
carabiner
opening during a fall.
- gendarme
- A rock-pinnacle or isolated rock-tower encountered along a ridge; often at the intersection of ridges.
- Geneva rappel
- A modified
Dulfersitz
rappel
using the hip and downhill arm for friction ? less complex, but less friction and control.
- GiGi
- A
belay plate device
for belaying a second from above that has auto-blocking; made by Kong. See also
Sticht plate
.
- glissade
-
A voluntary act of sliding down a steep slope of snow using an
ice axe
for control.
- grade
- Classifications intended as an objective measure of the technical difficulty of a climbing route (including rock, ice, bouldering, mixed, and aid). The most widely used
lead climbing
} grading systems are the
French sport climbing grades
, and the American
Yosemite Decimal System
; for
bouldering
, it is the
font
grade and the
V-grade
systems.
[2]
[6]
- grade milestone
- The
first free ascent
(FFA) by a
lead climber
of a new
climbing route
that sets a new grade level (e.g. the first-ever
9b
(5.15b) grade milestone was
Chris Sharma
's FFA of
Jumbo Love
in 2008).
- greenpoint
Also
greenpointing
.
Ascending a
sport climbing
route but only using
traditional climbing
protection (e.g.
Principle Hope
). See
redpoint
.
[46]
- Grigri
-
A
belay device
invented and manufactured by
Petzl
; also used in
rope solo climbing
.
[2]
- gronked
- Accidentally going off-route
leading
into a harder route; from the notorious climb
Gronk
in
Avon Gorge
.
- ground fall
Also
decking
.
Where a
lead climber
falls and hits the ground, either because their
protection
failed (e.g.
zipper fall
), the
runout
was too great, or the
belayer
failed to arrest or hold the rope.
[2]
- half ropes
- See
double ropes
.
[27]
- hand jam
- A type of
jam
using the hand in a crack.
[1]
- hand traverse
- Traversing
without any definitive footholds, i.e. no
edging
,
smearing
or
heelhooking
.
- hangboard
-
Also
finger board
.
A training device to increase the climber's arm and finger strength. See
campus board
.
[47]
- hangdog
Also
hangdogging
.
To hang on the rope, or a piece of
protection
, after falling, and then start reclimbing without returning to the ground.
[48]
- hanging belay
-
Where the
belay station
of the
belayer
is suspended from the ground and tied to the wall via a fixed
anchor
point; used in
big wall climbing
and
multi-pitch climbing
.
- heel spurs
- Type of
crampon
attachment to the back of the heel used in
mixed climbing
to perform a
heel hook
.
[49]
- high-altitude cerebral edema
Also
HACE
.
A severe and often fatal form of
altitude sickness
caused by physical exertion without sufficient oxygen.
[33]
- high-altitude pulmonary edema
Also
HAPE
.
A severe form of
altitude sickness
caused by physical exertion without sufficient oxygen.
[33]
- harness
Also
climbing harness
.
A sewn nylon webbing load-bearing device that is worn around the climber's waist and thighs, and to which the climbing rope, and other load-bearing climbing devices, can be attached.
[2]
- haul bag
-
A large hard-wearing bag for supplies and equipment that can be dragged up multi-pitch or
big wall
routes.
- headpoint
Also
headpointing
.
Top-roping
a
traditional climbing
route before
lead climbing
it to practise the moves. See
redpoint
.
[46]
- headwall
- A region at the top of a cliff or rock face that steepens dramatically.
- heel hook
-
Using the back of the heel to apply pressure on a
hold
for balance or for leverage.
[1]
[2]
[12]
- heel-toe
Also
heel-toe cam
.
A combination of a
toe hook
and
heel hook
to hold the body onto the climbing route.
- hexcentric
-
Also a
hex
.
A
protective device
consisting of an eccentric hexagonal
nut
attached to a wire loop.
- highball
Also
high ball
.
-
A
boulder problem
over circa 5?10-metre (16?33 ft) high, where falling is dangerous.
[1]
[2]
- hip belay
- A method of
belaying
, whereby the rope friction is increased by passing the rope around the hip of the belayer.
- hold
- A place to temporarily cling, grip, jam, press, or stand in the process of climbing a route.
[2]
See
volume hold
.
- HMS carabiner
- A round-ended
carabiner
for use with a
Munter hitch
(from German for the hitch;
Halbmastwurfsicherung
).
- hook
Also
fifi hook
and
cam hook
.
A mechanical piece of
climbing equipment
used in
aid climbing
. See also
skyhook
.
- hueco
- A round hold consisting of a pocket in the rock with a positive lip, varying in size from a single finger (a "mono") to body-sized. The term comes from
Hueco Tanks
that is notable for huecos, the Spanish term for a "hole".
- hueco scale
- See
V-grade
.
[1]
- ice axe
-
A multi-purpose tool used in
alpine climbing
that is a combination of an ice pick,
adze
, and pointed stick.
- ice climbing
- Ascending iced routes (e.g. waterfalls, and
couloirs
), with specialized equipment. See
mixed climbing
.
[1]
- ice hammer
-
A lightweight
ice axe
with a hammer and pick head on a short handle, and no spike. See also
rock hammer
.
- ice piton
-
A long, wide, serrated
piton
that can be used for weak
protection
on ice.
- ice screw
- Modern
protection
device in
ice climbing
, with the tubular ice screw as the strongest.
[50]
- ice tool
Also
technical axe
.
- A specialized elaboration of the modern
ice axe
that is used in modern advanced
ice climbing
.
- IFSC
- Acronym for the international body that organises and regulates
competition climbing
. See
UIAA
.
- indoor climbing
- Rock climbing that takes place on artificial
climbing wall
s that are set up inside buildings.
- in-situ
- Denotes
protection
that is installed on the route (e.g. "there is a
piton
and
sling
"in-situ" at the
crux
").
