Indigenous people of northwestern Canada
Ethnic group
Denes?łı?ne
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chipewyan-in-a-canoe.jpg/220px-Chipewyan-in-a-canoe.jpg) |
|
30,910 (2016 census)
[1]
|
|
Canada
|
Saskatchewan
| 12,875
|
---|
Northwest Territories
| 7,820
|
---|
Alberta
| 6,350
|
---|
Manitoba
| 1,905
|
---|
British Columbia
| 1,225
|
---|
|
English
,
Denesuline
|
|
Christianity
,
Animism
|
|
Dene
,
Yellowknives
,
Tłı?ch?
,
Slavey
,
Sahtu
|
The
Chipewyan
(
CHIP
-?-
WY
-?n
, also called
Denesoline
or
Denes?łı?ne
or
Dene S?łıne?
, meaning "the original/real people")
[2]
[3]
are a
Dene
Indigenous Canadian people
of the
Athabaskan language family
, whose ancestors are identified with the
Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition
.
[4]
[5]
[6]
They are part of the
Northern Athabascan
group of peoples, and hail from what is now
Western Canada
.
Terminology
[
edit
]
The term
Chipewyan
(
?????
) is a
Cree
exonym
meaning 'pointed hides', referring to the design of their parkas.
[7]
The French-speaking missionaries to the northwest of the
Red River Colony
referred to the Chipewyan people as Montagnais in their documents written in French.
[8]
Montagnais simply means 'mountain people' or 'highlanders' in French and has been applied to many unrelated nations across North America over time. For example, the
Neenolino Innu
of northern Quebec are also called
Montagnais
.
Album with photos of Chipewyan woman and boy
Demographics
[
edit
]
Chipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western
Canadian Shield
to the
Northwest Territories
, including northern parts of the provinces of
Manitoba
,
Alberta
and
Saskatchewan
. There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Denes?łı?ne group.
The following list of
First Nations
band governments
had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25,519, with 11,315 in Saskatchewan, 6,952 in Alberta, 3,038 in Manitoba and 4,214 in the Northwest Territories. All had Denesuline populations; however, several had a combination of
Cree
and Denesuline members (see the
Barren Lands First Nation
in Manitoba and the
Fort McMurray First Nation
in Alberta).
There are also many Dene (Denes?lı?ne)-speaking Metis communities located throughout the region. The Saskatchewan village of
La Loche
, for example, had 2,300 residents who in the 2011 census identified as speaking Dene (Denesuline) as their native language.
[9]
About 1,800 of the residents were Metis and about 600 were members of the Clearwater River Dene Nation.
[10]
Commemorations
[
edit
]
The relocation of the Sayisi Dene is commemorated by the Dene Memorial in Churchill Manitoba.
[11]
Governance
[
edit
]
The Denes?łı?ne people are part of many
band governments
spanning Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.
Alberta
[
edit
]
- Athabasca Tribal Council
- Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation
. Reserves:
Fort Chipewyan
(
K'aı?tel ko?
) Chipewyan #201, 201A, 201B, 201C, 201D, 201E, 201F, 201G, c. 348 km
2
, Population: 1,200
[12]
- Fort McKay First Nation
. Reserves: Fort McKay #174, 174C, 174D, Namur Lake #174B, 174A, c. 149 km
2
. Population: 851
[13]
- Chipewyan Prairie First Nation
(
Tł'ogh telı? denes?łı?ne
) Reserves: Cowper Lake #194A, Janvier #194,
Winefred Lake
(
?uldaze tue
) #194B, c. 31 km
2
. Population: 923
[14]
[15]
- Fort McMurray First Nation (
Tthı?dłı? ku??
)
. Reserves: Fort McMurray #468, Clearwater #175, Gregoire Lake #176, 176A, 176B, c. 31 km
2
. Population: 763
[16]
- Mikisew Cree First Nation
, despite the name, the population of this band is mixed with a "little over fifty percent" having Chipewyan ancestry in 2020 according to a former chief, whose own mother was Dene.
[17]
- Tribal Chiefs Association (TCA)
[18]
- Akaitcho Territory Government
(ATG) (
?akechogh n?n?
