French general (1739?1823)
Charles-Francois du Perier Dumouriez
(
French pronunciation:
[?a?l
f???swa
dy
pe?je
dymu?je]
, 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French military officer,
minister of Foreign Affairs
,
minister of War
in a
Girondin cabinet
and army general during the
French Revolutionary War
. Dumouriez is one of the
names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
, on Column 3.
With General
Kellermann
he shared the first French victory at
Valmy
where the Prussian army was forced to draw back. He rapidly advanced north (till
Moerdijk
); before entering
Holland
he decided to return to Brussels when the French armies lost territory in the east of
Belgium
and the
Siege of Maastricht (1793)
. He disagreed with his successor
Pache
, the radical
Convention
and Jacobin deputies, like Robespierre and Marat, on the annexation of the wealthy Netherlands and the introduction of
assignats
. After losing the
Battle of Neerwinden (1793)
, he deserted the
Revolutionary Army
. Fearing execution, he refused to surrender himself to the recently installed
Revolutionary Tribunal
and instead defected to the
Austrian army
.
[1]
Early life
[
edit
]
Dumouriez was born in
Cambrai
, on the
Scheldt
River in
northern France
, to parents of noble rank. His father, Antoine-Francois du Perier, served as a commissary of the royal army, and educated his son most carefully and widely. He continued his studies in Paris at the
Lycee Louis-le-Grand
, and was then sent to his uncle in Versailles for a year. In 1757 began his military career as a volunteer and served in six campaigns of the
Seven Years' War
. In the
Battle of Rossbach
, he served as a
cornet
in the
Regiment d'Escars
. He was stationed in
Emden
,
Munster
,
Wesel
and carried a small library with him.
[3]
He received a commission for good conduct in action, with distinction (receiving 22 wounds during the
battle of Corbach
). In 1761 he recovered in the baths at
Aachen
. After the
peace of Hubertusburg
he retired at
Abbeville
as a captain, with a small pension (which was never paid), a love affair with his niece and the
cross of St Louis
.
[4]
Dumouriez then visited Italy, Spain and Corsica, and his memoranda to the
duc de Choiseul
on Corsican afairs at the time of the
Corsican Republic
led to his re-employment on the staff of the
French expeditionary corps sent to the island
, for which he gained the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
[4]
In 1769 Choiseul gave Dumouriez a military command as deputy quartermaster general to the army under the
Marquis de Chauvelin
.
[3]
After two campaigns on the island, he became a member of the
Secret du Roi
, the
secret service
under
Louis XV
, which gave full scope to his
diplomatic
skills. The fall of Choiseul (1770) brought about Dumouriez's recall. In 1770 he undertook a
mission
into Poland, where, in addition to his political business, he organized a Polish
militia
for the
Bar Confederation
.
[4]
There he met with
Jozef Miaczinsky
, the commander of a regiment. His Polish soldiers were pushed back by the Russian forces of General
Alexander Suvorov
in the
first clash
but Suvorov failed in the
second clash
. On 21 May 1771, Dumouriez' Polish soldiers were smashed in the
third clash
.
In 1772, upon returning to Paris, Dumouriez sought a military position from the
marquis de Monteynard
,
Secretary of State for War
, who gave him a staff position with the regiment of Lorraine writing diplomatic and military reports. In 1773, he was arrested in Hamburg found himself imprisoned in the
Bastille
for six months, apparently for diverting funds intended for the employment of secret agents into the payment of personal debts. During his captivity Dumouriez occupied himself with literary pursuits. He was sent to
Caen
, where he remained in detention until the accession of
Louis XVI
in 1774. Dumouriez was then recalled to Paris and assigned to posts in Lille and
Boulogne-sur-Mer
by the
comte de Saint-Germain
, the new king's minister of war.
Upon his release, Dumouriez married his cousin, a certain
Mademoiselle de Broissy
. In the meantime, Dumouriez had turned his attention to the internal state of his own country, and amongst the very numerous memoranda which he sent to the government was a project on the defence of
Normandy
and
Cherbourg navy port
, which procured for him in 1778 the post of commandant of
Cherbourg
.
[5]
He administered it with much success for more than ten years.