[2]
- isolation zone
- In
competition climbing
, an area where competitiors are kept to prevent them getting
beta
on the upcoming routes.
[51]
- jamming
-
Wedging a body part into a crack, including
finger jam
,
foot jam
,
hand jam
, and
chest jam
.
[2]
- jib
- A very small foothold, large enough for the big toe, relying heavily on friction to support the weight.
- jug
- See
bucket
.
[1]
[2]
- jumar
Also
jumaring
.
- A type of mechanical
ascender
, and the generic term for ascending a
fixed rope
using a mechanical ascender.
- karabiner
- See
carabiner
.
[2]
- Klemheist knot
- An alternative to the
Prusik knot
, useful when the climber is short of cord but has plenty of webbing.
- knee bar
-
Wedging a knee against a hold in such a way as to allow the other limbs to be released and rested.
[1]
[52]
- knee drop
- See
Egyptian
.
- knee pad
- An artificial pad that is worn on the lower thigh to protect a climber when performing a
knee bar
.
[53]
- ladder
-
Also
aluminum ladder
.
Lightweight rigid aluminum ladders are used in
expedition style
mountaineering to cross crevasses or on difficult sections as a form of
aid climbing
support (this can also be done with flexible
bachar ladder
s
). See also
aider
.
- lanyard
-
A Y-shaped piece of
protection
equipment used in
via ferrata
climbing that attaches the
harness
to the fixed steel cables. Lanyards often attach to
energy absorber
s given the higher
fall factor
of via ferrata climbing.
- laybacking
-
Also
liebacking
.
Climbing an edge by
side-pulling
with both hands and using opposing friction for the feet.
[1]
[2]
[11]
- lead climbing
Also
leading
.
A form of climbing in which a
lead climber
clips their
belay
rope into
protection
equipment as they ascend.
[1]
[2]
- lead climber
Also
leader
.
The individual ascending the route in
lead climbing
; the other person is the
belayer
.
[1]
[2]
- leader fall
- A
lead climber
fall while
lead climbing
; will be
at least
twice the distance to the last piece of
protection
.
- Leavittation
- A technique used to climb
off-width
cracks pioneered in the late 1970's by Randy Leavitt and
Tony Yaniro
[
fr
]
that uses alternating hand-fist stacks and leg-calf locks; helpful for resting, and when placing
protection
.
[54]
- liquid chalk
- A liquid form of
climbing chalk
but with a longer hold time.
- live rope
- In
lead climbing
, the segment of the rope between the
lead climber
and the
belayer
.
[2]
- lock-off
-
A climber holding a fixed position with one bent arm, usually while clipping or reaching for another hold with their other arm, or resting. Contrast with
dead hang
.
[1]
- lolotte
- See
Egyptian
.
- lower-off
- When a
lead climber
is lowered down the route by the
belayer
holding their weight on the
belay device
.
- low zone
- In competition bouldering, a marked hold somewhere between the start and zone. It is either worth some number of points (less than the zone) or used as a tiebreaker.
- M-grade
Also
mixed climbing grades
.
Part of the
mixed climbing
system for
grading
the technical difficulty of mixed climbing routes, which goes: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and up to M14.
[4]
See also
D-grade
.
- mantel move
-
Moving onto a shelf of rock by pressing down on it with the palms until the climber can stand on the "mantel" (i.e. the same action as leaving from the side of a pool).
[1]
[2]
[12]
[11]
- mixed climbing
- A type of climbing that involves using
ice climbing
tools on iced-up or snow-covered rock surfaces;
mixed climbing techniques
are used in
dry-tooling
and in
alpine climbing
.
[49]
- mono
- A climbing hold, typically a
pocket
or a
hueco
, which only has enough room for one finger.
[1]
[2]
- moving together
- See
simul climbing
.
- multi-pitch climbing
- A climb that has more than one
pitch
; a
big wall
route involves so many pitches, it takes over a day.
- Munter hitch
Also
Italian hitch
or
friction hitch
.
A simple
hitch
used for
belaying
without a mechanical
belay device
.
- National Climbing Classification System
Also
NCCS
Also
commitment grade
A North American grading system used mainly in
big wall climbing
and
alpine climbing
; goes from I, II, III ... to VII.
- neve
- Permanent granular ice formed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
- new wave
- See
A-grade
.
- no-hand rest
-
An entirely leg-supported resting position during climbing that does not require hands on the rock.
- normal route
Also
voie normale
Also
Normalweg
The easiest and most frequently used route for ascending and descending a climb.
[55]
- nunatak
- A mountain or rock formation that protrudes through an ice field.
- nut
-
A metal wedge attached to a wire loop that is inserted into cracks for
protection
. See
hexcentric
.
[2]
- nut key
Also
nut tool
.
[2]
See
cleaning tool
.
- off belay
- American
climbing command
when requesting that the
belayer
remove
belay
equipment from the climbing rope (e.g. when cleaning top
protection
from a lead route). Replied to with "
belay off
".
[14]
- off-width
-
A crack that is too wide for effective hand or foot
jams
but is not as large as a
chimney
.
[1]
[2]
See
big bro
.
- on belay
- American
climbing command
when they are ready to be
belayed
. Replied to with "
belay on
".
[14]
- on-sight
- To ascend a route on the first attempt, with no prior
beta
; with beta, it is a
flash
.
[1]
[2]
[43]
- open book
- An inside angle in the rock. See also
dihedral
.
- open project
- A route that was
bolt
ed by someone (e.g. they bought and installed the bolts) but who was unsuccessful in
redpoint
ing it, and it is now considered to be "open" to any climber to try; sometimes the original bolter will leave colored tape on the first bolt(s) to note the route is "not open".
[56]
- overhang
- A section of rock or ice that is angled beyond the vertical. See
roof
.