)
- Smith's Landing First Nation
. 'Thebati Dene Suhne' Tthebatthı? denes?łı?ne,
Thebacha Tthebachaghe
- 'beside the rapids', the Dene name for
Fort Smith
. Reserves and communities: ?ejere K'elni Kue #196I, Hokedhe Tue #196E, K'i Tue #196D, Li Deze #196C, Thabacha Nare #196A, Thebathi #196, Tsu K'adhe Tue #196F, Tsu Nedehe Tue #196H, Tsu Tue Ts'u tue #196G, Tthe Jere Ghaili #196B, c. 100 km². Population: 357
[21]
Manitoba
[
edit
]
- Keewatin Tribal Council
[22]
- Barren Lands (Brochet Ku??) First Nation
has a
Cree
and Dene population. Reserve:
Brochet
#197, c. 43 km
2
. Population: 1,139
[23]
- Northlands First Nation
also known as
Northlands Denesuline First Nation
. Reserves and communities:
Lac Brochet
(
Dalu tue
), Lac Brochet #197A, Sheth chok, Thuycholeeni, Thuycholeeni aze, Tthekale nu, c. 22 km
2
. Population: 1,082
[24]
- Sayisi Dene First Nation
formerly known as 'Fort Churchill Indian Band'. Reserve: Churchill 1, c. 2 km
2
. Population: 817
[25]
Northwest Territories
[
edit
]
- Akaitcho Territory Government
(ATG)
Saskatchewan
[
edit
]
- Meadow Lake Tribal Council
(
Tł'ogh tue
)
[30]
- Buffalo River Dene Nation
(
?ejere desche
) located at
Dillon
. The reserve is about 84 km north east of
Ile-a-la-Crosse (
Ku??
)
. Reserve: Buffalo River Dene Nation No. 193, c. 83 km
2
. Population: 1,405
[31]
- Clearwater River Dene Nation
(
Tı?telase tue
) Its most populous reserve Clearwater River borders the village of
La Loche
to the north. Reserves: Clearwater River Dene Nos. 222, 221, and 223, La Loche Indian Settlement c. 95 km
2
. Population: 2,042
[32]
- English River First Nation
with offices at
Patuanak
signed
Treaty 10
in 1906 under Chief William Apesis. The name originates from the English River where the "poplar house people" (
Kes-ye-hot'ı?ne
) inhabited the area for periods during the year. Most families, who now reside in Patuanak (
Begh??nı?ch'ere
) and La Plonge 192 by
Beauval
had traditionally lived down river at Primeau Lake, Knee Lake and Dipper Lake. Reserves: Cree Lake No. 192G, Porter Island No. 192H, Elak Dase No. 192A, Knee Lake No. 192B, Dipper Rapids No. 192C, Wapachewunak No. 192D, LaPlonge No. 192, c. 200 km
2
. Population: 1,528
[33]
- Birch Narrows First Nation
(
K'ı?t'adhı?ka
) located at
Turnor Lake
, most populous Reserve No. 193B is about 124 km northeast of Ile-a-la-Crosse, the reserve originated from Treaty 6 in 1906, Reserves: Churchill Lake No. 193A, Turnor Lake Nos. 193B and 194, c. 30 km
2
. Population: 771
[34]
- Prince Albert Grand Council
(PAGC)
[35]
- Black Lake Dene Nation
(
Tazen tue
) located at
Black Lake
, most populous reserve Chicken No. 224 about c. 170 km southeast of
Uranium City (
Tsokı?ne
)
, formerly known as '
Stony Rapids (
Deschaghe
)
Band. Reserves: Chicken Nos. 224, 225, and 226, c. 322 km
2
. Population: 2,111
[36]
- Hatchet Lake Dene Nation
(
Tthełtue
) also known as "Lac la Hache Denesuline First Nation" is located at
Wollaston Lake
, c. 354 km north of
Flin Flon
, Reserve: Lac la Hache No. 220, c. 110 km
2
. Population: 1,829
[37]
- Fond du Lac Dene Nation
(
G?nı? ku??
) is located at
Fond-du-Lac
. The most populous reserve Fond Du Lac No. 227 is east of
Lake Athabasca
. Reserves: Fond Du Lac Nos. 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, c. 368 km
2
. Population: 1,989
[38]
Historical Chipewyan regional groups
[
edit
]
Villages in Canada with a Denesuline speaking population
15 communities in Canada with
Denesuline
populations. Flashing dots are villages with over 1,000 speakers.
The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands, consisting of several extended families, alternating between winter and summer camps. The groups participated in hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in Canada's
boreal forest
and around the many lakes of their territory. Later, with the emerging
North American fur trade
, they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control, as middleman, the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur-bearing animals. The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their
Dene
neighbours and to better defend themselves against their rifle-armed
Cree
enemies, who were advancing to the
Peace River
and
Lake Athabasca
.
