National academy for natural sciences of China
This article is about the national academy of China. For the separate institution located in Taipei, see
Academia Sinica
.
The
Chinese Academy of Sciences
(
CAS
;
中?科?院
)
[3]
is the
national academy
for
natural sciences
and the highest
consultancy
for science and technology of the
People's Republic of China
.
[4]
It is the world's largest research organization, with 100 research institutes, 2 universities, 69 thousand full-time employees, and 79 thousand graduate students.
[5]
The Chinese Academy of Sciences has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the
Republican era
and was formerly also known by that name until the 1980s. The academy functions as the national scientific
think tank
and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy,
social development
, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in
Beijing
, with affiliate institutes throughout China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises,
Lenovo
being one of the most famous.
The academy also runs the
University of Science and Technology of China
and the
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
,
[6]
which is among the world's top five universities ranked by
Nature Index
.
[7]
[8]
CAS also holds a stake in the Chinese hacking company I-Soon.
[9]
Membership
[
edit
]
Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also known by the title Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (
中?科?院院士
), is a lifelong honor given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to the
Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
adopted in 1992 and recently amended in 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold
Chinese citizenship
, although foreign citizens may be elected as CAS foreign academicians. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members" and may no longer hold leading positions in the organization.
[10]
Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology.
[11]
History
[
edit
]
Beginning in 1972, CAS began promoting the idea of balancing applied research with more theoretical research and in having scientific exchanges with other developing countries.
[12]
: 74
As vice premier,
Deng Xiaoping
in 1975 also sought to re-orient CAS towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the
Cultural Revolution
.
[12]
: 74
Deng emphasized that "the Academy of Sciences is an Academy of Sciences, not an Academy of Cabbage."
[12]
: 74
Deng assigned CAS vice president
Hu Yaobang
to draft a plan for overhauling CAS.
[12]
: 74
Deng and his aide
Hu Qiaomu
revised the draft and in September 1974 issued "The Outline Report on the Work of the Academy of Sciences".
[12]
: 74
The Outline described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize
basic science
in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.
[12]
: 74
This approach to scientific reform fell out of political favor in 1976 when Deng was purged, although it continued to be supported by many members within CAS.
[12]
: 75
A month before Deng's political return in 1977 however, the Outline Report was revived and adopted as CAS's official policy.
[12]
: 81
Shortly after his return, Deng hosted a series of meetings on science and education in which he stated that science should become the forerunner of China's modernization.
[12]
: 82
Following these remarks, CAS prepared its goals for natural science disciplines to be achieved by 1985, stating that as a developing socialist country, China should strengthen basic scientific research through foreign exchanges.
[12]
: 82
To further promote this agenda, Deng began a campaign to promote the National Science Conference.
[12]
: 82
A team led by CAS vice president
Fang Yi
instructed schools, factories, and communes to organize youth-focused events celebrating science and technology.
[12]
: 82
In 1977, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences was split off of CAS and reorganized into the
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
and led by Hu Qiaomu.
[12]
: 86?87
In 2023, the
Pasteur Institute
suspended ties with CAS.
[13]
Organization
[
edit
]
| This section is empty.
Describe overall organizational structure. Don't straight-up list sub-organizations. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
July 2022
)
|
Scientific integrity
[
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]
On 26 February 2007, CAS published a
Declaration of Scientific Ideology
and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy and accountability of scientific research in the country. Around that same time, the
Ministry of Science and Technology
also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs.
[14]
Publications
[
edit
]
Science China
Language
| English
|
---|
|
ISO 4
| Sci. China
|
---|
Together with the
National Natural Science Foundation of China
, the academy publishes the
peer-reviewed
academic journal
,
Science China
(also known as
Science in China
).
Science China
comprises seven series:
[15]
- A: Mathematics
- B: Chemistry
- C: Life Sciences
- D: Earth Sciences
- E: Technological Sciences
- F: Information Sciences
- G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy
CAS also promotes the
China Open Access Journals
(COAJ) platform,
[16]
a national variant of the international
Directory of Open Access Journals
(DOAJ).
Awards
[
edit
]
Since 1999, the CAS has issued the annual
State Preeminent Science and Technology Award
, presented by the President of China to the recipient.
[17]
Ranking and reputation
[
edit
]
CAS has been ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by
Nature Index
since the list's inception in 2014 by
Nature Portfolio
.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
It was the most productive institution publishing articles on sustainable development indexed in the Web of Science from 1981 to 2018 among all universities and research institutions in the world.
[24]
The academy also runs the
University of Science and Technology of China
and the
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
,
[6]
which is among the world's top five universities ranked by
Nature Index
.
[7]
[8]
In 2023, Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers list contained 270 CSA members. This made CSA researchers the largest group on the list by institution, and the sixth largest by country.
[25]
International cooperation
[
edit
]
The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth is a branch of CAS. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth was a customer of
Swedish Space Corporation
(SSC), which provides data transmission services from satellites for a wide range of societal functions.
[26]
It was reported by Reuters on 21 September 2020 that SSC decided not to renew the contracts with China to help operate Chinese satellites from SSC's ground stations, or seek new business with China.