[2]
- paddling
- A multi-move
dyno
where the climber must move quickly through a sequence of intermediate hand holds (neither of which can hold the climber for any period), with their arms mimicking a paddling action and their feet usually in mid-air, before getting to a secure position. See also
campusing
.
[41]
- passive protection
- Type of
protection
that remains static during a fall; opposite of
active protection
. See
nut
s
and
hexcentric
s
.
- peak-bagging
- To systematically attain every peak of a designated class of summits (e.g.
eight-thousanders
), sometimes under prescribed conditions (e.g. in winter), and/or in a prescribed climbing style (e.g. no
supplementary oxygen
.)
- peg
- A
piton
.
- pendulum
- 1. Swinging on a taut anchored rope to reach the next hold in a
pendulum traverse
.
- 2. A swing experienced during a fall caused by the last piece of
protection
being far to one side.
- permadraw
- A
quickdraw
but made from a steel cable with steel
carabiner
s that is permanently fixed to the
bolt
; longer wearing than aluminum quickdraws, and climbers do not need to retrieve them after a climb.
[1]
- personal anchor system
Also
PAS
.
An adjustable attachment point from a climber to a fixed
anchor
, give them flexibility to perform other tasks.
- picket
Also
snow picket
.
A long, tubular rod driven into the snow to provide a makeshift
anchor
.
- pinch hold
Also
pinch
.
A hold, which must be "pinched" between the fingers to use it.
[2]
[12]
- pinkpoint
- Lead climbing
where the
protection
(e.g.
quickdraw
s) are pre-installed. See also
greenpoint
and
redpoint
.
[2]
[46]
- pitch
- The climbing route between two
belay
points with a "full pitch" being the length of the rope, circa 50 metres (160 ft).
[1]
[2]
- piton
-
Also
angle
,
beak
,
bong
,
knifeblade
,
lost arrow
.
A flat or angled metal blade of steel for
protection
that incorporates a clipping hole for a
carabiner
or a ring in its body that is
hammered
into cracks; comes in a wide range of designs and types for different crack types and widths; common in
aid climbing
,
big wall climbing
, and
alpine climbing
.
[1]
[2]
See also
RURP
.
- piton catcher
- A clip-on string fastened to a
piton
when inserting or removing, so as to avoid loss.
- plunge step
- An aggressive step pattern for descending on hard or steep-angle snow.
- poop tube
-
A
PVC
tube-shaped container for carrying out human feces during multi-day or
big wall
climbs.
[57]
- portaledge
-
A lightweight foldaway tent platform used in
big wall climbing
to create a rest point on a sheer rock face.
- positive
- A
hold
or part of a hold with a surface facing upwards, or away from the direction it is pulled, facilitating use. A positive hold is the opposite of a
sloper
.
- pressure breathing
Also
Whittaker wheeze
.
Forcefully exhaling to facilitate O2/CO2 exchange at altitude.
- problem
Also
bouldering problem
or
boulder problem
.
Used in
bouldering
to describe the sequence of moves to be overcome.
[2]
- progress capture device
-
Also
PCD
.
A mechanical climbing device that allows the rope to move through it in only one direction, examples being the Petzl Micro Traxion or the Camp Lift; PCDs are used in pulley hauling and in
top rope solo climbing
.
[58]
[59]
See also
Self-locking device
.
- project
Also
projecting
.
An attempt over time to climb a new (worldwide or personal)
route
or boulder
problem
as a "project".
- protection
Also
pro
.
Also
gear
.
Equipment for arresting
lead climber
falls, or to create
anchors
for
abseil
s or
belay
s. Examples are
passive
(
bolt
s,
copperhead
s,
hexcentric
s,
ice screw
s,
nut
s,
quickdraw
s, and
skyhook
s), and
active
(
cam
s,
friend
s,
tricam
s).
[1]
[2]
- Prusik
- A knot used for ascending a
fixed rope
, named after Austrian
Karl Prusik
, who developed this knot in 1931.
[2]
- pump
Also
pumped
.
The accumulation of metabolic waste products in the forearm(s) so that holding a basic grip becomes impossible.
[2]
- quickdraw
Also
quickie
,
draw
, and
extender
.
A piece of climbing
protection
that is used to attach a running rope to an
anchor
or a
bolt
. See
permadraw
.
[1]
[2]
- quicklink
Also
maillon
and
maillon rapide
.
A screw-type oval-shaped stainless steel
carabiner
which is smaller than the normal carabiner.
- rack
-
1. The set of
protection
equipment carried by a
lead climber
up a climb.
[1]
[2]
- 2. Type of heavy-duty "all-weather"
descender
, which is also called an "abseil rack" or a "rappel rack", consisting of metal bars on a U-shaped chassis; frequently used in
caving
.
- rappel
- See
abseil
.
- rating
- See
grade
.
- re-belay
Also
rebelay
.
Secondary or intermediate fixed
anchor point(s)
along the length of a
fixed rope
(i.e. in addition to the main
anchor
at the top of the fixed rope) that is used to avoid edges that could increase rope wear.
[60]
- rebolting
- The replacement of older
bolts
on an existing bolted
sport climbing
route.
- redpoint
Also
redpointing
.
Free climbing
a route by
leading
it after having failed it or practiced it beforehand (e.g. by
hangdogging
,
headpoint
ing, or
top roping
). A route climbed on the first-ever attempt (and no practice), it is an
onsight
or a
flash
. See
first free ascent
.
[1]
[2]
- removable bolt
Also
RB
.
A removable
protection
bolt
, similar in concept to a sliding
nut
, but shaped to fit into a drilled hole; popular in
aid climbing
.
- rest step
- An energy-saving mountaineering technique where the unweighted (uphill) leg is rested between each forward step, by "locking" the knee of the rear leg.
- retro-bolting
- The addition of
bolts
to a route that has already been ascended using
traditional climbing
protection
. The technique is controversial, with ethical debate on the issues of improving climber safety versus protecting the integrity of the original traditional climbing challenge.
