Species of virus
Medical condition
Chapare mammarenavirus
or
Chapare virus
is a virus from the family
Arenaviridae
which causes a
hemorrhagic fever
in humans known as
Chapare hemorrhagic fever
. It was first described after an outbreak of a novel
zoonotic
mammarenavirus infection occurred in the village of Samuzabeti,
Chapare Province
,
Bolivia
, in January 2003. A small number of people were infected and one person died.
[2]
[3]
[4]
In 2019, nine people became infected with the virus in the
La Paz regional area
, four of whom died.
Nosocomial
and human-to-human transmission of the virus occurred in at least three of the cases which resulted in the death of a
medical intern
and a
gastroenterologist
. Like other members of the Arenavirus family, the specific zoonotic reservoir and primary transmission
vector
is suspected to be a
rodent
, probably the
small-eared pygmy rice rat
.
[5]
[6]
[2]
Virology
[
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]
The Chapare virus is an enveloped virus with a bi-segmented single-stranded ambisense
RNA
genome. The two RNA segments are denoted Small (S) and Large (L). It belongs to the New World Clade B lineage of mammarenaviruses and is most closely related to the
Sabia virus
.
[2]
[5]
Symptoms
[
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]
After an incubation period of around 9?19 days, initial symptoms include fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, back pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. The disease often progresses to include hemorrhagic and neurological symptoms, such as gingival hemorrhage, anaemia, leukopaenia, confusion, seizures, ecchymoses, bleeding from mucous membranes, hemorrhagic shock and multi-organ failure.
[2]
[5]
Chapare virus RNA was detected in the blood, urine, conjunctiva, semen and in broncho-alveolar and nasopharyngeal samples of the infected patients. Those who survived often had prolonged residual neurological symptoms. Viral RNA was detected in survivors up to 170 days after infection and infectious Chapare virus was obtained in a semen sample of one patient 86 days after symptom onset.
[5]
Treatment
[
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]
Treatment relies mostly on supportive care and early diagnosis. Specific antiviral therapy for Chapare virus infection has yet to be properly investigated.
[5]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Buchmeier, Michael J.; et al. (2 July 2014).
"Rename one (1) genus and twenty-five (25) species in the family
Arenaviridae
"
(PDF)
.
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
. Retrieved
14 June
2019
.
in the family
Arenaviridae
change the name of genus
Arenavirus
to
Mammarenavirus
and convert the names of its constituent species to a binomial format, by appending the name
Mammarenavirus
to each existing name
- ^
a
b
c
d
Delgado S, Erickson BR, Agudo R, Blair PJ, Vallejo E, Albarino CG, Vargas J, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Olson JG, Nichol ST (April 2008).
"Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia"
.
PLOS Pathog
.
4
(4): e1000047.
doi
:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000047
.
PMC
2277458
.
PMID
18421377
.
- ^
"New kind of killer virus discovered in Bolivia"
.
NewScientist
. New Scientist
. Retrieved
2008-04-17
.
- ^
"Evidence shows human transmission in deadly outbreak of mysterious disease in Bolivia"
.
EurekAlert!
. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 16 November 2020
. Retrieved
17 November
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Mafayle RL, Morales-Betoulle ME, Romero C, Cossaboom CM, Whitmer S, Aguilera CE, Ardaya CA, Zambrana MC, Anajia AD, Loayza NM, Montano AM, Alvis FL, Guzman JR, Martinez SS, De La Vega GA, Ramirez AM, Gutierrez JT, Pinto AJ, Bacci RS, Brignone J, Garcia J, Anez A, Mendez-Rico J, Luz K, Segales A, Cruz KM, Valdivia-Cayoja A, Amman BR, Choi MJ, Erickson BR, Goldsmith C, Graziano JC, Joyce A, Klena JD, Leach A, Malenfant JH, Nichol ST, Patel K, Sealy T, Shoemaker T, Spiropoulou CF, Todres A, Towner JS, Montgomery JM (June 2022).
"Chapare hemorrhagic fever and virus detection in rodents in Bolivia in 2019"
.
New England Journal of Medicine
.
386
(24): 2283?2294.
doi
:
10.1056/NEJMoa2110339
.
PMC
10245337
.
PMID
35704480
.
- ^
"Researchers confirm human-to-human transmission of rare virus in Bolivia"
.
the Guardian
. 2020-11-16
. Retrieved
2020-11-17
.
External links
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]
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Chapare mammarenavirus
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Chapare virus
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