Attitude of Christians toward gender identity and transgender people
Within
Christianity
, there are a variety of views on the issues of
gender identity
and
transgender people
.
Christian denominations
vary in their official position: some explicitly support gender transition, some
oppose it
, and others are divided or have not taken an official stance. Within any given denomination, individual members may or may not endorse the official views of their church on the topic.
[1]
Denominations including the
Catholic Church
, the
Jehovah's Witnesses
, and the
Southern Baptist Convention
have expressed official opposition to gender transition, sometimes citing Biblical references to
God
creating humans as "male and female."
[2]
Other denominations, including the
Church of England
,
Church of Sweden
,
Episcopal Church
,
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
, and
Presbyterian Church (USA)
, have permitted ordained transgender
clergy
to serve in congregations.
History
[
edit
]
The
history of Christianity and homosexuality
has traditionally intertwined with the history of Christianity and transgender people, and has been subject to intense debate.
[3]
The
Hebrew Bible
and its traditional interpretations in
Judaism
and
Christianity
have historically affirmed and endorsed a
patriarchal
and
heteronormative
approach towards
human sexuality
.
[4]
[5]
They favour exclusively
penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women
within the boundaries of
marriage
over all other forms of
human sexual activity
.
[4]
[5]
This includes
autoeroticism
,
masturbation
,
oral sex
,
non-penetrative
and
non-heterosexual
sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "
sodomy
" by some at various times).
[6]
They believe and teach that such behaviors are forbidden because they're considered
sinful
,
[4]
[5]
and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of
Sodom and Gomorrah
.
[4]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
However, the status of LGBT people in
early Christianity
is debated.
[3]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
Some commentators, both Catholic and those of other denominations maintain that the
early Christian churches
deplored transgender people and
same-sex relationships
.
[15]
However, others maintain that they accepted them on the level of their heterosexual counterparts.
[16]
These disagreements concern the translations of certain terms, or the meaning and context of some
biblical passages
, including
Sodom and Gomorrah
, Levitical laws, and other passages.
[7]
Biblical sources
[
edit
]
Surgery and other alterations of the body
[
edit
]
With respect to
transition-related surgery
, and other alterations of the physical body, the
Old Testament
has specific rules about men's genitalia being intact: men with damaged testicles or severed genitals are forbidden from being admitted to religious assemblies.
[17]
The
New Testament
is more ambiguous about
gender-variant
and otherwise altered bodies than the Old Testament.
Eunuchs
(Greek
eunochos
, similar to Hebrew
saris
) are indicated as acceptable candidates for evangelism and baptism, as demonstrated in a story about the conversion of an
Ethiopian eunuch
.
[18]
While answering questions about marriage and
divorce
,
Jesus
says that "there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven."
[19]
This has sparked discussion about the significance of the selection of the Ethiopian eunuch as being the first Gentile convert to Christianity. Some argue that the inclusion of a eunuch represents a sexual minority similar to some of those who are included under today's category of transgender, in the context of the time.
[20]
Gender-specific clothing
[
edit
]
The Old Testament contains prohibitions against men wearing women's clothing and vice versa, which is cited as an abomination within the context of pagan idol worship practices in
Deuteronomy 22:5
.
[21]
As a result, it was once considered
taboo
in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per
St. Thomas Aquinas
's guidelines in the
Summa Theologica
).
[22]
In the Middle Ages, this rule's applicability was occasionally disputed.
[23]
The
Quinisext Council
in the 7th century ordered students at the University of Constantinople to stop engaging in transvestism.
[24]
However, 19th century biblical scholar
Adam Clarke
noted that "it is very probable that
armour
is here intended"
[25]
referring to Deuteronomy 22:5.
There is debate about whether Jesus abolished the Torah law about clothing.
[26]
The Bible states that Jesus said, "Do not worry about clothes" in
Matthew 6:25
,
Matthew 6:28
, and
Luke 12:22
.
Pauline Christianity
teaches that the old covenant legal system was abolished altogether, so it cannot be counted a sin any longer now in the Christian faith. Traditionally
Catholicism
and
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
have no commonly known general injunctions against the practice.
Catholic Church
[
edit
]
Documents and declarations
[
edit
]
The
Catechism of the Catholic Church
does not have any text explicitly regarding transgender people. However, it does clearly state that gender is exclusively binary and every person should "acknowledge and accept his sexual identity." It strongly implies that birth anatomy and gender expression are equal and further emphasizes binary heterosexual marriage and family roles.
[27]
[28]
The
Catholic Church
, for example, stated a position in a 2000 document
[
which?
