English aristocrat (1701?1750)
The Duke of Richmond
|
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Tenure
| 27 May 1723 – 8 August 1750
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Successor
| Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond
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Other titles
| 2nd Duke of Lennox
2nd Duke of Aubigny (France)
2nd Earl of March
2nd Earl of Darnley
2nd Baron Settrington
2nd Lord Torbolton
Hereditary Constable of Inverness Castle
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Born
| (
1701-05-18
)
18 May 1701
Goodwood
,
Sussex
, England
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Died
| 8 August 1750
(1750-08-08)
(aged 49)
Godalming
, Surrey, England
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Spouse(s)
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Issue
among others...
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Parents
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Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny
,
KG
,
KB
,
PC
,
FRS
(18 May 1701 – 8 August 1750) of
Goodwood House
near
Chichester
in
Sussex
, was a British nobleman and politician. He was the son of
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox
, the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King
Charles II
. He was the most important of the early
patrons
of the game of
cricket
and did much to help its evolution from
village cricket
to
first-class cricket
.
Early life
[
edit
]
Lennox was styled
Earl of March
from his birth in 1701 as heir to his father's dukedom.
He also inherited his father's love of sports, particularly
cricket
.
He had a serious accident at the age of 12 when he was thrown from a horse during a hunt, but he recovered and it did not deter him from horsemanship.
March entered into an arranged marriage in December 1719 when he was still only 18 and his bride,
Hon. Sarah Cadogan
, was just 13, in order to use Sarah's large dowry to pay his considerable debts. Dowry and debt were due to a sum won by her father in play against his father. They were married at
The Hague
.
In 1722, March became
Member of Parliament
for
Chichester
as first member with Sir Thomas Miller as his second. He gave up his seat after his father died in May 1723 and he succeeded to the title of 2nd Duke of Richmond. A feature of Richmond's career was the support he received from his wife, Sarah, her interest being evident in surviving letters. Their marriage was a great success, especially by Georgian standards.
Their grandson who became the 4th Duke is known to cricket history as
Colonel the Hon. Charles Lennox
, a noted amateur batsman of the late 18th century who was one of
Thomas Lord
's main guarantors when he established his
new ground
in
Marylebone
.
Cricket career
[
edit
]
The Duke of Richmond's XI
[
edit
]
The Duke has been described as early cricket's greatest patron.
Although he had played cricket as a boy, his real involvement began after he succeeded to the dukedom.
He captained his own team and his players included some of the earliest known professionals, such as his groom
Thomas Waymark
. Later, when he patronised
Slindon Cricket Club
, Richmond was associated with the
Newland brothers
. His earliest recorded match is the one against
Sir William Gage's XI
on 20 July 1725, which is mentioned in a surviving letter from Sir William to the Duke
Records have survived of four matches played by Richmond's team in the
1727 season
. Two were against Gage's XI and two against an XI raised by the
Surrey
patron
Alan Brodrick
These last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up
Articles of Agreement
beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points.
It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed upon, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the
Laws of Cricket
was done in 1744. In early times, the rules would be agreed upon orally and were subject to local variations; this syndrome was also evident in
football
until
the FA
was founded, especially regarding the question of handling the ball. Essentially the articles of agreement focused on residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains.
In 1728, Richmond's Sussex played twice against
Edwin Stead
's
Kent
and lost both matches, "(Kent's) men have been too expert for those of Sussex".
[12]
In 1730, Richmond's team played two matches against Gage's XI and another match against a Surrey XI backed by a Mr Andrews of Sunbury. Richmond lost to Andrews.
[13]
The second of his matches against Gage, due to be played at
The Dripping Pan
, near
Lewes
, was "put off on account of Waymark, the Duke's man, being ill".
[14]
In 1731, Richmond was involved in one of the most controversial matches recorded in the early history of cricket. On 16 August, his Sussex team played a Middlesex XI backed by one Thomas Chambers at an unspecified venue in Chichester. Chambers' team won this match, which had a prize of 100 guineas, and a return was arranged to take place at
Richmond Green
on 23 August.
[15]
The return match was played for 200 guineas and it is notable as the earliest match of which the team scores are known: Richmond's XI 79, Chambers' XI 119; Richmond's XI 72, Chambers' XI 23?5 (approx.). The game ended promptly at a pre-agreed time although Chambers' XI with "four or five more to have come in" and needing "about 8 to 10 notches" clearly had the upper hand. The result caused a fracas among the crowd at Richmond Green, who were incensed by the prompt finish because the Duke of Richmond had arrived late and delayed the start of the game. The riot resulted in some of the Sussex players "having the shirts torn off their backs" and it was said "a law suit would commence about the play"
In a note about another match involving Chambers' XI in September,
G. B. Buckley
has recorded that Richmond may have conceded the result to Chambers, presumably to stop the threat of litigation.