[61]
[62]
- rigging plate
-
Also
rigging board
and
bat plate
.
A light metal plate with several holes that can be used as a multi-anchor device that several items can be attached to at a
belay station
, notable versions include the Petzl PAW.
- ripped
- Term to denote when a piece of
protection
failed and "ripped-out" of the rock. See
zipper fall
.
[2]
- rivet hanger
-
Also
plate hanger
,
wire hanger
, or
cinch hanger
.
A piece of
aid climbing
equipment used by the
lead climber
to attach to
bolt runner
rivets in the rock. See also
carrot bolt
.
- rock hammer
Also
wall hammer
.
A lightweight hammer with a short handle used for inserting
piton
s,
bolt
s, and
copperhead
s in
aid climbing
and
big wall climbing
. See also
ice hammer
.
- rockover move
- A
rock-climbing technique
where the body weight is transferred (or "rocked-over") to the raised up-hill leg to reach a higher hold.
[2]
- rodeo clipping
- To clip into the first piece of
protection
from the ground by swinging a loop of rope so that it is caught by a pre-placed
carabiner
.
[63]
- roof
-
An
overhang
that is so steep, it becomes horizontal.
[2]
- rope bag
- Specialist lightweight but hardwearing bag for carrying a
climbing rope
.
[1]
- rope drag
- See
drag
.
[1]
- rope jumping
- Jumping a full rope-length from the top of a rock face with the rope attached to a fixed
anchor
like a
bungee cord
.
- rope team
- See
simul climbing
.
- rose move
- A move in which the crossing arm goes behind the other arm and is so far extended that the body is forced to twist until it ends up facing away from the rock. It was introduced by
Antoine Le Menestrel
[
fr
]
to climb a route in
Buoux
called
La rose et le vampire
8b
(5.13d) in 1985.
[64]
- route
- See
climbing route
.
- RP
- A small
protection
nut
on a wire for tiny cracks with marginal holding power; named after Roland Pauligk.
[2]
- runner
- 1. In the US, a
sling
is made from nylon-blend materials, used by climbers for a multitude of purposes.
[1]
- 2. In the UK, any item of
protection
placed by the
lead climber
to reduce the length of a fall.
[2]
- runout
-
In a term in
lead climbing
for the distance between points of good
protection
; in the
grading of climbs
, routes with long runouts have higher adjectival "
E
" grade (British system), or an
R/X
or even
X
suffix (
American system
). See
ground fall
.
[1]
[2]
- RURP
-
A miniature, postage stamp-sized chrome-moly square
piton
, tied to a wire or rope and
hammered
into cracks; created by
Yvon Chouinard
in 1960 for extreme
aid climbing
routes in
Yosemite
; acronym for
realized ultimate reality piton
.
[65]
- R/X
- A suffix used in the
yosemite decimal system
for
traditional climbing
routes that have poor possibilities for
protection
where any fall could be serious (e.g.
Master's Edge
). See
X
.
- S-grade
Also
deep-water soloing grades
.
Part of the
deep-water soloing
system for
grading
the objective danger difficulty of DWS climbing routes, which goes: S0, S1, S2, and S3. See also
X
.
- saddle
- A high pass between two peaks, larger than a
col
.
- sandbag
- A rock climb with a much lower official climbing
grade
than probably deserved; sometimes due to a "trick-move" at the
crux
that once learned, does make the route easier; or due to overly conservative grading.
[2]
- scrambling
- A type of climbing somewhere between hiking and graded rock climbing; involves climbing the easiest
grades
.
- screamer
- 1. A nylon
webbing
structure consisting of one large loop sewn in multiple places to make a shorter length.
- 2. A British term for a large
whipper
fall.
[2]
- scree
- Small, loose rocks, at the base of a cliff or slope; distinguished from
talus
.
- screw on
Also
foot chip
,
chip
, or
micro
.
A small climbing
hold
screwed onto the wall on a
climbing wall
.
- second
-
A climber who follows the
lead climber
; often acts as the
belayer
.
- self-arrest
- Using the pick of an
ice axe
to arrest a fall, or to control a
glissade
.
- self-belay
Also
self-belaying
.
The act of using a mechanical device for
belaying
in
solo climbing
. See
self-locking device
.
- self-locking device
Also
SLD
.
A device used in
solo climbing
, and particularly
rope solo climbing
, to automatically arrest falls. Examples include Wren's Silent Partner. See also
progress capture device
. Compare
automatic belay
.
- self rescue
- Actions taken by a climber(s) to execute their own rescue or recovery from a difficult or dangerous situation.
- send
- To
free climb
a
route
, via an
on-sight
,
flash
, or
redpoint
.
[2]
[1]
- serac
- A large tower of ice on the surface of a glacier; falling seracs are a serious hazard to mountaineers.
- SERENE
- Acronym for building
anchors
; stands for
Strong, Equalised, Redundant, Efficient, No Extension
. See also
ERNEST
.
- sewing-machine leg
Also
scissor leg
,
Elvis legs
, or
disco knee
.
The involuntary vibration of the leg due to fatigue and/or panic and stress.
[2]
- shadow match
- A rock climbing move to quickly switch hands on a
hold
that can only fit one hand at a time.
- sharp end
- The end of the rope that is attached to the
lead climber
, to denote the more serious activity they are undertaking compared to the
belayer
.
[2]
- short fixing
- An advanced
big wall
climbing technique
where the
lead climber
fixes the rope at an anchor to allow the
second
to ascend using
jumar
s, while the leader climber then continues to ascend in a
rope solo climbing
fashion; unlike
simul climbing
, neither is
belay
ing the other.
[66]
[67]
- side pull
-
A vertical
hold
that needs to be gripped with a sideways pull towards the body.
[1]
[2]
[11]
- simul climbing
Also
running belay
.
