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Isotopes of chlorine

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Isotopes of chlorine   ( 17 Cl)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life ( t 1/2 ) mode pro­duct
35 Cl 76% stable
36 Cl trace 3.01 × 10 5  y β ? 36 Ar
ε 36 S
37 Cl 24% stable
Standard atomic weight A r °(Cl)

Chlorine ( 17 Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from 28 Cl to 52 Cl, and two isomers , 34m Cl and 38m Cl. There are two stable isotopes , 35 Cl (75.8%) and 37 Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is 36 Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 hour, many less than one second. The shortest-lived are proton-unbound 29 Cl and 30 Cl, with half-lives less than 10 picoseconds and 30 nanoseconds, respectively; the half-life of 28 Cl is unknown.

List of isotopes [ edit ]

Nuclide [4]
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass ( Da ) [5]
[n 2] [n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7] [n 4] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
28 Cl [6] 17 11 28.02954(64)# p 27 S 1+#
29 Cl [6] 17 12 29.01413(20) <10 ps p 28 S (1/2+)
30 Cl [6] 17 13 30.00477(21)# <30 ns p 29 S 3+#
31 Cl 17 14 30.992448(4) 190(1) ms β + (97.6%) 31 S 3/2+
β + , p (2.4%) 30 P
32 Cl 17 15 31.9856846(6) 298(1) ms β + (99.92%) 32 S 1+
β + , α (.054%) 28 Si
β + , p (.026%) 31 P
33 Cl 17 16 32.9774520(4) 2.5038(22) s β + 33 S 3/2+
34 Cl 17 17 33.97376249(5) 1.5266(4) s β + 34 S 0+
34m Cl 146.360(27) keV 31.99(3) min β + (55.4%) 34 S 3+
IT (44.6%) 34 Cl
35 Cl 17 18 34.96885269(4) Stable 3/2+ 0.7576(10) 0.75644?0.75923
36 Cl [n 8] 17 19 35.96830682(4) 3.013(15)×10 5  y β ? (98.1%) 36 Ar 2+ Trace [n 9] approx. 7×10 ?13
β + (1.9%) 36 S
37 Cl 17 20 36.96590258(6) Stable 3/2+ 0.2424(10) 0.24077?0.24356
38 Cl 17 21 37.96801042(11) 37.24(5) min β ? 38 Ar 2?
38m Cl 671.365(8) keV 715(3) ms IT 38 Cl 5?
39 Cl 17 22 38.9680082(19) 56.2(6) min β ? 39 Ar 3/2+
40 Cl 17 23 39.97042(3) 1.35(2) min β ? 40 Ar 2?
41 Cl 17 24 40.97068(7) 38.4(8) s β ? 41 Ar (1/2+,3/2+)
42 Cl 17 25 41.97334(6) 6.8(3) s β ? 42 Ar
43 Cl 17 26 42.97406(7) 3.13(9) s β ? (>99.9%) 43 Ar (3/2+)
β ? , n (<.1%) 42 Ar
44 Cl 17 27 43.97812(15) 0.56(11) s β ? (92%) 44 Ar (2-)
β ? , n (8%) 43 Ar
45 Cl 17 28 44.98039(15) 513(36) ms [7] β ? (76%) 45 Ar (3/2+)
β ? , n (24%) 44 Ar
46 Cl 17 29 45.98512(22) 232(2) ms β ? , n (60%) 45 Ar 2-#
β ? (40%) 46 Ar
47 Cl 17 30 46.98950(43)# 101(6) ms β ? (97%) 47 Ar 3/2+#
β ? , n (3%) 46 Ar
48 Cl 17 31 47.99541(54)# 100# ms [>200 ns] β ? 48 Ar
49 Cl 17 32 49.00101(64)# 50# ms [>200 ns] β ? 49 Ar 3/2+#
50 Cl 17 33 50.00831(64)# 20# ms β ? 50 Ar
51 Cl 17 34 51.01534(75)# 2# ms [>200 ns] β ? 51 Ar 3/2+#
52 Cl [8] 17 35 β ? 52 Ar
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ m Cl – Excited nuclear isomer .
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1 σ ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ Used in radiodating water
  9. ^ Cosmogenic nuclide

Chlorine-36 [ edit ]

Main article: Chlorine-36

Trace amounts of radioactive 36 Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7×10 ?13 to 1 with stable isotopes. 36 Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36 Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons . In the subsurface environment, 36 Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35 Cl or muon capture by 40 Ca . 36 Cl decays to either 36 S (1.9%) or to 36 Ar (98.1%), with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of 36 Cl were produced by neutron irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36 Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water , 36 Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36 Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, forecasts, and elements. In chloride-based molten salt reactors the production of 36
Cl by neutron capture is an inevitable consequence of using natural isotope mixtures of chlorine (i.e. Those containing 35
Cl ). This produces a long lived radioactive product which has to be stored or disposed off. Isotope separation to produce pure 37
Cl can vastly reduce 36
Cl production, but a small amount might still be produced by (n,2n) reactions involving fast neutrons .

Chlorine-37 [ edit ]

Main article: Chlorine-37

Stable chlorine-37 makes up about 24.23% of the naturally occurring chlorine on earth. Variation occurs as chloride mineral deposits have a slightly elevated chlorine-37 balance over the average found in sea water and halite deposits. [ citation needed ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 45 (3): 030001. doi : 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae .
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Chlorine" . CIAAW . 2009.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Bohlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Groning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi : 10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN   1365-3075 .
  4. ^ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
    Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode : 2017ChPhC..41c0001A . doi : 10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 .
  5. ^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 41 (3): 030003-1?030003-442. doi : 10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003 .
  6. ^ a b c Mukha, I.; et al. (2018). "Deep excursion beyond the proton dripline. I. Argon and chlorine isotope chains". Physical Review C . 98 (6): 064308?1?064308?13. arXiv : 1803.10951 . Bibcode : 2018PhRvC..98f4308M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevC.98.064308 . S2CID   119384311 .
  7. ^ Bhattacharya, Soumik; Tripathi, Vandana; Tabor, S. L.; Volya, A.; Bender, P. C.; Benetti, C.; Carpenter, M. P.; Carroll, J. J.; Chester, A.; Chiara, C. J.; Childers, K.; Clark, B. R.; Crider, B. P.; Harke, J. T.; Jain, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Lubna, R. S.; Luitel, S.; Longfellow, B.; Mogannam, M. J.; Ogunbeku, T. H.; Perello, J.; Richard, A. L.; Rubino, E.; Saha, S.; Shehu, O. A.; Unz, R.; Xiao, Y.; Zhu, Yiyi (2023-08-18). "β ? decay of neutron-rich 45 Cl located at the magic number N=28". Physical Review C . 108 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 024312. doi : 10.1103/physrevc.108.024312 . ISSN   2469-9985 .
  8. ^ Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters . 122 (6): 062502?1?062502?6. arXiv : 1901.07632 . Bibcode : 2019PhRvL.122f2502N . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502 . PMID   30822058 . S2CID   73508148 .

External links [ edit ]

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