American rapper from New York (born 1960)
Chuck D
|
---|
Chuck D in 2000
|
|
Birth name
| Carlton Douglas Ridenhour
[1]
|
---|
Also known as
| Carl Ryder
, Mistachuck, Chucky D, Chuck Dangerous, The Hard Rhymer, The Rhyme Animal
|
---|
Born
| (
1960-08-01
)
August 1, 1960
(age 63)
Long Island
, New York, U.S.
|
---|
Genres
| |
---|
Occupation(s)
| Rapper, songwriter
|
---|
Years active
| 1984?present
|
---|
|
Website
| mrchuckd
.com
|
---|
Musical artist
Carlton Douglas Ridenhour
(born August 1, 1960), known professionally as
Chuck D
, is an American rapper,
[2]
best known as the leader and frontman of the
hip hop
group
Public Enemy
, which he co-founded in 1985 with
Flavor Flav
.
[3]
Chuck D is also a member of the rock
supergroup
Prophets of Rage
. He has released several solo albums, most notably
Autobiography of Mistachuck
(1996).
His work with Public Enemy helped create politically and socially conscious hip hop music in the mid-1980s.
The Source
ranked him at No. 12 on its list of the Top 50 Hip-Hop Lyricists of All Time.
[4]
Chuck D has been nominated for six Grammys throughout his career, and has received the
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
as a member of Public Enemy.
[5]
[6]
He was also inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
in 2013 as a member of Public Enemy.
[7]
Early life
[
edit
]
Ridenhour was born on August 1, 1960, on Long Island, New York.
[1]
When he was a child, his mother played
Motown
and
showtunes
in the home and his father belonged to the
Columbia Record Club
.
[8]
He began writing lyrics after the
New York City blackout of 1977
.
[9]
He attended
W. Tresper Clarke High School
,
[10]
[11]
where he was offered no formal education in music.
[12]
He then went to
Adelphi University
on Long Island to study graphic design, where he met William Drayton (
Flavor Flav
). He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Adelphi in 1984 and later received an honorary doctorate from Adelphi in 2013.
While at Adelphi, Ridenhour co-hosted hip hop radio show the
Super Spectrum Mix Hour
as Chuck D on Saturday nights at Long Island rock radio station
WLIR
, designed flyers for local hip-hop events, and drew a cartoon called
Tales of the Skind
for Adelphi student newspaper
The Delphian
.
[9]
Career
[
edit
]
Ridenhour (using the nickname Chuck D) formed
Public Enemy
in 1985 with
Flavor Flav
.
[3]
Upon hearing Ridenhour's demo track "Public Enemy Number One", fledgling producer/upcoming music-mogul
Rick Rubin
insisted on signing him to his
Def Jam Records
.
[13]
Their major label releases were
Yo! Bum Rush the Show
(1987),
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
(1988),
Fear of a Black Planet
(1990),
Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
(1991), the compilation album
Greatest Misses
(1992), and
Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age
(1994). They also released a
full-length album soundtrack
for the film
He Got Game
in 1998.
Ridenhour also contributed (as Chuck D) to several episodes of the documentary series
The Blues
. He has appeared as a featured artist on many other songs and albums, having collaborated with artists such as
Janet Jackson
,
Kool Moe Dee
,
The Dope Poet Society
,
Run?D.M.C.
,
Ice Cube
,
Boom Boom Satellites
,
Rage Against the Machine
,
Anthrax
,
John Mellencamp
and many others. In 1990, he appeared on "
Kool Thing
", a song by the
alternative rock
band
Sonic Youth
, and along with
Flavor Flav
, he sang on
George Clinton
's song "Tweakin'", which appears on his 1989 album
The Cinderella Theory
. In 1993, he was the executive producer for
Got 'Em Running Scared
, an album by
Ichiban Records
group Chief Groovy Loo and the Chosen Tribe.
[14]
Later career
[
edit
]
In 1996, Ridenhour released
Autobiography of Mistachuck
on
Mercury Records
. Chuck D made a rare appearance at the
1998 MTV Video Music Awards
, presenting the
Video Vanguard Award
to the
Beastie Boys
, commending their musicianship. In November 1998, he settled out of court with Christopher "
The Notorious B.I.G.