- Kai-theli-ke-hot!inne (K'aı?telı? hot'ı?ne)
('willow flat-country up they-dwell') lived on the western shore of Lake Athabasca at
Fort Chipewyan
. Their tribal area extended northward to
Fort Smith
on the
Slave River
and south to
Fort McMurray
on the
Athabasca River
)
[39]
- Kes-ye-hot!inne (K'esyehot'ı?ne)
('aspen house they-dwell' or 'poplar house they-dwell') lived on the upper reaches of the
Churchill River
, along the
Lac Ile-a-la-Crosse
,
Methye Portage
,
Cold Lake
, Heart Lake and Onion Lake. The tribal name is probably a description of adjacent Chipewyan groups for this major regional group and takes literally reference to the Lac Ile a la Crosse established European trading forts which were built with
Poplar
or
Aspen
wood.
- Hoteladi Hotth??nade dene
('northern people') lived north of the
Kes-ye-hot!inne
between
Cree Lake
, west of
Reindeer Lake
on the south and on the east shore of Lake Athabasca in the north.
- Hathel-hot!inne (Hatthelot'ı?ne)
('lowland they-dwell') lived in the
Reindeer Lake (?etthen tue)
Region which drains south into the Churchill River.
- Etthen eldili dene
(
Etthen heldel? Dene
,
Ethen-eldeli
- '
Caribou
-Eaters') lived in the
Taiga
east of Lake Athabasca far east to
Hudson Bay
, at Reindeer Lake,
Hatchet Lake
,
Wollaston Lake
and
Lac Brochet
- Kkrest'ayle kke ottine
('dwellers among the quaking aspens' or 'trembling aspen people') lived in the boreal forests between
Great Slave Lake
in the south and
Great Bear Lake
in the north.
- Sayisi Dene (Saı?yısı? dene)
(or
Saw-eessaw-dinneh
- 'people of the east') traded at
Fort Chipewyan
. Their hunting and tribal areas extended between Lake Athabasca and Great Slave Lake, and along the Churchill River.
- Gane-kunan-hot!inne (G?nı? ku? hot'ı?ne)
('jack-pine home they-dwell') lived in the taiga east of Lake Athabasca and were particularly centered along the eastern
Fond-du-Lac
area.
- Des-nedhe-kke-nade (Desnedhe k'e narade dene)
(
Desnedekenade
,
Desnedhe ho??e nade hot'?n??
- 'people along the great river') were also known as
Athabasca Chipewyan
. They lived between Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca along the Slave River near
Fort Resolution
(
Deninoo Kue
? '
moose
Island').
- Thilanottine (Tthı?l??ne hot'ı?ne)
(
Tu tthila hot'?n??
? 'those who dwell at the head of the lakes' or 'people of the end of the head') lived along the lakes of the Upper Churchill River area, along the Churchill River and Athabasca River, from Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in the north to Cold Lake and
Lac la Biche
in the southwest.
[40]
- Tandzan-hot!inne (Talz??hot'ı?ne)
('dwellers at the dirty lake', also known as
Deni-nu-eke-towe
- 'moose island up lake-on') lived on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake and along the
Yellowknife River
, and before their expulsion by the
Tłı?ch?
along
Coppermine River
. They were often regarded as a Chipewyan group, but form as "
Yellowknives
" historically an independent First Nation and called themselves
T'atsaot'ine (T'ats?not'ı?ne
).
Ethnography
[
edit
]
Denesuline children by canoe in
La Loche
Historically, the Denesuline were allied to some degree with the southerly
Cree
, and warred against
Inuit
and other
Dene
peoples to the north of Chipewyan lands.
An important historic Denesuline is
Thanadelthur
("Marten Jumping"), a young woman who early in the 18th century helped her people to establish peace with the Cree, and to get involved with the fur trade (Steckley 1999).
The
Sayisi Dene
of northern Manitoba are a Chipewyan band notable for hunting migratory caribou. They were historically located at Little Duck Lake and known as the "Duck Lake Dene". In 1956, the government forcibly relocated them to the port of Churchill on the shore of Hudson Bay and a small village north of Churchill called North Knife River, joining other Dene and becoming members of "Fort Churchill Chipewyan Band". In the 1970s, the "Duck Lake Dene" opted for self-reliance, a return to caribou hunting, and relocated to
Tadoule Lake, Manitoba
, legally becoming "Sayisi Dene First Nation (Tadoule Lake, Manitoba)" in the 1990s.
[41]
https://uofmpress.ca/books/detail/night-spirits
Culture
[
edit
]
The Chipewyan used to be largely nomadic, organized into small bands and temporarily lived in tepees. They wore one-piece pants and moccasin outfits. However, their nomadic lifestyle began to erode since 1717 when they encountered English entrepreneurs. The Chipewyan subsequently became important in the subarctic trade by exchanging furs and hides for metal tools, guns and cloth.