[27]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"中?科?院?介----中?科?院"
.
Archived
from the original on 15 March 2023
. Retrieved
15 March
2023
.
- ^
"中?科?院2022年部??算"
[2022 Budget of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]
(PDF)
.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
(in Chinese). p. 3.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 23 June 2022
. Retrieved
22 August
2022
.
- ^
KUHNER, HANS (1984).
"Between Autonomy and Planning: The Chinese Academy of Sciences in Transition"
.
Minerva
.
22
(1): 13?44.
doi
:
10.1007/BF02207555
.
ISSN
0026-4695
.
JSTOR
41820552
.
PMID
11611662
.
S2CID
21494880
.
Archived
from the original on 10 July 2022
. Retrieved
10 July
2022
.
- ^
"中?科?院章程----中?科?院"
.
www.cas.cn
. Retrieved
1 October
2023
.
- ^
"中?科?院?介----中?科?院"
.
www.cas.cn
.
Archived
from the original on 15 March 2023
. Retrieved
8 August
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"中?科?院?育?介 ? 中?科?院"
.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
.
Archived
from the original on 22 May 2017
. Retrieved
24 January
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"2023 tables: Institutions | Annual tables | Nature Index"
.
nature.com
.
Archived
from the original on 26 July 2023
. Retrieved
20 July
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"2023 tables: Institutions ? academic | Annual tables | Nature Index"
.
nature.com
.
Archived
from the original on 18 July 2023
. Retrieved
20 July
2023
.
- ^
Kang, Dake; Soo, Zen (8 March 2024).
"Behind the doors of a Chinese hacking company, a sordid culture fueled by influence, alcohol and sex"
.
Associated Press
. Retrieved
8 March
2024
.
- ^
"中?科?院院士章程 [Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]"
. Chinese Academy of Sciences
. Retrieved
16 September
2014
.
- ^
"Obligations and Rights of a CAS Member"
. Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Archived
from the original on 6 October 2014
. Retrieved
16 September
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Minami, Kazushi (2024).
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press
.
ISBN
9781501774157
.
- ^
Mallapaty, Smriti (8 March 2023).
"Prestigious Pasteur Institute severs ties with China infectious disease lab"
.
Nature
.
doi
:
10.1038/d41586-023-00694-x
.
PMID
36890326
.
- ^
The Lancet (17 March 2007). "Reforming research in China".
The Lancet
.
369
(9565): 880.
doi
:
10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60419-X
.
PMID
17368128
.
S2CID
205948464
.
- ^
"Science in China Press"
.
Science in China Press
. Archived from
the original
on 13 April 2016
. Retrieved
16 December
2021
.
- ^
"中?科技期刊?放?取平台"
.
China Open Access Journals
. Archived from
the original
on 1 October 2020
. Retrieved
16 December
2021
.
- ^
"China in Brief ? Science and Technology ? Awards"
. China Internet Information Center (State Council Information Office and the China International Publishing Group).
Archived
from the original on 5 October 2013
. Retrieved
21 November
2012
.
- ^
"Nature Index tables 2012?2013"
.
Nature
.
515
(7526): S98?S108. 2014.
doi
:
10.1038/515S98a
.
ISSN
1476-4687
.
PMID
25390156
.
- ^
"Nature Global Institutions Ranking, 2013?2014"
.
Nature
.
522
(7556): S34?S44. 2015.
doi
:
10.1038/522S34a
.
ISSN
0028-0836
.
- ^
"2016 tables: Institutions"
.
Nature Index
. Springer Nature. 2016.
Archived
from the original on 16 June 2022
. Retrieved
22 July
2022
.
- ^
"2017 tables: Institutions"
.
Nature Index
. Springer Nature. 2017.
Archived
from the original on 22 July 2022
. Retrieved
22 July
2022
.
- ^
"2018 tables: Institutions"
.
Nature Index
. Springer Nature. 2018.
Archived
from the original on 22 July 2022
. Retrieved
22 July
2022
.
- ^
"2021 tables: Institutions"
.
Nature Index
. Springer Nature. 2021.
Archived
from the original on 16 June 2022
. Retrieved
22 July
2022
.
- ^
Li, R.Y.M.; Li, Y.L.; Crabbe, M.J.C.; Manta, O.; Shoaib, M. The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5882.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115882
Archived
8 August 2023 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Clarivate Reveals World's Influential Researchers in Highly Cited Researchers 2023 List"
.
Clarivate
. 15 November 2023
. Retrieved
23 November
2023
.
- ^
SSC.
"Appendix of SSC's Chinese customers"
(PDF)
.
SSC
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 18 June 2020
. Retrieved
21 September
2020
.
- ^
Ahlander, Johan; Barrett, Jonathan (21 September 2020).
"Swedish space agency halts new business helping China operate satellites"
.
Reuters
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2020
. Retrieved
21 September
2020
.
Sources
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External links
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Division of Mathematics and Physics
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Division of Life Sciences and Medical Sciences
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Division of Earth Sciences
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Division of Information Technical Sciences
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Division of Technological Sciences
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Europe
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Middle East and Africa
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International
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Academics
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Other
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