" Wallace's estate over the latter's sampling of his voice in the song "Ten Crack Commandments". The specific sampling is Ridenhour counting off the numbers one to nine on the track "Shut 'Em Down".
[15]
He later described the decision to sue as "stupid".
[16]
In September 1999, he launched a multi-format "supersite" on the web site Rapstation.com. The site includes a TV and radio station with original programming, prominent hip hop DJs, celebrity interviews, free MP3 downloads (the first was contributed by rapper
Coolio
), downloadable ringtones by
ToneThis
, social commentary, current events, and regular features on turning rap careers into a viable living. Since 2000, he has been one of the most vocal supporters of
peer-to-peer file sharing
in the music industry.
He loaned his voice to
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
as DJ Forth Right MC for the radio station
Playback FM
. In 2000, he collaborated with Public Enemy's Gary G-Whiz and MC Lyte on the theme music to the television show
Dark Angel
. He appeared with
Henry Rollins
in a cover of
Black Flag
's "Rise Above" for the album
Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three
. In 2003, he was featured in the PBS documentary
Godfathers and Sons
in which he recorded a version of
Muddy Waters
' song "
Mannish Boy
" with
Common
, Electrik Mud Cats, and
Kyle Jason
.
[17]
He was also featured on
Z-Trip
's album
Shifting Gears
on a track called "Shock and Awe"; a 12-inch of the track was released featuring artwork by
Shepard Fairey
. In 2008 he contributed a chapter to
Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture
(The MIT Press, 2008) edited by Paul D. Miller a.k.a.
DJ Spooky
, and also turned up on
The Go! Team
's album
Proof of Youth
on the track "Flashlight Fight." He also fulfilled his childhood dreams of being a sports announcer by performing the play-by-play commentary in the video game
NBA Ballers: Chosen One
on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
In 2009, Ridenhour wrote the foreword to the book
The Love Ethic: The Reason Why You Can't Find and Keep Beautiful Black Love
by Kamau and Akilah Butler. He also appeared on
Brother Ali
's album
Us
.
[18]
In March 2011, Chuck D re-recorded vocals with
The Dillinger Escape Plan
for a cover of "
Fight the Power
".
Chuck D duetted with Rock singer
Meat Loaf
on his 2011 album
Hell in a Handbasket
on the song "Mad Mad World/The Good God Is a Woman and She Don't Like Ugly".
In 2016 Chuck D joined the band
Prophets of Rage
along with
B-Real
and former members of
Rage Against the Machine
.
In July 2019, Ridenhour sued Terrordome Music Publishing and Reach Music Publishing for $1 million for withholding royalties.
[19]
In 2023, Chuck D released a four-part documentary on PBS entitled "Fight the Power: How Hip Hop Changed the World."
[20]
Rapping technique and creative process
[
edit
]
Chuck D is known for his powerful rapping.
How to Rap
says he "has a powerful, resonant voice that is often acclaimed as one of the most distinct and impressive in hip-hop".
[21]
: 248
Chuck says this was based on listening to
Melle Mel
and sportscasters such as
Marv Albert
.
[21]
: 248
Chuck often comes up with a title for a song first.
[21]
: 31
[22]
He writes on paper, though sometimes edits using a computer.
[21]
: 143
He prefers to not
punch in
[21]
: 280
or
overdub
vocals.
[21]
: 282
Chuck listed his favourite rap albums in
Hip Hop Connection
in March 2000:
- N.W.A
,
Straight Outta Compton
- Boogie Down Productions
,
Criminal Minded
- Run-DMC
,
Tougher Than Leather
- Big Daddy Kane
,
Looks Like a Job For...
- Stetsasonic
,
In Full Gear
- Ice Cube
,
AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted
- Dr. Dre
,
The Chronic
- De La Soul
,
3 Feet High and Rising
- Eric B. & Rakim
,
Follow the Leader
- Run-DMC
,
Raising Hell
("It was the first record that made me realise this was an album-oriented genre")
[23]
Politics
[
edit
]
Chuck D identifies as Black, as opposed to African or African-American. In a 1993 issue of DIRT Magazine covering a taping of
In the Mix
hosted by
Alimi Ballard
at the Apollo, Dan Field writes,
At one point, Chuck bristles a bit at the term "African-American." He thinks of himself as Black and sees nothing wrong with the term. Besides, he says, having been born in the United States and lived his whole life here, he doesn't consider himself African. Being in Public Enemy has given him the chance to travel around the world, an experience that really opened his eyes and his mind. He says visiting Africa and experiencing life on a continent where the majority of people are Black gave him a new perspective and helped him get in touch with his own history. He also credits a trip to the ancient Egyptian pyramids at Giza with helping him appreciate the relative smallness of man.