[42]
Modern Chipewyan are either fluidly sedentary or semi-nomadic in lifestyle. Many still practice their traditional lifestyle for subsistence like fishing or hunting caribou although this process is modernized with the use of modern nets, tools, transportation and more.
[42]
Language
[
edit
]
Historical distribution of the Denesuline language
Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the
Denesuline language
, of the
Athabaskan
linguistic group. Denesuline is spoken by
Aboriginal people in Canada
whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word
dene
("people"):
Denesoline
(or
Denes?łine
). Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other. There is a 'k', t dialect that most people speak. For example, people in Fond du lac,
G?nı ku??
speak the 'k' and say
yaki ku
while others who use the 't' say
yati tu
.
Sign in Denesuline at
La Loche Airport
The name
Chipewyan
is, like many people of the Canadian prairies, of
Algonquian
origin. It is derived from the
Plains Cree
name for them,
C?pway?n
(
????
), "pointed skin", from
c?pw?w
(
???
), "to be pointed"; and
way?n
(
???
), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan
parkas
.
[43]
Most Chipewyan people now use
Dene
and
Denesuline
to describe themselves and their language. The Saskatchewan communities of Fond-du-Lac,
[44]
Black Lake
[45]
and Wollaston Lake
[46]
are a few.
Despite the superficial similarity of the names, the Chipewyan are not related to the
Chippewa
(
Ojibwa
) people.
In 2015, Shene Catholique-Valpy, a Chipewyan woman in the
Northwest Territories
, challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit her to use the
letter
⟨?⟩
in her daughter's name, Sahai?a. The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the letter. Sahai?a's mother finally registered her name with a hyphen in place of the
⟨?⟩
, while continuing to challenge the policy. Shortly afterward, another woman named Andrea Heron also challenged the territory on the same grounds, for refusing to accept the letter
⟨?⟩
in her daughter's
Slavey
name, Sakae?ah (actually a cognate of Sahai?a).
[47]
Notable Chipewyan
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (25 October 2017).
"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
.
www12.statcan.gc.ca
. Retrieved
2017-11-22
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Cook, Eung-Do (2004),
A Grammar of Dene S?łine (Chipewyan)
, Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics,
ISBN
0-921064-17-9
- ^
Laurie Bauer, 2007,
The Linguistics Student's Handbook
, Edinburgh
- ^
"Taltheilei Culture"
. Retrieved
2013-03-26
.
- ^
"Archeological Traditions"
.
canoesaskatchewan
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-12-15
. Retrieved
2007-10-12
.
- ^
"Denesuline (Dene)"
. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from
the original
on 2017-08-10
. Retrieved
2008-10-27
.
- ^
"Chipewyan"
. 27 September 2021.
- ^
Petitot, Emile Fortune Stanislas Joseph (1876).
Dictionnaire de la langue Dene-Dindjie, dialectes montagnais ou chippewayan, peaux de lievre et loucheux, renfermant en outre un grand nombre de termes propres a sept autres dialectes de la meme langue; precede d'une monographie des Dene-Dindjie, d'une grammaire et de tableaux synoptiques des conjugaisons (see preface)
. Paris: E. Leroux
. Retrieved
2014-12-05
.
- ^
"Community Profiles (Canada Census 2011)"
. 8 February 2012
. Retrieved
2013-06-29
.
- ^
"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (La Loche)"
. 15 January 2008
. Retrieved
2014-05-11
.
- ^
"Dene Memorial"
. 27 February 2014.
- ^
"AANDC (Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Fort McKay First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Chipewyan Prairie First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation
- ^
"AANDC (Fort McMurray #468 First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
Brown
, Jesse;
Morin
, Brandy (December 12, 2022).
"#840 The Taking of Wood Buffalo"
.
Canadaland
(Podcast).
Canadaland
. Event occurs at 12:20.
- ^
"Tribal Chiefs Association (TCA)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2015-10-19
. Retrieved
2013-03-27
.
- ^
"AANDC (Cold Lake First Nations)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"Cold Lake First Nations (Denesuline)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-08-03
. Retrieved
2011-05-07
.
- ^
"AANDC (Smith's Landing First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
Keewatin Tribal Council
- ^
"AANDC (Barren Lands)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Northlands)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Sayisi Dene First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Deninu Kue First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Salt River First Nation #195)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Yellowknives Dene First Nation )"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC)
Archived
2011-08-22 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"AANDC (Buffalo River Dene Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Clearwater River Dene)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (English River First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Birch Narrows First Nation)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC)
Archived
2012-02-07 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"AANDC (Black Lake)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Hatchet Lake)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
"AANDC (Fond du Lac)"
.