An advanced technique in which two climbers move simultaneously upward, with the
leader
placing
protection
that the
second
removes as they advance. A
protection capture device (PCD)
may also be used.
[67]
- single-rope technique
- The use of a single rope where one or both ends of the rope are attached to fixed
anchor
points. See
fixed rope
.
- sit start
Also
sit down start
or
SDS
Bouldering
term for a route that must be started from a seated position on the ground with hands and feet on prescribed holds; acronyms are
SS
(sit-start),
SDS
(sit-down-start), or
assis
(french); concept invented by John Yablonski.
[68]
- skyhook
-
A metal
hook
inserted on a horizontal
hold
for
protection
in
traditional climbing
, or in
aid climbing
.
- slab
- A low-angle ? significantly less than vertical ? rock face that requires
slab climbing
techniques.
[2]
- slab climbing
- A type of climbing on
slab
s that usually emphasizes balance, footwork, and
smearing
.
- slack
- In
lead climbing
and in
top rope climbing
, it is the amount of
additional rope
that the
belayer
has allowed; slack increases the distance of any fall before the
protection
begins to hold the rope, but is needed to reduce
rope drag
or
aid
.
[69]
- sling
- A closed loop of
webbing
.
[2]
- sloper
-
A
hold
where the surface slopes down toward the ground, with very little
positive
surface or lip.
[1]
[2]
[12]
- smearing
- To make use of friction on the sole of the
climbing shoe
in the absence of good footholds.
[1]
[2]
[12]
- snarg
- A type of tubular
ice screw
that is inserted by hammering with an
ice hammer
.
- snow cave
- A temporary shelter constructed by digging out snow to form a cave.
- snow fluke
-
An angled aluminum plate attached to a cable or rope that is buried into the snow to create a
deadman anchor
.
- solo climbing
- When the climber is alone (with no
second
); if also without
protection
is
free solo climbing
. See
rope solo climbing
.
- speed climbing
- A
competition climbing
discipline where competitors race in pairs up a standardized
climbing wall
.
[1]
- spinner
- In
indoor climbing
, a
hold
that is not secure and spins in place when weight is applied.
- splitter
-
A crack with perfectly parallel sides, often in an otherwise blank face.
- sport climbing
- A style of
lead climbing
where the
protection
is via pre-placed fixed
bolt
s; opposite of
traditional climbing
.
[3]
Confusingly,
competition climbing
(which includes bolted lead climbing, but also free solo bouldering and top-roped speed climbing) is sometimes called "sport climbing".
[2]
[3]
- spotting
- People standing beneath a
lead climber
or
bouldering
climber ready to absorb the energy of a
ground fall
.
[2]
- sprag
- A type of hand position where the fingers and thumb are opposed in a tiny crack.
[2]
- spring-loaded camming device
Also
SLCD
A type of active
protection
device used in
crack climbing
. See
cam
.
[2]
- static rope
- A non-elastic
climbing rope
used for
abseiling
or
jumaring
(as a
fixed rope
), but not
lead climbing
. Compare
dynamic rope
.
[2]
[27]
- stein pull
- A technique in
mixed climbing
and
dry-tooling
where the ice axe is inverted and the blade wedged into a crack above the climber's head, who then pulls down on the handle of the axe to gain upward momentum. See also
undercling pull
.
[70]
- stemming
-
Technique for climbing opposing corners by pushing in opposite directions with the feet and hands. See
chimneying
.
[1]
[2]
[12]
[11]
- step cutting
- Scooping steps out of snow or ice with the adze of an
ice axe
.
- step kicking
- Scooping and stamping steps out of soft snow with the feet.
- Sticht plate
- A
belay device
consisting of a flat plate with a pair of slots, named after the inventor Fritz Sticht.
[2]
See also
GiGi
.
- stick clip
-
A long pole with a
quickdraw
that can be clipped into the first
bolt
of a route from the ground.
[1]
- stopper
- 1. A wedge-shaped
nut
made by
Black Diamond
.
- 2. A
knot
used to prevent the end of a rope from running through ? and detaching from ? a piece of
gear
.
[1]
[2]
- Sure-footedness is the ability when hiking or mountain climbing, to negotiate difficult or rough terrain safely.
[71]
- tat
- Term to describe pieces of
webbing
or
cord
left on a climb (e.g. "I found some old tat") often as part of an irretrievable
anchor
point that was part of an
abseil station
.
[72]
- take
Also
take-in
.
The act of taking the
slack
out of a rope; also a
climbing command
by a
lead climber
to the
belayer
.
[1]
- talus
-
An area of large rock fragments on a mountainside where the rocks are stable and not loose like
scree
.
- talon hook
- A type of three-pronged climbing hook used for securing the climber to a horizontal edge in the rock face. Each prong contains a curved hook of differing widths for securing onto respective edge sizes when aid climbing.
- tape
-
Also
climbing tape
and
second skin
Adhesive tape that is wrapped around the fingers and hands to protect the skin; particularly useful in
crack climbing
.
- technical grade
- See
grade
.
- testpiece
- A route that is representative of the hardest climbs in an area at a particular
grade
(e.g.
Action Directe
for
grade
9a).
- tie in
Also
tying in
.
To physically attach the
harness
to the climbing rope, usually via a
figure-eight knot
. See
clip in
.
- thread
- A
runner
created by "threading" a
sling
around a jammed block or through a hole in the rock.
[2]
- toe hook
-
Act of pressing the upper side of the toes under a
hold
to pull the climber inwards; used on
overhang
s.
[1]
[12]
- topo
- The graphical representation ? drawing or photograph ? of a climbing route, with the main obstacles marked.
- top rope climbing
-
Also
top roping
To
belay
from a fixed
anchor
point above the climb; if the climber falls, they just hang. See
hangdog
ging
.
[2]
[1]
[3]
- top-out
- To complete a
route
by ascending over the top of the climb to safety.