[24]
Ridenhour is politically active; he co-hosted
Unfiltered
on
Air America Radio
, testified before the United States Congress in support of
peer-to-peer
MP3 sharing, and was involved in a 2004 rap political convention. He has continued to be an activist, publisher, lecturer, and producer.
Addressing the negative views associated with rap music, he co-wrote the essay book
Fight the Power: Rap, Race, and Reality
with Yusuf Jah. He argues that "music and art and culture is escapism, and escapism sometimes is healthy for people to get away from reality", but sometimes the distinction is blurred and that's when "things could lead a young mind in a direction."
[25]
He also founded the record company Slam Jamz and acted as narrator in Kareem Adouard's short film
Bling: Consequences and Repercussions
, which examines the role of
conflict diamonds
in
bling
fashion. Despite Chuck D and Public Enemy's success, Chuck D claims that popularity or public approval was never a driving motivation behind their work. He is admittedly skeptical of celebrity status, revealing in a 1999 interview with
BOMB Magazine
that "The key for the record companies is to just keep making more and more stars, and make the ones who actually challenge our way of life irrelevant. The creation of celebrity has clouded the minds of most people in America, Europe and Asia. It gets people off the path they need to be on as individuals."
[26]
In an interview with
Le Monde
, published January 29, 2008,
[27]
Chuck D stated that rap is devolving so much into a commercial enterprise, that the relationship between the rapper and the record label is that of slave to a master. He believes that nothing has changed for African-Americans since the debut of Public Enemy and, although he thinks that an Obama-Clinton alliance is great, he does not feel that the establishment will allow anything of substance to be accomplished. He stated that French President
Nicolas Sarkozy
is like any other European elite: he has profited through the murder, rape, and pillaging of those less fortunate and he refuses to allow equal opportunity for those men and women from Africa. In this article, he defended a comment made by
Professor Griff
in the past that he says was taken out of context by the media. The real statement was a critique of the Israeli government and its treatment of the Palestinian people. Chuck D stated that it is Public Enemy's belief that all human beings are equal.
[27]
In an interview with the magazine
N'Digo
published in June 2008, he spoke of today's mainstream urban music seemingly relishing the addictive euphoria of
materialism
and
sexism
, perhaps being the primary cause of many people harboring resentment towards the genre and its future. However, he has expressed hope for its resurrection, saying "It's only going to be dead if it doesn't talk about the messages of life as much as the messages of death and non-movement", citing artists such as
NYOil
,
M.I.A.
and
The Roots
as socially conscious artists who push the envelope creatively. "A lot of cats are out there doing it, on the Web and all over. They're just not placing their career in the hands of some major corporation."
[28]
In 2010, Chuck D released the track "Tear Down That Wall." He said "I talked about the wall not only just dividing the U.S. and Mexico but the states of California, New Mexico and Texas. But Arizona, it's like, come on. Now they're going to enforce a law that talks about basically racial profiling."
[29]
He is on the board of the
TransAfrica Forum
, a Pan African organization that is focused on African, Caribbean and Latin American issues.
He has been an activist with projects of
The Revcoms
, such as
Refuse Fascism
and Stop Mass Incarceration Network.
[30]
Carl Dix
interviewed Chuck D on The Revcoms' YouTube program
The RNL ? Revolution, Nothing Less! ? Show
.
[31]
In 2022, he endorsed
Conrad Tillard
, formerly the Nation of Islam Minister known as Conrad Muhammad and subsequently a Baptist Minister, in his campaign for
New York State Senate
in
District 25
(covering part of eastern and north-central Brooklyn).
[32]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Chuck D is a
teetotaler
.
[33]
Chuck D has said on Twitter that he is the maternal great-grandson of architect
George Washington Foster
.
[34]
[35]
[36]
As of June 2023, he has three children aged 34, 30, and 10. The two oldest by his first ex-wife Deborah McClendon and the youngest by his ex-wife Gaye Theresa Johnson.