Crown?Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
. Retrieved
2016-09-09
.
- ^
The Chipewyan
- ^
Dene
Archived
2004-06-22 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"The Sayisi Dene (Manitoba)"
.
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
. Archived from
the original
on May 2, 2006
. Retrieved
2007-10-12
.
- ^
a
b
Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
. New York:
Dorling Kindersley
. p. 353.
ISBN
0-7566-0520-2
.
- ^
Campbell, Lyle (1997).
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 395
- ^
"Prince Albert Grand Council (Fond-du-Lac)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-02-12
. Retrieved
2013-05-26
.
- ^
"Prince Albert Grand Council (Black Lake)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-04-08
. Retrieved
2013-05-26
.
- ^
"Prince Albert Grand Council (Wollaston Lake)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-02-12
. Retrieved
2013-05-26
.
- ^
Browne, Rachel (12 March 2015).
"What's in a name? A Chipewyan's battle over her native tongue"
.
Maclean's
. Retrieved
5 April
2015
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation.
Footprints on the Land: Tracing the Path of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation
. Fort Chipewyan, Alta: Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, 2003.
ISBN
0-9733293-0-0
- Birket-Smith, Kaj.
Contributions to Chipewyan Ethnology
. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930.
- Bone, Robert M., Earl N. Shannon, and Stewart Raby.
The Chipewyan of the Stony Rapids Region; A Study of Their Changing World with Special Attention Focused Upon Caribou
. Mawdsley memoir, 1. Saskatoon: Institute for Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 1973.
ISBN
0-88880-003-7
- Bussidor, Ila, Usten Bilgen-Reinart. "Night Spirits: The Story of the Relocation of the Sayisi Dene." University of Manitoba Press, March 16, 2000. (Memoir of a Dene Woman's experiences in Churchill, Manitoba.)
- Clayton-Gouthro, Cecile M.
Patterns in Transition: Moccasin Production and Ornamentation of the Janvier Band Chipewyan
. Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1994.
ISBN
0-660-14023-3
- Cook, Eung-Do. 2006.
The Patterns of Consonantal Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan (Dene Suline)
. International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 2: 236.
- Dramer, Kim, and Frank W. Porter.
The Chipewyan
. New York: Chelsea House, 1996.
ISBN
1-55546-139-5
- Elford, Leon W., and Marjorie Elford.
English-Chipewyan Dictionary
. Prince Albert, Sask: Northern Canada Evangelical Mission, 1981.
- Goddard, Pliny Earle.
Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan
. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 10, pt. 1?2. New York: Published by order of the Trustees [of the American Museum of Natural History], 1912.
- Grant, J. C. Boileau.
Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and Cree Indians of the Neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska
. Ottawa: F.A. Acland, printer, 1930.
- Human Relations Area Files, inc.
Chipewyan ND07
. EHRAF collection of ethnography. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files, 2001.
- Irimoto, Takashi.
Chipewyan Ecology: Group Structure and Caribou Hunting System
. Senri ethnological studies, no. 8. Suita, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, 1981.
- Li, Fang-kuei, and Ronald Scollon.
Chipewyan Texts
. Nankang, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 1976.
- Lowie, Robert Harry.
Chipewyan Tales
. New York: The Trustees, 1912.
- Paul, Simon.
Introductory Chipewyan: Basic Vocabulary
. Saskatoon: Indian and Northern Education, University of Saskatchewan, 1972.
- Scollon, Ronald, and Suzanne B. K. Scollon.
Linguistic Convergence: An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta
. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
ISBN
0-12-633380-7
- Shapiro, Harry L.
The Alaskan Eskimo; A Study of the Relationship between the Eskimo and the Chipewyan Indians of Central Canada
. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1931.
- Sharp, Henry S.
Chipewyan Marriage
. Mercury series. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1979.
- Sharp, Henry S.
The Transformation of Bigfoot: Maleness, Power, and Belief Among the Chipewyan
. Smithsonian series in ethnographic inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988.
ISBN
0-87474-848-8
- VanStone, James W.
The Changing Culture of the Snowdrift Chipewyan
. Ottawa: [Queen's Printer], 1965.
- Wilhelm, Andrea.
Telicity and Durativity: A Study of Aspect in Dene S?łine (Chipewyan) and German
. New York: Routledge, 2007.
ISBN
0-415-97645-6
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