]
by the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
that sex reassignment surgery does not change a person's gender in the eyes of the Church. "The key point," said the reported document, "is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female." The document also concluded that a "sex-change" operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in all cases transgender people cannot validly marry.
[29]
On 28 September 2002, the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
addressed a letter to the presidents of all
episcopal conferences
, stating that the gender of a faithful cannot be changed in the
baptismal record
following
gender reassignment
, as this does not change the condition of the person concerned under
canon law
. The letter orders that an annotation should be added to the record, mentioning the decision taken by civil authorities.
[30]
In September 2015, the Dicastery upheld the refusal of
Rafael Zornoza
,
Bishop of Cadiz and Ceuta
, to permit an openly transgender man to be a godfather to his nephew at a baptism.
[31]
In June 2019, the
Congregation for Catholic Education
published a document titled
Male and Female He Created Them
, instructing
Catholic schools
on topics regarding
gender identity
.
[32]
The document rejected the terms transgender and
intersex
, and criticized the idea that people could choose or change their gender. They labeled it as a "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires". It asserted male and female genitalia were designed for procreation. Transgender advocates responded that people may discover a gender different than their external appearance, as determined by "genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry". They criticized the document as not reflecting the life experiences of transgender people and worried it would encourage discrimination and
self-harm
.
[33]
On 31 October 2023, a document from the
Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith
, responding to questions from Jose Negri,
Bishop of Santo Amaro
,
said that transgender people could be baptised, be godparents at a baptism, and be witnesses at weddings, so long as such situations would not cause
scandal
.
[34]
[35]
Statements by popes
[
edit
]
Pope
Benedict XVI
denounced concepts of gender transition, warning that these ideas blur the distinction between male and female and could thus lead to the "self-destruction" of the human species.
[36]
Benedict also warned against alteration of the term "gender": "What is often expressed and understood by the term 'gender,' is definitively resolved in the self-emancipation of the human being from creation and the Creator," he warned. "Man wants to create himself, and to decide always and exclusively on his own about what concerns him." He said that this is humanity living "against truth, against the creating Spirit."
[37]
In December 2012, during his
Christmas
address to the
Roman Curia
,
Pope Benedict XVI
described the view that one can choose their gender identity, as a "profound falsehood."
[38]
While repeatedly denouncing
gender theory
and
gender-affirming surgery
,
[39]
[40]
in several public statements,
Pope Francis
, head of the Catholic Church since 2013, has emphasised the need to accompany transgender people.
[41]
[42]
On 24 January 2015, he met a Spanish civil servant who stopped attending Mass after his sex change led his parish priest and others to reject him.
[43]
During the
COVID-19 pandemic
, the Vatican forged close relations with a group of trans women in
Torvaianica
, many of whom were from Latin America and working as prostitutes.
[44]
In August 2020, Francis sent his prayers to
Monica Astorga Cremona
, an Argentine
Carmelite
nun, and the transgender women for which she opened a building complex in
Neuquen
.
[45]
Writing in the
Toronto Star
, columnist
Michael Coren
described Francis' support as "monumental" and "far more significant than it may seem because the Roman Catholic Church has often been loud and active in opposing the very notion of the trans reality".
[46]
In
Pope Francis: This Economy Kills
(2015), a book edited by
Andrea Tornielli
and
Giacomo Galeazzi
[
it
]
reporting extensive interviews with Francis,
[47]
Francis compared "genetic manipulation" and
gender theory
to
nuclear weapons
, calling them "a new sin, that against God the Creator" that "does not recognise the order of creation", whose design "is written in nature".
[39]
At a meeting of young people in
Naples
on 21 March 2015, Francis called gender theory "the mistake of the human mind ... creating so much confusion".
[48]
At a general audience the following month, he said:
[49]
I ask myself, if the so-called gender theory is not, at the same time, an expression of frustration and resignation, which seeks to cancel out sexual difference because it no longer knows how to confront it. Yes, we risk taking a step backwards. The removal of difference in fact creates a problem, not a solution. In order to resolve the problems in their relationships, men and women need to speak to one another more, listen to each other more, get to know one another better, love one another more.
In an address to Polish bishops in
Krakow Cathedral
on 27 July 2016, later published by the Vatican, Francis denounced the "ideological colonisation" of children being taught about
gender-affirming surgery
.
[50]
During his 2016 pastoral visit to
Georgia
and
Azerbaijan
, Francis told a conference of priests and nuns that teaching
gender theory
in schools was part of a "global war" against marriage.