[17]
Richmond is not mentioned in cricket sources again for ten years. He may have stepped aside after the 1731 fracas but it is more likely that he terminated his Duke of Richmond's XI after he broke his leg in 1733 and could no longer play himself
Instead, he channelled his enthusiasm for cricket through a team from the small village of
Slindon
, which bordered on his Goodwood estate.
Slindon
[
edit
]
The rise to fame of
Slindon Cricket Club
was based on the play of
Richard Newland
and the patronage of Richmond. On Thursday, 9 July 1741, in a letter to her husband, the Duchess of Richmond mentions a conversation with John Newland regarding a Slindon v. East Dean match at Long Down, near Eartham, a week earlier. This is the earliest recorded mention of any of the Newland family
Then, on 28 July, Richmond sent two letters to the
Duke of Newcastle
to tell him about a game that day which had resulted in a brawl with "hearty blows" and "broken heads". The game was at Portslade between Slindon, who won, and unnamed opponents
On Monday 7 September 1741, Slindon played
Surrey
at
Merrow Down
, near Guildford. Richmond, in a letter to the Duke of Newcastle before the game, spoke of "poor little Slyndon against almost your whole county of Surrey". Next day he wrote again, saying that "wee (
sic
) have beat Surrey almost in one innings"
The Duchess wrote to him on Wednesday 9 September and said she "wish'd..... that the Sussex mobb (
sic
) had thrash'd the Surrey mob". She had "a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you" (apparently a reference to the
Richmond Green
fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke "had won more of their moneys"
In 1744, Richmond created what is now the world's oldest known
scorecard
for the match between
London
and Slindon at the
Artillery Ground
on 2 June. Slindon won by 55 runs and the original scorecard is now among Richmond's papers in the possession of the West Sussex Records Office.
[23]
In August 1745, Richmond backed a Sussex XI against Surrey in a match at Berry Hill, near
Arundel
. It appears that Surrey won the game in view of a comment made by
Lord John Philip Sackville
in a letter to Richmond dated Saturday 14 September: "I wish you had let Ridgeway play instead of your stopper behind it might have turned the match in our favour"
Single wicket
[
edit
]
When
single wicket
became the dominant form of cricket in the late 1740s, Richmond entered a number of teams mostly centred on
Stephen Dingate
, who was in his employ at the time. For example, a number of matches were played by a "threes" team of Dingate, Joseph Rudd and Pye. Richmond often found himself opposed by his former groom
Thomas Waymark
, still an outstanding player but now resident in Berkshire.
[25]
Richmond died on 8 August 1750. He had been arguably the greatest of the game's early patrons, particularly of the Slindon club and of Sussex cricket in general. His death was followed by a slump in the fortunes of Sussex cricket, which featured few matches of significance until the rise of
Brighton Cricket Club
in the 1790s.
Career in the peerage
[
edit
]
Richmond held many titles, including the
Order of the Garter
(KG),
Order of the Bath
(KB),
Privy Counsellor
(PC) and
Fellow of the Royal Society
(FRS). In 1734 he succeeded to the title of
Duke of Aubigny
in France on the death of his grandmother
Louise de Kerouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth
.
He served as
Lord of the Bedchamber
to
King George II
from 1727 and, in 1735, he was appointed
Master of the Horse
.
Freemasonry
[
edit
]
He was admitted a
Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1724.
He followed his father, the 1st Duke, into
freemasonry
and was a
Grand Master
of the
Premier Grand Lodge of England
in 1724, a few years after its formation in 1717. His father had been a
Master Mason
in
Chichester
in 1696?1697.
As
Duke of Aubigny
, he also assisted in introducing Freemasonry into France. In 1734, he created a
masonic lodge
in the Chateau d'Aubigny near
Metz
in northeast France. One year later, with another past Grand Master,
John Theophilus Desaguliers
, he assisted in inaugurating a lodge in the hotel at Rue Bussy, in Paris.
Civic roles
[
edit
]
He was elected
Mayor of Chichester
for 1735?36.
Richmond was one of the founding Governors of London's
Foundling Hospital
, which received its
Royal Charter
from George II in 1739. The Foundling Hospital was a charity dedicated to saving London's
abandoned children
. Both the Duke and the Duchess took great interest in the project. The Duke attended committee meetings and both took part in the
baptism
and naming of the first children accepted by the hospital in March 1741.