[12]
Chuck D lives in California and lost his home in the
Thomas Fire
that occurred from December 2017 to January 2018.
[37]
TV appearances
[
edit
]
- Narrated and appeared on-camera for the 2005 PBS documentary
Harlem Globetrotters
: The Team That Changed the World
.
- Appeared on-camera for the PBS program
Independent Lens
: Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes
.
- Appeared in an episode of
NewsRadio
as himself.
- He appeared on
The Henry Rollins Show
.
- He was a featured panelist (with
Lars Ulrich
) on the May 12, 2000, episode of the
Charlie Rose
show. Host
Charlie Rose
was discussing the Internet, copyright infringement,
Napster Inc.
, and the future of the music industry.
[38]
- He appeared on an episode of
Space Ghost Coast to Coast
with
Pat Boone
. While there,
Space Ghost
tried (and failed) to show he was "hip" to rap, saying his favorite rapper was
M. C. Escher
.
- He appeared on an episode of
Johnny Bravo
.
- He appeared via satellite to the UK, as a panelist on BBC's
Newsnight
on January 20, 2009, following
Barack Obama
's Inauguration.
[39]
- He appeared on a Christmas episode of
Adult Swim
's
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
.
- He appeared on
VH1 Ultimate Albums Blood Sugar Sex Magik
talking about the
Red Hot Chili Peppers
.
- He appeared on
Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways
in the episode talking about the beginnings of the hip-hop scene in New York City
- He is featured in the 2024 documentary
Cover Your Ears
produced by
Prairie Coast Films
and directed by
Sean Patrick Shaul
, discussing music censorship.
[40]
Music appearances
[
edit
]
- In 1990, Chuck featured on
Sonic Youth
single
Kool Thing
.
- In 1993, Chuck rapped on "New Agenda" from
Janet Jackson
's
janet.
"I loved his work, but I'd never met him," said Jackson. "I called Chuck up and told him how much I admired
their
work. When I hear Chuck, it's like I'm hearing someone teaching, talking to a whole bunch of people. And instead of just having the rap in the bridge, as usual, I wanted him to do stuff all the way through. I sent him a tape. He said he loved the song, but he was afraid he was going to mess it up. I said 'Are you kidding?'"
[41]
- In 1999, Chuck D appeared on
Prince
's hit "Undisputed" on the album
Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic
.
- In 2001, Chuck D appeared on the Japanese electronic duo
Boom Boom Satellites
track "Your Reality's a Fantasy but Your Fantasy Is Killing Me" on the album
Umbra
.
- In 2001, Chuck D provided vocals for
Public Domain
's
Rock Da Funky Beats
.
- In 2010, Chuck D made an appearance on the track "Transformacao" (Portuguese for "Transformation") from Brazilian rapper
MV Bill
's album
Causa E Efeito
(meaning
Cause and Effect
).
- In 2003 he was featured on the track "Access to the Excess" in
Junkie XL
's album
Radio JXL: A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin
.
- In 2011 Chuck D made an appearance on the track "Mad Mad World/The Good God Is a Woman and She Don't Like Ugly" from
Meat Loaf
's 2011 album
Hell in a Handbasket
.
- In 2013, he has appeared in
Mat Zo
's single "Pyramid Scheme".
- In 2013 he performed at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Music Masters concert tribute to
The Rolling Stones
.
- In 2014 he performed with Jahi on "People Get Ready" and "Yo!" from
the first album
by Public Enemy spin-off project
PE 2.0
.
- In 2016 he appeared in
ASAP Ferg
's album "
Always Strive and Prosper
" on the track "Beautiful People".
- In 2017 he was featured on the track "America" on
Logic
's album "
Everybody
".
[42]
- In 2019, he appeared on "Story of Everything", a song on
Threads
, an album by
Sheryl Crow
. The track also features
Andra Day
and
Gary Clark Jr.
Discography
[
edit
]
with Public Enemy
[
edit
]
Studio albums
with Confrontation Camp
[
edit
]
Studio albums
with Prophets of Rage
[
edit
]
Studio albums
Studio EPs
Solo
[
edit
]
Studio albums
- Autobiography of Mistachuck
(1996)
- The Black in Man
(2014)
- If I Can't Change the People Around Me I Change the People Around Me
(2016)
[43]
[44]
- Celebration of Ignorance
(2018)
Compilation albums
- Action
(DJ Matheos Worldwide International Remix) ? Most*hifi (featuring Chuck D. and Huggy) (2010)
[45]
- Don't Rhyme for the Sake of Riddlin'
(as Mistachuck) (2012)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Chuck D biography"
.