[6]
The construction of the fortifications and dikes began in 1779/1782 and extended in 1786. He used a plan by
Vauban
to create an outer port.
[3]
The city grew and even the King came to
La Manche
see it. For his ingenuity in fortifying he became a
marechal de camp
in 1788. After the Storming of the Bastille he became commander of the
National Guard
in July 1789, but his ambition was not satisfied.
[4]
Business and trade dropped in Cherbourg.
[7]
He proved a neglectful and unfaithful husband, and the couple separated. Madame Dumouriez took refuge in a
convent
.
Political career
[
edit
]
At the outbreak of the
Revolution
, seeing the opportunity for carving out a new career, he went to Paris, where he joined the
Jacobin Club
. In 1790, Dumouriez was appointed French military advisor to the newly established
United Belgium States
and remained dedicated to the cause of an independent Belgian Republic.
[8]
In 1791 he was sent to the coast. The death of
Mirabeau
, to whose fortunes he had attached himself, proved a great blow. However, opportunity arose again when, in his capacity as a lieutenant-general and the commandant of Nantes, he offered to march to the assistance of the
National Constituent Assembly
after the royal family's unsuccessful
flight to Varennes
.
[4]
Minister of War,
Louis Lebegue Duportail
, promoted Dumouriez from president of the War Council to major-general in June 1791 and attached him to the Twelfth Division, which was commanded by General
Jacques Alexis de Verteuil
.
He then attached himself to the
Girondist
party and, on 15 March 1792, became the French minister of foreign affairs. In March 1792 selected
Lebrun-Tondu
as his first officer for Belgian and Liegeois affairs.
[8]
The relationship between the Girondists and Dumouriez was not based on ideology, but rather based on the practical benefit it gave to both parties. Dumouriez needed people in the Legislative Assembly to support him, and the Girondists needed a general to give them legitimacy in the army.
[9]
He played a major part in the declaration of war against Austria (20 April), and he ordered
General Dillon
, commander of Lille, to attack
Tournai
, and the invasion of the
Austrian Netherlands
. His foreign policy was greatly influenced by
Jean-Louis Favier
.
[10]
Favier had called for France to break its ties with Austria.
On the king's dismissal of
Roland
,
Claviere
and Servan (13 June 1792), he took Servan's post of minister of war, but resigned it a few days days later on account of
Louis XVI
's refusal to come to terms with the
National Constituent Assembly
, concerning his
suspensive veto
. Within a week he joined the army of the North under Marshal
Luckner
. After the
emeute
of
10 August 1792
and
Lafayette
’s flight, he gained appointment to the command of the "Army of the Centre". At the same moment, France's enemies assumed the offensive. Dumouriez acted promptly from
Sedan, Ardennes
.
On August 24, 1792, Dumouriez wrote to his ally General
Francois Kellermann
about the void in military power within France. Within this letter, Dumouriez voices his opinions adamantly that Lafayette was a "traitor"
[11]
to France after being arrested for mobilizing his army from the borders of France to Paris to protect the Royal family from revolutionaries who were dissatisfied with the monarchy of France at the time. Within this letter, Dumouriez's attachment to the Jacobin club is explicitly present as he tells Kellermann that the army was finally "purged of aristocrats".
[12]
Dumouriez's loyalty to France's military which was evident within this letter was instrumental to him ascending to his future position of Foreign Minister of France from March 1792 to June 1792, restoring the
natural borders of France
. Dumouriez outmaneuvered the invading forces of the
Duke of Brunswick
in the
forest of Argonne
.
His subordinate Kellermann repulsed the Prussians at
Valmy
(20 September 1792). After these military victories, Dumouriez was ready to invade Belgium to spread revolution in the
Flanders campaign
.
Army of the North
[
edit
]
Supported by minister Lebrun-Tondu, he declared in the National Convention on 12 October that he would liberate the Belgians and the Liege people. On 27 October 1792, he invaded the
Austrian Netherlands
. Dumouriez himself severely defeated the Austrians at
Jemappes
(6 November 1792).
[4]
He became a military hero for this decisive victory, for which the newspaper "Revolutions de Paris" proclaimed him the liberator of the Belgians.
[13]
On 14 November he arrived in Brussels. Several times he received a mission of Dutch revolutionary patriots, with whom he agreed on the principles;
De Kock
,
Daendels
and his friends settled in Antwerp.