[51]
In the press conference aboard the papal flight home on 2 October 2016, he called gender theory "against the realities of nature", warning that schools teaching gender theory "to change people's way of thinking [is] 'ideological colonisation'".
[41]
[51]
At an audience with the
Pontifical Academy for Life
on 5 October 2017, Francis condemned "the biological and psychical manipulation of sexual difference, which biomedical technology allows us to perceive as completely available to free choice ? which it is not!"
[40]
Francis' comments were criticised by Catholic LGBT organisations, including
New Ways Ministry
and
DignityUSA
.
[52]
Statements by bishops
[
edit
]
In January 2020,
Bishop Paprocki
of the
Diocese of Springfield
released a pastoral guide regarding gender identity. Paprocki's guide stated that "a person cannot change his or her gender" and that sex-reassignment surgery is "a type of mutilation and intrinsically evil." He also refers to transgender surgeries for children as "child abuse and genital mutilation" and emphasized that "it is imperative to be clear on the reality of human biology as a gift from God that we cannot change."
[53]
[54]
[55]
In August 2021,
Bishop Burbidge
of the
Diocese of Arlington
released a pastoral letter titled
A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology
. Burbidge's letter calls upon Catholics to show love to transgender people, reminding them of their value and listening to their struggle, while also avoiding showing any "misguided charity and false compassion." He urges Catholics to reject the use of "gender-affirming' terms or pronouns", as it would "be inconsistent" with Church teachings on sex.
[56]
[57]
In May 2024, Brother Christian Matson of the
Diocese of Lexington
in
Kentucky
came out as trans, making him the first transgender person to be employed by the Catholic church. The Bishop of Lexington,
John Stowe
, who knew Matson was transgender when he hired him, and who gave his "blessing" to Matson to come out, stated “My willingness to be open to him is because it’s a sincere person seeking a way to serve the church. Hermits are a rarely used form of religious life … but they can be either male or female. Because there’s no pursuit of priesthood or engagement in sacramental ministry, and because the hermit is a relatively quiet and secluded type of vocation, I didn’t see any harm in letting him live this vocation.”
[58]
Old Catholic Church
[
edit
]
The
Old Catholic Church
has been affirming and welcoming to transgender members. Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches have been accepting of the LGBT community in general.
[59]
In 2014, one of the first transgender priests was ordained in the Old Catholic Church.
[60]
Protestantism
[
edit
]
Anglican and Lutheran
[
edit
]
In 2000, the
Church of England
, an
Anglican church
, permitted transgender priests to continue serving as pastors.
[61]
In 2005 Sarah Jones became the first openly transgender person ordained by the Church of England as a priest.
[62]
[63]
[64]
Carol Stone
was the first transgender priest, having been ordained in 1978 and transitioning in 2000, then continuing her ministry within the church as a woman.
[65]
In 2006, the
Church of Sweden
, the national Lutheran church in Full Communion with the Church of England through the
Porvoo Communion
, voted to ordain transgender priests.
[66]
[67]
In 2009, a spokesperson for the
Church in Wales
, an Anglican church, announced that the church affirms transgender people.
[68]
Transgender people have also gained acceptance in some churches in Africa and Asia. In 2012, the
Church of South India
opened up the possibility of ordaining transgender priests.
[69]
In Africa, the
Anglican Church of Southern Africa
affirmed that transgender people could be "full members".
[70]
In 2014, the Anglican church appointed an openly transgender, and lesbian, vicar as a minor canon in Manchester Cathedral.
[71]
In 2015, the Church of England introduced a proposal to offer naming ceremonies for transgender members.
[72]
The Diocese of Blackburn in the Church of England has already been using the naming rite.
[73]
The Secretary General of the Archbishop's Council of the Church of England William "Nye said the Church already had services for people who had been through a 'significant personal transition of one kind or another' which could be used to mark gender change."
[74]
Couples, where one partner is transgender and recognized as having legally transitioned, may marry in Church of England parishes. "Thus clergy in the Church of England...will not be able to prohibit the use of their church buildings for such marriages."
[75]
In 2017, the General Synod of the Church of England passed a motion stating, "That this Synod, recognizing the need for transgender people to be welcomed and affirmed in their parish church, call on the House of Bishops to consider whether some nationally commended liturgical materials might be prepared to mark a person's gender transition."
[76]
[77]
Other denominations that welcome transgender members and ordain transgender people in ministry are
The Episcopal Church
and
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
.
[78]
The
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
is a
Reformed Orthodox
denomination in
India
which is a
full communion
partner of the
Anglican Communion
. The Mar Thoma Church has affirmed societal support for the inclusion and acceptance of
third gender
persons.