MTV Artists
. Archived from
the original
on January 2, 2015.
- ^
D, Chuck; Jah, Yusuf (2007).
Chuck D: Lyrics of a Rap Revolutionary
. Gardena, Calif.: Offda.
ISBN
978-0-9749484-1-6
.
- ^
a
b
"Public Enemy is 'moving forward without Flavor Flav' after Bernie Sanders rally dispute"
.
USA Today
. Retrieved
March 6,
2020
.
- ^
"The Source: Top 50 Lyricists [Magazine Scans] ? Genius"
.
Genius
. Retrieved
September 17,
2014
.
- ^
"Chuck D ? Grammys"
.
www.grammy.com
. Retrieved
January 1,
2023
.
- ^
"Isaac Hayes, Public Enemy To Receive Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awards ? Okayplayer"
.
www.okayplayer.com
. Retrieved
January 1,
2023
.
- ^
Bowenbank, Starr (February 3, 2022).
"Every Rapper in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
.
Billboard
. Retrieved
January 1,
2023
.
- ^
Coelho, Saroja (April 29, 2022).
"Hip-hop legend Chuck D shares the stories behind songs that 'shook the planet'
"
.
CBC
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Chang 2005, pp. 237?238.
- ^
D, Chuck (November 19, 2014).
"40 years ago I entered this high school on LongIsland.I was taught to challenge society at WT Clarke with #Audacity..pic.twitter.com/ChY4r9WYDz"
.
@MrChuckD
. Retrieved
April 17,
2020
.
- ^
D, Chuck (March 31, 2013).
"My Song of the Day Jackson Browne who I happened to meet up with 1996 at a Songwriters ceremony Peep THESE DAYS"
.
Twitter.com
. Retrieved
April 17,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Toure (December 3, 2019).
"Public Enemy's Chuck D Talks About Hip-Hop Music"
.
AARP
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
.
- ^
"Hip-hop, you don't stop"
.
the Guardian
. Archived from
the original
on May 16, 2008
. Retrieved
September 17,
2014
.
- ^
"Chief Groovy Loo And The Chosen Tribe"
. Discogs.com
. Retrieved
October 7,
2012
.
- ^
Reiss, Randy (November 17, 1998).
"Public Enemy's Chuck D Settles B.I.G. Copyright Suit"
. MTV
. Retrieved
October 7,
2012
.
- ^
Arnold, Paul (March 9, 2012).
"Chuck D Explains Why Suing The Notorious B.I.G. Was "Stupid" And Why Jay-Z And Kanye West's Bases Are "Corrupt To Rap"
"
.
HipHopDX
. Retrieved
June 23,
2017
.
- ^
Gallo, Phil (September 2, 2003).
"Godfathers & Sons"
.
Variety
.
- ^
Williams, Kam (June 30, 2009).
"The Love Ethic"
. KamWilliams.com
. Retrieved
June 30,
2009
.
- ^
"Chuck D Sues Publishing Company Reach Music for Withholding Royalties"
.
Billboard.com
. August 8, 2019
. Retrieved
October 15,
2019
.
- ^
"Chuck D on His New Hip Hop Documentary 'Fight the Power'
"
.
npr.org
. February 18, 2023
. Retrieved
February 24,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Edwards, Paul (December 2009).
How to Rap
. Chicago Review Press.
ISBN
9781569763773
.
- ^
Coleman, Brian (2007).
Check the Technique: Liner Notes for Hip-Hop Junkies
. New York: Villard/Random House. p.
360
.
ISBN
978-0-8129-7775-2
.
- ^
Fletcher, Mansel (March 2000). "100 Best Albums Ever".
Hip Hop Connection
: 21?42.
- ^
Field, Dan (1993).
"New York, New York; Chuck D, Public Enemy's Mouthpiece"
.
DIRT Magazine
(Zine) – via Online Archive of California; University of California, Los Angeles Library Special Collections.