[14]
Cambon
pointed at the empty treasury and the wealthy Dutch. Dumouriez wrote a letter to the Convention scolding it for not supplying his army to his satisfaction and for the Decree of 15 December, which allowed the French armies to loot in the territory they had won, besides the introduction of the inflation-prone
assignats
in the conquered areas, and to expropriate church property.
[15]
[16]
The Decree insured that any plan concerning Belgium would fail due to a lack of popular support among the Belgians.
Dumouriez wanted to establish an independent Belgian state, free of Austrian control, which would act as a buffer on France's eastern borders, but that would not worry the British. To achieve this he began negotiations with the local authorities in Belgium, but on 15 December the Convention passed a decree ordering the military commanders in the occupied territories to implement all revolutionary laws.
[17]
War with the Dutch Republic
[
edit
]
Returning to Paris on 1 January 1793, Dumouriez encountered popular ovation, but he gained less sympathy from the revolutionary government. On 12 January he had a meeting with
Lebrun-Tondu
; on 23 January he was sent back.
[18]
The Dutch were willing to pay and an invasion of the Netherlands was postponed. To the more radical elements in Paris, it became clear that Dumouriez was not a true patriot but worked during the trial of Louis XVI to save him from execution. On 29 January Dumouriez lost his negotiating mandate.
[19]
With the help of the Girondists, Dumouriez ensured that defaulting
Pache
had to resign at the end of January 1793;
[20]
at the most critical moment of the war.
To declare war had always been a
prerogative
of the king. On 1 February
Brissot de Warville
declared war against King of Great Britain and the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, not the people. The next day
Francisco de Miranda
, the only general from Latin America in French service, gave the command of the French forces back to Dumouriez. Although Dumouriez advised the government simply to recognise Belgium's independence, the Jacobins sent several agents.
[22]
On 7 February Dumouriez appreciated the secret proposals of
Van de Spiegel
and
Baron Auckland
: in exchange for recognition of French Republic, France would have to refrain from aggression against other countries.
[23]
On 15 February,
Johan Valckenaer
addressed Cambon, the president of the Convention, to give not the committee but Dumouriez all powers to depose regents and restore others to power.
[24]
Lazare Carnot
proposed that annexation be undertaken on behalf of French interests whether or not the people to be annexed so wished.
[25]
On 17 February 1793, the French troops and the
Batavian Legion
crossed the Dutch border. Miranda,
Stengel
,
Dampierre
,
Valence
, and
Eustace
went northeast; Dumouriez and Daendels went northwest. Breda, Klundert, and Geertruidenberg were occupied with an army of
Sans-Culottes
that lacked almost everything.
[26]
After the French lost Venlo, Aachen,
Maastricht
and all the supply at Liege in early March,
[27]
Dumouriez was ordered to return to Brussels rather than further entering
Holland
.
[28]
[29]
The situation was alarming. Miranda wrote Dumouriez to continue his plan and not return to Belgium.
[30]
On 11 March, Dumouriez addressed the Brussels assembly, apologizing for the actions of the French commissioners and looting soldiers.
[31]
On 12 March Dumouriez wrote an angry, insolent letter which is considered a "declaration of war on the Convention".
[32]
[9]
He criticized the interference of officials of the War Ministry which employed many Jacobins.
[33]
He attacked not only
Pache
, the former minister of war, but also Marat and Robespierre.
[34]
Meanwhile Danton initiated the creation of the
Revolutionary Tribunal
to interrogate the generals at some time. Dumouriez had long been unable to agree with the course of the Convention. He was disenchanted with the radicalization of the revolution and its politics and put an end to the annexation efforts.
[35]
He was liked by the Belgium population. It seems both Eustace and Miranda disagreed; on 14 March Eustace wrote a letter to Dumouriez.
[36]
On 18 March 1793, Dumouriez's army attacked the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, also the brother of the Austrian emperor,
Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
's army. A major defeat in the
Battle of Neerwinden
nearly ended the French invasion. On 20 March Danton and
Charles-Francois Delacroix
were sent to
Louvain
.
[37]
On 22 March Dumouriez opened negotiations with the Austrian
General Mack
.