[79]
In 2019, the church announced that it supports transgender people and that it believes the Bible makes several references to transgender people.
[80]
The church also started a program to provide financial assistance to transgender persons in need of
sex reassignment surgery
.
[81]
Evangelical
[
edit
]
The
Southern Baptist Convention
has also frequently voiced opposition to the idea of gender transition, and to gender-related alteration of one's body, including surgery and use of
hormone therapy
.
In 2014, the
Southern Baptist Convention
approved a resolution at its annual meeting stating that "God's design was the creation of two distinct and complementary sexes, male and female" and that "gender identity is determined by biological sex, not by one's self-perception."
[82]
Furthermore, the resolution opposes hormone therapy, transition-related procedures, and anything else that would "alter one's bodily identity". The resolution further opposes government efforts to "validate transgender identity as morally praiseworthy".
[82]
Instead, the resolution asks transgender people to "trust in Christ and to experience renewal in the Gospel".
[82]
In 2017, the
Seventh-day Adventist Church
, the largest church within
Adventism
, issued a statement entitled, "Statement on Transgenderism", that said "our gender identity, as designed by God, is determined by our biological sex at birth" and that "the desire to change or live as a person of another gender may result in biblically inappropriate lifestyle choices."
[83]
In 2017, the
Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
, an
evangelical
Christian
organization that promotes a
complementarian
view of
gender roles
and rejects LGBTQ identities,
[84]
[85]
[86]
released a manifesto on gender and
sexuality
known as the
Nashville Statement
. The statement includes fourteen points of belief and was signed by 150 evangelical leaders.
[87]
The statement was controversial, with some evangelicals and other Christian organizations, as well as LGBTQ rights groups, voicing opposition.
[87]
[88]
[89]
Mainline
[
edit
]
Within mainline and liberal Protestantism, several denominations including regional bodies within denominations have grown increasingly accepting and supportive of transgender members and rights. Usually, support for the full inclusion of transgender people, including in ordained ministry, has been accompanied by support for the broader LGBT community.
[
citation needed
]
The
United Church of Christ
General Synod called for full inclusion of transgender persons in 2003.
[90]
In 2008, the
United Methodist Church
Judicial Council ruled that transgender pastor Drew Phoenix could keep his position.
[91]
At the UMC
General Conference
the same year, several petitions that would have forbidden transgender clergy and added anti-transgender language to the
Book of Discipline
were rejected.
[92]
In 2017, M Barclay became the first openly non-binary trans person to be commissioned as a Deacon in the United Methodist Church.
[93]
Other mainline Protestant denominations that welcome transgender members and ordain transgender people in ministry are the Episcopal Church,
United Church of Christ
, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the Presbyterian Church (USA).
[78]
In 2014, the Calvary Baptist Church in DC ordained the first known and openly transgender minister within a Baptist church.
[94]
Calvary Baptist is affiliated with the
American Baptist Churches USA
, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, and Alliance of Baptists.
[95]
Unitarianism
[
edit
]
The
Unitarian Universalist Association
(UUA), a mainline and historically Christian
Non-Trinitarian
denomination,
[96]
has been supportive of transgender people. Although they are no longer exclusively Christian, they officially welcome transgender members and ministers.
[97]
In 2017, the Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for non-binary, genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit, and polygender people. The church has replaced the words "men and women" with the word "people". Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love".
[98]
Jehovah's Witnesses
[
edit
]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that
transgender
people should live as the gender they were assigned at birth and view
gender-affirming surgery
as mutilation.
[99]
Philippine Independent Church
[
edit
]
Officially known as the
Iglesia Filipina Independiente
and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, an
Independent Catholic
denomination with
Anglo-Catholic
[100]
orientation, the church has adopted an official and binding position of inclusion and full acceptance of LGBT individuals and organizations since 2017 after the question of inclusiveness was raised in an official leadership meeting by a gay member of the church in 2014. Its youth organization wing has also repeatedly elected presidents, vice presidents, and executives who belong to the Filipino LGBT youth sector.
[101]
On February 24, 2023, the church ordained Wylard "Wowa" Ledama, a
trans woman
, to the
diaconate
as the church's first trans clergy in the predominantly conservative country.
[102]
Denominations that allow transgender clergy
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Smith, Gregory A.
"Views of transgender issues divide along religious lines"
.
Pew Research Center
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2022-04-01
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.
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- ^
"Transgender people can be baptised and be godparents, Vatican says"
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Further reading
[
edit
]