- ^
"Chuck D: The D is for Dangerous"
. Crave Online. August 6, 2007. Archived from
the original
on August 7, 2013
. Retrieved
October 7,
2012
.
- ^
Thorpe, David (Summer 1999).
"Chuck D"
.
BOMB Magazine
. Retrieved
June 13,
2012
.
- ^
a
b
Mortaigne, Veronique (January 29, 2008).
"Chuck D : let rap sans strass"
[Chuck D: Rap Without Rhinestones].
Le Monde
(in French). Archived from
the original
on January 31, 2008
. Retrieved
June 19,
2019
.
- ^
Muhammad, Cinque (June 26, 2008).
"Hip-Hop Conspiracy? Critics charge conscious rap is silenced"
.
N'Digo Online
. Archived from
the original
on August 7, 2008
. Retrieved
July 5,
2008
.
- ^
"Chuck D Takes Aim at Arizona; Public Enemy In the Studio"
.
Billboard
. September 14, 2009
. Retrieved
May 8,
2012
.
- ^
"Chuck D takes the pledge for the Month of Resistance"
.
revcom.us
.
- ^
"CHUCK D on removing Trump, George Floyd, and the new Public Enemy video"
.
YouTube
.
Archived
from the original on November 17, 2021.
- ^
Witt, Stephen (August 15, 2022).
"Mayor Adams Endorses Tillard over DSAer Brisport in Bed-Stuy senate race"
.
PoliticsNY
.
- ^
Christgau, Robert; Tate, Greg.
"Chuck D All Over the Map"
.
Robert Christgau: Dean of American Rock Critics
. Archived from
the original
on October 18, 2017
. Retrieved
April 15,
2024
.
- ^
Chuck D [@MrChuckD] (April 5, 2019).
"My family claim to fame is my great grandfather George Washington Foster was the second licensed Black architect in New York and spit his design work on this building still here. #Flatiron #StriveForGreatness ????????????"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
Chuck D [@MrChuckD] (March 13, 2022).
"Of course George Washington Foster being my Moms grandfather 1st licensed Black architect in NJ , second Black licensed architect in NY ( worked on Flatiron Bldg) you also clear up long family rumor on Jefferson Davis. Yeah slavery was a MF ? Wikipedia"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
Chuck D [@MrChuckD] (July 30, 2022).
"My great grandfather George Washington Foster designed quite a few buildings in nyc and a slew of buildings in New Jersey his state. Everytime I pass the @FlatironNY building I think of history"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
July 30,
2022
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
Kenneally, Tim (January 10, 2018).
"Chuck D Lost His Home in California Wildfire, Court Papers Say"
.
TheWrap
. Retrieved
October 26,
2020
.
- ^
"A discussion of the music wars on the internet"
. Charlierose.com. Archived from
the original
on April 23, 2014
. Retrieved
September 17,
2014
.
- ^
"Newsnight debate on unity in America"
. News.bbc.co.uk. January 21, 2009
. Retrieved
September 17,
2014
.
- ^
"Cover Your Ears"
.
- ^
Q
, June 1993
- ^
"Stream Logic's New Album 'Everybody'
"
.
XXL
. May 5, 2017
. Retrieved
May 5,
2017
.
- ^
"RCS Music"
.
rcsmusic.com
. Archived from
the original
on December 13, 2017
. Retrieved
December 29,
2016
.
- ^
"Chuck D Drops New Video and New Album"
.
publicenemy.com
. Archived from
the original
on December 30, 2016
. Retrieved
December 29,
2016
.
- ^
"Action (DJ Matheos Worldwide International Remix)"
.
Amazon.com
. Retrieved
December 2,
2013
.
- Other sources
Selected publications
[
edit
]
- Chuck D; Yusuf Jah (1997).
Fight the Power: Rap, Race, and Reality
(1st ed.). Dell Publishing Company.
ISBN
978-0-8624-1720-8
.
- Chuck D; Yusuf Jah (2006).
Lyrics of a Rap Revolutionary Volume One
. Office Da Books.
ISBN
978-0-9749-4841-6
.
- Chuck D; Duke Eatmon; Ron Maskell; Lorrie Boula; Jonathan Bernstein; Shepard Fairey (2017).
Chuck D Presents This Day in Rap and Hip-Hop History
.
Black Dog & Leventhal
.
ISBN
978-0-3164-3097-5
.
External links
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