[38]
He allowed Dumouriez to retreat to Brussels; Dumouriez' soldiers were deserting in large numbers. The next day Dumouriez promised the Austrians he would leave Belgium (though he had no permission and was without approval of the convention.
[39]
) On 24 March,
Francisco de Miranda
, the only general from
Latin America
in French service, blamed Dumouriez for the defeat in the
Battle of Neerwinden (1793)
.
Dumouriez prevented the execution of the decrees of 15 and 27 December, according to Robespierre.
[40]
He did not want the Dutch Republic to come under French authority, or even to be incorporated. It was his army that liberated the south of the Netherlands, and he would not allow it to fall into the hands of commissioners of the Convention. For Robespierre, the army had already more soldiers than it needed. On 25 March Dumouriez asked Karl Mack for his support to march on Paris.
[41]
There he would negotiate peace, dissolve the convention, restore the
French Constitution of 1791
, plea for the restoration of a
constitutional monarchy
, and free Marie-Antoinette and her children.
[42]
[43]
He urged
Louis Philippe I
Duke of Chartres
, though still a teenager, to join his plan. The Jacobin leaders were quite sure that France had come close to a military coup mounted by Dumouriez and supported by
Petion
and Brissot.
Dumouriez' defection
[
edit
]
On 25 March Robespierre became one of members of the Committee of General Defence, to coordinate the war effort.
[44]
By the end of the month Robespierre called for the removal of Dumouriez, who in his eyes aspired to become a Belgian dictator.
[45]
[46]
[47]
A body of four commissioners was sent to question and arrest him.
[48]
[49]
The commissioners
Camus
, Bancal-des-Issarts,
Quinette
, and Lamarque were accompanied by the acting
Minister of War
,
Pierre Riel de Beurnonville
. Dumouriez sensed a trap and invited them to his headquarters at
Saint-Amand-les-Eaux
and ordered Miaczinski to arrest them at
Orchies
.
[a]
After an hour of deliberations he refused to accept the decree by the convention to go with them to Lille and Paris.
[59]
Instead Dumouriez arrested the five and sent them over to
General Clerfayt
on the next day.
[b]
Robespierre was convinced Brissot and Dumouriez wanted to overthrow the
First French Republic
.
[61]
On 3 April Robespierre declared before the Convention that the whole war was a prepared game between Dumouriez and Brissot to overthrow the
First French Republic
.
[62]
The next day Philippe Egalite was arrested.
On 4 April the convention declared Dumouriez a traitor and outlaw and put a price on his head.
Davout
's volunteer battalion tried to arrest Dumouriez.
[60]
[64]
Dumouriez unsuccessfully tried to persuade Davout to his side and made a move to save himself from his radical enemies. He attempted to persuade his troops to march on Paris and overthrow the revolutionary government. The attempt proved unfeasible because many of his soldiers were staunch republicans and several of his officers opposed him.
[4]
Without escort he rode on horseback to
Tournai
,
[65]
along with his chief of staff
Pierre Thouvenot
, the Duke of Chartres,
duc de Montpensier
he arrived on 5 April 1793 into the Austrian camp at
Maulde
. This blow left the
Brissotins
vulnerable due to their association with Dumouriez. Dumouriez's defection changed the course of the events for the Brissotins. On 5 April the Convention substantially expanded the power of the Tribunal revolutionnaire. The Montagnards raised the stakes by sending out a circular from the Jacobin Club in Paris to all the sister Jacobin clubs across France, appealing for petitions demanding the recall ? that is, the expulsion from the Convention ? of any deputies who had tried to save the life of "the tyrant". On 6 April the
Committee of Public Safety
was installed. Suspicion rose against
Phillipe Egalite
, because of his eldest son who fled with Dumouriez in the Austrian camp. Philippe Egalite was then put under continuous surveillance.
In Brussels Dumouriez met with
Metternich
and received a passport for Germany. On 10 April Robespierre accused him in a speech: "Dumouriez and his supporters have brought a fatal blow to the public fortune, preventing circulation of assignats in Belgium".
[47]
The French armies took positions behind the frontier. The
Army of Holland
deployed near
Lille
, the
Army of the Ardennes
at
Maulde
, the
Army of the North
at
Saint-Amand
, and the
Army of Belgium
at
Conde-sur-l'Escaut
and
Valenciennes
.