[2]
- torque pull
- A technique in
mixed climbing
and
dry-tooling
where the ice axe is wedged into a crack and twisted to generate torque to aid upward momentum. See also
undercling pull
and
stein pull
.
[70]
- tracking
- See
feet follow
.
- traditional climbing
-
Also
trad climbing
or simply
trad
.
A style of
lead climbing
where
protection
is placed as the
lead climber
ascends; opposite of
sport climbing
.
[2]
[3]
- trail rope
Also
haul line
.
A
big wall climbing
technique where the
lead climber
carries an additional static rope (in addition to their dynamic climbing rope) that hangs (or "trails") behind them as they ascend; the trail rope enables the belayer to pass equipment to the leader during the ascent, and for the leader to haul up equipment as the belayer ascends.
[21]
[57]
- traverse
-
1. A section of a
route
that requires progress in a horizontal direction.
[1]
[2]
- 2. A
Tyrolean traverse
is crossing a chasm using a
fixed rope
anchored at both ends.
- 3. A
pendulum traverse
is swinging across a wall suspended from a rope anchored above the climber.
[21]
- 4. A
tension traverse
is a static version of a pendulum traverse where rope tension is used to control movement.
[21]
- tricam
-
A simple
camming
protection
device that has no moving parts (e.g. it is
passive protection
).
- tuber
Also
tubular
-
A type of
belay device
.
- tufa
-
1. A
limestone
rib formation that protrudes from the wall which climbers can pinch-grip.
- 2. A plastic bolted-on
bouldering
hold to replicate such a formation on an
climbing wall
.
- twin ropes
- In
lead climbing
, using two ropes that are even thinner than
double ropes
, both of which need to be
clipped in
at each point of
protection
; sometimes used in long
alpine climbing
routes with major
abseiling
descents.
[27]
- twist lock
- A climbing move where the hips "twist" perpendicular to the wall, the inside arm is "locked" on an upper hold, the outside arm holds the body against the wall, and the feet press down to propel the body higher.
- UIAA
- Acronym for the international governance body for
mountaineering
and other types of
climbing
; UIAA also regulates
competition ice climbing
.
[1]
See also
IFSC
.
- UIAA grade
Also
UIAA scale
.
The
UIAA
grade system for rock climbing, which goes: ... VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, .... , to XII; is less common than the
French grade
system or the American
YDS grade
system, but still used in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe.
[6]
- UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty
- See
Alpine-grade
.
[6]
- undercling
Also
undercut
.
A downward
hold
which is gripped with the palm of the hand facing upwards.
[1]
[2]
[11]
- undercling pull
- After a
stein pull
is completed, the undercling pull is a
mixed climbing
technique for continuing to use the hold to gain upward momentum by using the hold to pull into the rock; requires a lot more energy than a stein pull.
[70]
- undercut
- See
undercling
.
- V-grade
Also
Hueco scale
.
A
grading system
for
bouldering
problems
invented by
John Sherman
, which goes: V0, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7, ... , to V17. The V-scale and the French
font
scale are the most common boulder grading systems in use worldwide.
[1]
[6]
- V-thread
Also
Abalakov thread
.
A type of
abseiling
point used especially in winter and in
ice climbing
.
- verglas
- A thin coating of ice that forms over rocks when rainfall or melting snow freezes, which is hard to climb on as there is insufficient depth for
crampons
to have penetration. See also
clear ice
and
glaze ice
.
- via ferrata
Also
Klettersteig
.
An alpine
route
where
protection
is from permanent steel
fixed ropes
or chains, with progression aided by artificial steel steps or ladders; commonly found in the
Dolomites
. See also
lanyard
and
energy absorber
.
- volume hold
-
A large, hollow, bolted-on
hold
, for indoor
climbing wall
s; it may itself contain individual holds
- WI-grade
Also
ice climbing grades
.
Part of the
ice climbing
system for
grading
the technical difficulty of ice climbing routes, which goes: WI1, WI2, WI3, WI4, WI5, WI6, and up to WI13.
[4]
See also
M-grade
.
- webbing
-
A hollow and flat nylon strip mainly used to make
slings
.
- webolette
- A piece of
webbing
with eyes sewn into the ends which can be used in place of a
cordelette
.
- weighting
- Any time a rope sustains the weight of the climber, e.g. "weighting the rope". This can happen during a minor fall, a
whipper
(long fall), or simply by resting while hanging on the
belay
rope. See also
hangdogging
.
- whipper
-
A large fall by a
lead climber
as they were well beyond the last piece of
protection
. See
screamer
.
[73]
- wire brushing
- Cleaning
a rock climbing route with a wire brush before an attempt; has ethical issues due to rock damage and possible
chipping
.
[2]
- wired
- See
dialled
.
[2]
- wires
- See
nuts
.
[2]
- X
- A suffix used in the
yosemite decimal system
for highlighting
traditional climbing
routes that have poor or even no possibilities for
protection
, where any fall could be fatal (e.g.
Indian Face
and
Gaia
). See
R/X
and
chop route
.
- yaniro
- French term for a
figure-four
move which came from American climber
Tony Yaniro
[
fr
]
's use of it on
Chouca
8a+
(5.13c).
[74]
- yo-yo
- A
free climbing
term pre-
redpoint
ing, where a falling
lead climber
returns to the ground to restart, but leaves their rope clipped into the
protection
? in redpointing, the rope is pulled free from all protection before re-starting the climb.
[2]
- Yosemite Decimal System
- American system for
grading
walks, hikes, and climbs; the rock climbing (5.x) goes: 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.10c, 5.10d, 5.11a, .... , 5.14a, 5.14b, 5.14c, 5.14d, 5.15a, etc., and with the
French grade
system, is the most widely used grading system worldwide for
sport climbing
.
[6]
- z-clipping
- While
lead climbing
,
clipping into
protection
with a segment of rope from
beneath
the previous piece of protection, resulting in
rope drag
.