Military career
[
edit
]
Richmond was a
Lieutenant-General
in the British Army and served under the notorious
Duke of Cumberland
in the Hanoverian campaign against the
Jacobite rising of 1745
.
Smuggling
[
edit
]
The 1740s was a turbulent time for Sussex. There was a rise in smuggling gangs; of these probably, the most violent was the notorious
Hawkhurst Gang
.
The gang were responsible for the brutal murder of a bootmaker and a customs official.
[32]
Richmond decided to pursue those responsible with a vengeance. He began by petitioning the authorities so that a special
assize
could be held at Chichester.
[33]
He did not trust the local Justices (in West Sussex), as they could not be relied on to convict smugglers. He, therefore, obtained authorisation for judges to be brought down from London.
The judges (
Sir Thomas Birch
,
Sir Michael Foster
and
Baron Clive
) made their way under guard to Goodwood, where Richmond entertained them before the trial.
His campaign against the gang may have been because it was feared that the smugglers were assisting the Jacobites by providing intelligence to the French.
All the culprits involved in the murder of the two men were captured and convicted.
The duke's love of cricket was probably only eclipsed by his enthusiasm for wiping out smuggling in Sussex.
During Richmond's two-year campaign, against the illegal trade, thirty-five smugglers were executed and another ten died in gaol before they could be hanged. However, although his campaign managed to reduce the incidence of smuggling, it was reported by the writer
Horace Walpole
, in 1752 (after Richmond's death) that Sussex was "stiff" with smugglers.
Marriage and issue
[
edit
]
Richmond married
Lady Sarah Cadogan
(1705?1751), daughter of
William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan
, on 4 December 1719 at
The Hague
,
Netherlands
. They had twelve children:
- Lady Georgiana Carolina Lennox
(27 March 1723 – 24 July 1774), married
Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland
, and had issue.
- Lord Charles Lennox (3 September 1724 – 1724), Earl of March.
- Lady Louisa Margaret Lennox (15 November 1725 – May 1728).
- Lady Anne Lennox (27 May 1726 – 1727).
- Lord Charles Lennox (9 September 1730 – November 1730), Earl of March.
- Lady Emilia Mary Lennox
(6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), married first
James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster
, and had issue; and secondly William Ogilvie and had issue.
- Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond
(22 February 1735 – 29 December 1806).
- Lord George Lennox
(29 November 1737 – 25 March 1805), General, father of
Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond
.
- Lady Margaret Lennox (16 November 1739 – 10 January 1741).
- Lady Louisa Augusta Lennox
(24 November 1743 – 1821), married Thomas Connolly but had no issue.
- Lady Sarah Lennox
(14 February 1745 – August 1826), married first
Sir Charles Bunbury, 6th Baronet
, and had issue (although not by her husband, but by
Lord William Gordon
); and secondly
George Napier
by whom she had issue.
- Lady Cecilia Lennox (28 February 1750 – 21 November 1769), unmarried.
[36]
Richmond's interment was at
Chichester Cathedral
. His wife Sarah survived him by only one year.
Arms
[
edit
]
Coat of arms of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
|
- Coronet
- A
Coronet
of a
Duke
- Crest
- On a chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a lion statant guardant Or crowned with a Ducal Coronet Gules and gorged with a Collar compony of four pieces Argent and Gules charged with two roses of the last; (Richmond crest with Lennox collar and coronet).
- Escutcheon
- The Royal Arms of
King Charles II of England
(viz. quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a Bordure compony Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper and the last.
- Supporters
- Dexter: A unicorn Argent armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a Collar company as the crest.
Sinister: An antelope Argent, also armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a Collar company as the crest.
- Motto
- En la rose je fleuris
(
French
: "Like the rose, I flourish")
|
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Waghorn, p. 7.
- ^
Waghorn, p. 1.
- ^
Waghorn, pp. 1?2.
- ^
Buckley, p. 6.
- ^
Buckley, p. 7.
- ^
"London v. Slindon, 1744"
. CricketArchive
. Retrieved
22 June
2012
.
- ^
Ashley-Cooper,
At the Sign of the Wicket
, p. 52.
- ^
Waugh, p.143
- ^
Dyndor Z.
The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England. In: Ward R, editor. A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse. Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan; 2015.
Chapter 3.
Accessdate 18 December 2018
- ^
Patrick Cracroft-Brennan,
Richmond, Duke of (E, 1675)
Archived
18 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Cracroft's Peerage
. Accessed 8 March 2013.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Altham, H. S.