[66]
Later life and death
[
edit
]
Following his defection on 5 April 1793, Dumouriez remained in Brussels for a short time, and then travelled to
Cologne
, seeking a position at the elector's court. He soon learned he had become an object of suspicion among his countrymen, the royal houses, aristocracies, and clergy of Europe. In response, Dumouriez wrote and published in Hamburg (1794) a first volume of memoirs in which he offered his version of the previous year's events. He became a royalist intriguer during the reign of
Napoleon
as well as an adviser to the British government. Dumouriez wrote political pamphlets and letters analyzing the coastal defence of England and Ireland.
[67]
[68]
Dumouriez now wandered from country to country, occupied in ceaseless royalist intrigues, until 1804 when he settled in England, where the British government granted him a pension. He became a valuable adviser to the
British War Office
, and the
Duke of York and Albany
in his struggle against
Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
, and the
British anti-invasion preparations of 1803?05
.
[69]
In 1808
Castlereagh
had been warned by Dumouriez that the best policy England could adopt with respect to colonies in Spanish America was to relinquish all ideas of military conquest by
Arthur Wellesley
and instead support the emancipation of the territories. Furthermore, Dumouriez suggested that once emancipation was achieved, a constitutional monarchy should be established with the exiled Duke of Orleans as King.
[70]
In 1814 and 1815, he endeavoured to procure from
Louis XVIII
the
baton
of a marshal of France, but failed to do so.
[4]
He died at
Turville Park
, near
Henley-on-Thames
, on 14 March 1823.
[4]
An enlarged edition,
La Vie et les memoires du General Dumouriez
, appeared at Paris in 1823.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
P.C. Howe (1982) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 179-180
- ^
a
b
c
"La vie et les memoires du general Dumouriez"
. 1822.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
:
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911). "
Dumouriez, Charles Francois
".
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667.
- ^
"Charles Francois du Perrier Dumouriez (1739-1823)"
.
- ^
"Charles-Francois du Perier Dumouriez | French general | Britannica"
. 21 January 2024.
- ^
Memoires 2, p. 247
- ^
a
b
P.C. Howe, p. 2
- ^
a
b
Brace, Richard Munthe,
General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792-1793
, in
The American Historical Review
, Vol. 56, No. 3, (April, 1951), pp. 493-509.
- ^
Savage, Gary.
Favier’s Heirs: The French Revolution and the Secret du Roi
, in
The Historical Journal
, Vol. 41, No. 1, (March 1998), pp. 225-258.
- ^
"From Hero To 'Traitor': The French Revolution." Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. <
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/english/traitor/
>
- ^
Dumouriez, Charles Francois. "Letter to General Francois Kellermann". 24 August 1792.<
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/pdf/REX029_051.pdf
>
- ^
"Department of History." Illustrations from Revolutions De Paris | Department of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
- ^
J. Rosendaal, p. 349, 351, 355, 361
- ^
Hubrecht G. Les assignats en Belgique. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 29, fasc. 2-3, 1951. pp. 455-459. DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.1951.2098
www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1951_num_29_2_2098
- ^
P.C. Howe, p. 117-119, 123,
- ^
Rickard, J. (2009), Charles Francois Dumouriez, 1739-1823
- ^
J. Rosendaal, p. 369
- ^
J. Rosendaal, p. 370-371
- ^
Richard Munthe Brace:
General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792?1793
. In
American Historical Review
56, Nr. 3, (1951), S. 499 f.
- ^
Memoires du general Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 67, 78, 123
- ^
J. Rosendaal, p. 371
- ^
J. Rosendaal, pp. 389, 693; note 168
- ^
P.C. Howe (2018) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 154
- ^
Memoires du general Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 27, 30, 32, 38, 42, 54
- ^
"Chapter 16. Robespierre’s Putsch ( June 1793)". Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, pp. 420-449.