[1]
[10]
- z-pulley
-
A system of rope, anchors, and pulleys; is typically used to extricate a climber after falling into a
crevasse
.
- zawn
-
In Britain, a deep, narrow inlet in a sea cliff that is filled by the sea at high tide.
[2]
- zipper fall
Also
gear rip-out
.
A
traditional climbing
ground fall
where all the
protection
gear fails in sequence (i.e. opens like a "zip").
[2]
[75]
- zone hold
-
In
competition bouldering
, a hold roughly halfway up that counts towards scoring; formerly (up to 2017) "bonus hold".
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
Climbing Staff (4 May 2022).
"What's A Redpoint And What Do Other Climbing Terms Mean? Our Climbing Dictionary Has The Answers"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
3 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
bw
bx
by
bz
ca
cb
cc
cd
ce
cf
cg
ch
ci
cj
ck
cl
cm
cn
co
cp
cq
cr
cs
ct
cu
cv
cw
cx
cy
cz
da
db
dc
dd
de
df
dg
dh
di
dj
dk
dl
dm
dn
do
dp
dq
Bate, Chris; Arthur, Charles; et al. (8 May 2006).
"A Glossary of Climbing terms: from Abseil to Zawn"
.
UK Climbing
. Retrieved
29 April
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Andrew Bisharat (6 October 2009).
Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success
.
Mountaineers Books
.
ISBN
978-1594852701
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
.
ebook:
ISBN
9781594855139
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"Grade Comparison Chart"
.
Alpinist
. 2023. Archived from
the original
on 30 March 2021
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Ellison, Julie; Whitehead, JP (28 April 2016).
"Training: 16 Climbing Games"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
20 May
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Mandelli, Gabriele; Angriman, A (2016).
Scales of Difficulty in Mountaineering
. Central School of Mountaineering, Italy.
S2CID
53358088
.
- ^
Weidner, Heather (11 November 2018).
"Total Body Climbing: Use All Your Body Parts for Smart, Savvy Climbing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
20 May
2019
.
- ^
Simon, R, Bryan; Hawkins, Seth C. (18 March 2019).
"Learn This: Deep-Water Soloing 101"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
10 May
2023
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Corrigan, Kevin (4 September 2022).
"Rappellers Threw Themselves Face First Off Cliff With One-Nut Anchor"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
21 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Three Common Lead Climbing Mistakes to Avoid"
.
Grippped Magazine
. 1 March 2021
. Retrieved
3 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
"Climbing Techniques and Moves | REI Expert Advice"
.
REI
. Retrieved
13 March
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
"Intermediate Moves"
.
ClimbingTechniques.org
. Retrieved
13 March
2019
.
- ^
Schwartz, Howie (21 July 2016).
"Demystifying the Ball Nut!"
. Sierra Mountain Guides
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Brinlee, Chris (16 March 2016).
"The Noob's Guide to Rock Climbing"
.
Outside
. Retrieved
5 July
2023
.
- ^
"Belay stations ? Mountaineering Methodology"
.
www.mountaineeringmethodology.com
. Archived from
the original
on 29 January 2018
. Retrieved
8 December
2017
.
- ^
Griffith, Conor (2023).
"How It Works: The Bicycle"
.
FrictinoLabs
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
Pack, Pamela (18 April 2016).
"Learn This: Offwidth Protection Primer"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
30 October
2023
.
- ^
Santelices, Christian (18 June 2013).
"How to Hip Belay"
. Climbing.com
. Retrieved
20 April
2023
.
- ^
Bagley, Pat (2 February 2023).
"Learn This Critical Skill for Steep Rock: Boinking"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
Fitchcroft, Cath (25 October 2007).
"Bomb-proof belay stakes at Pembroke"
.
British Mountaineering Council
. Retrieved
1 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Synott, Mark (23 February 2022).
"Everything You Need to Know for Your First Big Wall"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
16 May
2023
.
- ^
"Bowline on a bight"
. Retrieved
July 4,
2020
.
- ^
Siacci, Ryan (12 July 2023).
"Many a visitor has left our shores with crappy dacks (a quaint piece of slang meaning basically what you'd expect) after an exciting episode with this Aussie icon"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
8 November
2023
.
- ^
"The Boot Flake on The Nose on El Cap is Gone, April Foola"
.
Gripped Magazine
. 2 April 2020
. Retrieved
25 May
2023
.
- ^
Kuehl, Matt (18 December 2015).
"Don't Just Wing It: 6 Crucial Wide-Crack Techniques"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
20 May
2019
.
- ^
Der Sachsische Bergsteigerbund, ed. (1 September 2009), "5.1
Klettergipfel
",
Sachsische Kletterregeln : Vollstandige Fassung
(in German), archived from
the original
(Webdokument)
on 10 September 2011
, retrieved
16 November
2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Potter, Stephen (25 July 2022).
"Your Complete Guide to Rock Climbing Ropes"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
21 March
2023
.
- ^
Dunne, Toby (17 August 2021).
"A brief history of competition climbing"
.
British Mountaineering Council
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Quinn, Steve (13 August 2008).
"The Crux"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
24 December
2022
.
- ^
Walker, Noah (21 July 2021).
"Do Ethical Dabs in Bouldering Exist?"
.
Gripped Magaazine
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
Mountaineering : the freedom of the hills
. Mountaineers Books. 2017.
ISBN
9781680510034
.
OCLC
978286879
.
- ^
"Climbing Movement: 17. The DeadPoint"
.
Climbing Tech Tips
. 20 August 2017
. Retrieved
20 May
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Cymerman, A; Rock, PB.
"Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers"
. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. USARIEM-TN94-2. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23
. Retrieved
2009-03-05
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ^
"Film: Emilio Comici ? Angel of the Dolomites"
.
Gripped Magazine
. 8 July 2015
. Retrieved
25 August
2023
.