(1962).
A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)
. George Allen & Unwin.
- Carpenter, Audrey T (2011).
John Theophilus Desaguliers: A Natural Philosopher, Engineer and Freemason in Newtonian England
. Continuum.
ISBN
978-08264-3148-6
.
- Ashley-Cooper, F. S.
(1900).
At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742?1751
. Cricket magazine.
- Birley, Derek
(1999).
A Social History of English Cricket
. Aurum.
- Bowen, Rowland
(1970).
Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development
. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
- Buckley, G. B.
(1935).
Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket
. Cotterell.
- Chichester City Council (2022).
"Chichester City Council List of Mayors"
(PDF)
. Chichester City Council
. Retrieved
18 December
2022
.
- Green, Ken (2002).
Chichester an Illustrated History
. Derby: Breedon Books.
ISBN
1-85983-336-5
.
- Horowski, Leonhard (2017).
Das Europa der Konige: Macht und Spiel an den Hofen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts
(in German). Rowohlt Verlag GmbH.
ISBN
978-3-49802-835-0
.
- Ingamells, John
(2009).
National Portrait Gallery Later Stuart Portraits, 1685-1714
. London: National Portrait Gallery.
ISBN
978-1855-14410-1
.
- Marshall, John
(1961).
The Duke who was Cricket
. London: F. Muller.
OCLC
11214571
.
- Maun, Ian (2009).
From Commons to Lord's, Volume One: 1700 to 1750
. Roger Heavens.
ISBN
978-1-900592-52-9
.
- McCann, Tim
(2004).
Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century
. Sussex Record Society.
ISBN
085445-054-8
.
- McLynn, Frank (1989).
Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
ISBN
0-415-01014-4
.
- McNeill, Ronald John
(1911).
"Richmond, Earls and Dukes of"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Nicholls, R. H.; Wray, F. A. (1935).
The History of the Foundling Hospital
. London: Oxford University Press.
- Seccombe, Thomas (1885).
Lennox, Charles (1701-1750)
. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. Vol. 33 – via
Wikisource
.
- Tillyard, Stella
(1994).
Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740?1832
. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
- Underdown, David
(2000).
Start of Play
. London: Allen Lane. The Penguin Press.
ISBN
0-713-99330-8
.
- Waghorn, H. T.
(1906).
The Dawn of Cricket
. Electric Press.
- Waugh, Mary (1985).
Smuggling in Kent and Sussex 1700-1840
. Newbury, Berks: Countryside Books.
ISBN
0-905-39248-5
.
- Wilson, Martin (2005).
An Index to Waghorn
. Bodyline.
External links
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
|
---|
| | | | | | | | | 16.
James I of England
| | | | | | | 8.
Charles I of England
| | | | | | | | | | 17.
Anne of Denmark
| | | | | | | 4.
Charles II of England
| | | | | | | | | | | | 18.
Henry IV of France
| | | | | | | 9.
Henrietta Maria of France
| | | | | | | | | | 19.
Marie de' Medici
| | | | | | | 2.
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20. Rene de Penancoet, Seigneur de Kerouaille et Villeneuve
| | | | | | | 10. Guillaume de Penancoet, Seigneur de Kerouaille
| | | | | | | | | | 21. Julienne Emery du Pont-l'Abbe, Dame du Chef du Bois
| | | | | | | 5.
Louise Renee de Penancoet de Kerouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth
| | | | | | | | | | | | 22. Sebastien de Ploeuc, Marquis du Timeur et de Kergolay
| | | | | | | 11. Marie de Ploeuc de Timeur
| | | | | | | | | | 23. Marie de Rieux
| | | | | | | 1.
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24. Thomas Brudenell, 1st Earl of Cardigan
| | | | | | | 12. Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan
| | | | | | | | | | 25. Mary Tresham
| | | | | | | 6. Francis Brudenell, Lord Brudenell
| | | | | | | | | | | | 26. Thomas Savage, 1st Viscount Savage
| | | | | | | 13. Anne Savage
| | | | | | | | | | 27. Elizabeth Darcy, Countess Rivers
| | | | | | | 3. Anne Brudenell
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28. John Savile, 1st Baron Savile of Pomfret
| | | | | | | 14. Thomas Savile, 1st Earl of Sussex
| | | | | | | | | | 29. Elizabeth Cary
| | | | | | | 7. Frances Savile
| | | | | | | | | | | | 30. Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey
| | | | | | | 15. Anne Villiers
| | | | | | | | | | 31. Elizabeth Sheldon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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