[1]
- ^
Memoires du general Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 61
- ^
Patricia Chastain Howe (2008) Foreign policy and the French Revolution. Charles-Francois Doyle, Pierre Lebrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789-1793. Palgrave Macmillan, London, p. 159, 172
- ^
Dumouriez
par
Arthur Chuquet
, p. 164
- ^
P.C. Howe, p. 160
- ^
Wikisource: Œuvres completes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793
[2]
- ^
I. Davidson, p. 108, 150
- ^
Sampson Perry (1796) An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution. Band 2, p. 377
- ^
P.C. Howe, p. 162
- ^
"Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [20 November 1798]"
.
- ^
Memoires 4, p. 139
- ^
Memoires du general Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 127
- ^
P.C. Howe, p. 164, 166
- ^
Wikisource:
Œuvres completes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793
[3]
- ^
Dumouriez
par
Arthur Chuquet
, p. 185
- ^
Dinwiddy, J. R. (1 July 1992).
Radicalism and Reform in Britain, 1780?1850
. A&C Black.
ISBN
978-0-8264-3453-1
– via Google Books.
- ^
P.C. Howe (1982) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 175-176
- ^
France and Its Revolutions: G. Long (1850) A Pictorial History 1789?1848, p. 265
- ^
P.C. Howe, p. 167
- ^
Dumouriez
par
Arthur Chuquet
, p. 181
- ^
a
b
Wikisource: Œuvres completes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793
Discours contre Brissot & les girondins
- ^
La vie et les memoires du general Dumouriez, p. 129
- ^
Thompson, J.M. (1929) Leaders of the French Revolution, p. 215
- ^
Bulletin des Amis de la Verite, 7 avril 1793, p. 2
- ^
Bulletin Du Tribunal Criminel Revolutionnaire, p. 148, 151
- ^
Leleu E. La tentative de Dumouriez sur Lille en 1793. In: Revue du Nord, tome 9, n°34, mai 1923. pp. 81-109. DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1923.1342
www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1923_num_9_34_1342
- ^
Le Republicain francais, 5 avril 1793; Mercure francais, 13 avril 1793
- ^
H. Wallon (1880-1882) Histoire du tribunal revolutionnaire de Paris: avec le journal de ses actes, p. 101-103
- ^
Nouvelles politiques, nationales et etrangeres, 6 avril 179
- ^
p. 139, 157-158
- ^
La vie et les memoires du general Dumouriez, p. 149, 157-159, 164-165, 175-176, 187-188, 207
- ^
a
b
Un General diplomate au temps de la revolution
- ^
Journal des debats et des decrets, 3 avril 1793
- ^
"Speech against Dumouriez and Brissot, to be delivered at the Jacobin Club on April 3, 1793"
. Archived from
the original
on January 28, 2023
. Retrieved
January 22,
2023
.
- ^
Daniel Reichel (1975) Davout et l'art de la guerre: recherches sur la formation, l'action pendant la Revolution et les commandements du marechal Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt, prince d'Eckmuhl, 1770-1823
- ^
Memoires du general Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 207
- ^
Phipps, Ramsay Weston
(2011).
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume I The Armee du Nord
. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. 155?157.
ISBN
978-1-908692-24-5
.
- ^
'Memoire militaire sur l'Angleterre (1799)
- ^
John Holland Rose and Alexander Meyrick Broadley (1909) Dumouriez and the Defence of England Against Napoleon
- ^
French plans for the invasion of England, ca. 1804
- ^
Great Britain and Argentina by K. Gallo, p. 87
Note
[
edit
]
- ^
The commissioners were escorted by
Chevalier de Saint-Georges
,
who immediately drove back to Lille.
[51]
[52]
[53]
In the evening Lille was successfully defended by Saint-Georges against Miaczinsky who was sent by Dumouriez to seize the city
[54]
[55]
His troops were forced to camp outside the city walls.
[56]
It is supposed that Dumouriez sent Miaczinsky to Lille and arrest the other seven commissioners. Saint-Georges who kept the troops outside the walls became the hero.
[57]
Dumouriez blamed the famous mulatto for thwarting his plans.
Saint-Georges prohibited the arrest of the other commissioner. Instead Miaczinsky was arrested and taken to Paris by the commissioners. After a trial on 17 May he was executed.
- ^
In the evening he had supper with
Madame de Genlis
.
[60]
Sources
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Significant civil and political events by year
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1788
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1789
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1790
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1791
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1792
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1793
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1794
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1795?6
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1797
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1798
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1799
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International
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Other
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