- ^
"DIRTBAG: THE LEGEND OF FRED BECKEY Screening"
.
The Mountaineers
. Retrieved
2021-02-07
.
- ^
Ellison, Julie (11 January 2013).
"Extension Basics"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
9 December
2016
.
- ^
"Preventing Rope Drag"
.
ClimbingTechniques.org
. Retrieved
9 December
2016
.
- ^
Potter, Stephen (23 August 2022).
"A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
24 December
2022
.
- ^
"Drilling Bolts? Do Not Do This!"
.
Mountain Project
. Retrieved
15 December
2017
.
- ^
"Drilled Pitons in the desert"
.
Mountain Project
. Retrieved
15 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Larson, Josh (14 December 2021).
"Uncoordinated? Here are Three Drills to Improve Your Dynamic Movement"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
25 April
2023
.
- ^
Frommer, Harvey (2005).
The Sports Junkie's Book of Trivia, Terms, and Lingo: What They Are, Where They Came From, and How They're Used
. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 308.
ISBN
978-1-4616-2603-9
.
- ^
a
b
Pardy, Aaron (2 November 2022).
"Onsight and Flash ? What Do They Mean?"
.
Gripped Magazine
. Retrieved
24 December
2022
.
- ^
"What is French free climbing"
.
Climber
. 12 April 2021
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
IFSC 2021 Rules Commission.
"2021 Rules"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2021-12-04
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022).
"Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint ? What Do They Mean?"
.
Gripped Magazine
. Retrieved
21 December
2022
.
- ^
Corrigan, Kevin (6 October 2022).
"Hangboarding For Everyone"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Haas, Laz (21 July 2022).
"How to Hangdog Sport Climbing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
3 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Nelson, Ryan (27 February 2012).
"Is Mixed Climbing Legitimate?"
.
Rock & Ice
. Archived from
the original
on 30 April 2023
. Retrieved
30 April
2023
.
- ^
"Best Ice Climbing tools | Black Diamond Ice Axes | Black Diamond® Climbing Gear"
.
- ^
"IFSC RULES 2023"
.
International Federation of Sport Climbing
. April 2023
. Retrieved
2 April
2023
.
- ^
Buys, Jordan (15 November 2010).
"Use your knees!"
.
UKClimbing
. Retrieved
12 December
2016
.
- ^
Adam Ondra
(8 January 2021).
"Climbing Ethics"
.
AdamOndra.com
. Retrieved
1 January
2022
.
- ^
"Leavittation: How To Climb Offwidth Cracks"
.
Gripped Magazine
. 8 May 2013
. Retrieved
6 March
2023
.
- ^
Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (2005-06-15).
The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A to Z Compendium of Over 2,250 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People
. Taylor Trade Publishing.
ISBN
9781461703310
.
- ^
Samet, Matt (26 June 2019).
"Ah Yes: The Red-Tag / Open Project Dilemma"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter1: Big Wall Climbing Procedures".
Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 94?140.
ISBN
978-0898867480
.
- ^
Wharton, Josh (25 August 2022).
"Top-rope soloing: How Josh Wharton Climbs Multi-pitches Faster and With Less Energy"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
Black, Christian (3 February 2022).
"Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done"
.
GearJunkie
. Retrieved
3 March
2023
.
- ^
Chelton, Neil (2024).
"How To Climb a Big Wall ? Fixing Pitches"
.
VDiff Climbing
. Retrieved
10 May
2024
.
- ^
Miller, Sam (26 October 2022).
"Opinion: Not Retro-Bolting Is Irresponsible. A Doctor Sounds Off"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
1 March
2023
.
- ^
Bordeau, Steve (18 July 2023).
"Should We Really Retro-bolt That Dangerous Classic?"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
12 September
2023
.
- ^
Midtbø, Magnus (30 October 2017).
"How to Rodeo Clip ? Climbing Rope Skills"
.
Rock & Ice
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
"Watch Anna Stohr do the Rose Move on the Famous Rose Route"
.
Gripped Magazine
. 22 November 2018
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Ax, Anders (6 November 2015).
"Tool Users: Realized Ultimate Reality Piton"
.
Alpinist
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Facante, Russ (4 April 2012).
"Short-Fixing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Oakley, Miranda (23 December 2022).
"Advanced Climbing Techniques: Simul-Climbing and Short-Fixing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
10 March
2023
.
- ^
Copeland, Victor (15 October 2022).
"The Weird Origins Of Bouldering's Sit Start"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
13 August
2023
.
- ^
Potter, Stephen (23 August 2022).
"A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
18 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
Issac, Sean (2 February 2004).
"Ice Climbing Skills: The Stein Pull"
.
Climbing
. Retrieved
30 April
2023
.
- ^
Soanes, Catherine and Stevenson, Angus (ed.) (2005).
Oxford Dictionary of English
, 2nd Ed., revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, p. 1775.
ISBN
978-0-19-861057-1
.
- ^
Middleton, Dan (2 June 2008).
"Tech skills: abseil stations"
.
British Mountaineering Council
. Retrieved
21 March
2023
.
- ^
"Enjoy These Sick 6 Weekend Whippers On a Monday, Just Because"
.
Climbing
. 2019
. Retrieved
24 December
2022
.
- ^
"Eline & Marc Le Menestrel: Chouca and Buoux, yesterday, today and tomorrow"
.
PlanetMountain
. 31 March 2020
. Retrieved
1 May
2023
.
- ^
"Weekend Whipper: First-time Traditional Climbing Leader Rips-Out 3 (out of 4) Pieces"
.
Climbing
. 2 April 2022
. Retrieved
1 March
2023
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Types
| |
---|
Lists
| |
---|
Terminology
| |
---|
Media
| Magazines and journals
| |
---|
Non-fiction films
| |
---|
|
---|
Companies
| |
---|
Organizations
| |
---|
|