Central Bank of The Russian Federation
The
Central Bank of the Russian Federation
(
Russian
:
Центральный банк Российской Федерации
), which brands itself as
Bank of Russia
(
Russian
:
Банк России
)
[4]
[5]
and is also commonly referred to in English as the
Central Bank of Russia
(
CBR
),
[6]
[7]
[8]
is the
central bank
of the
Russian Federation
. The bank was established on July 13, 1990.
[8]
It claims the legacy of the
State Bank of the Russian Empire
(1860-1920) and of the Soviet
Gosbank
(1921-1992), even though both institutions covered a significant larger territorial scope.
[9]
The bank is headquartered on
Neglinnaya Street
in Moscow. Its functions are described in the
Constitution of Russia
(Article 75)
[10]
and in federal law.
[
citation needed
]
History
[
edit
]
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) was established 13 July 1990 as a result of the transformation of the Russian Republican Bank
[
citation needed
]
of the
State Bank of the USSR
. It was accountable to the
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
. On 2 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR passed the Law on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), according to which the Bank of Russia has become a
legal entity
, the main bank of the RSFSR and was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. In June 1991, the charter was adopted by the Bank of Russia. On 20 December 1991 the State Bank of the USSR was abolished and all its assets, liabilities and property in the RSFSR were transferred to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), which was then renamed to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia). Since 1992, the Bank of Russia began to buy and sell foreign currency on the
foreign exchange market
created by it, establish and publish the official exchange rates of
foreign currencies
against the ruble.
Role and duties
[
edit
]
According to the constitution, it is an independent entity, with the primary responsibility of protecting the stability of the national currency, the
ruble
.
[12]
Before 1 September 2013, it was the main
regulator of the Russian banking industry
, responsible for banking
licenses
, rules of banking operations and accounting standards, serving as a
lender of last resort
for credit organizations. After pointed date functions and powers of CBR were significantly expanded and the central bank received the status of a mega-regulator of all financial markets of Russia.
[13]
It holds the exclusive right to issue ruble
banknotes
and
coins
through the Moscow and St. Petersburg mints, the
Goznak
mint
.
[
citation needed
]
The central bank issues commemorative coins made of precious and non-precious metals as well as investment ones made of precious metals, which are distributed inside and outside the country.
[14]
In 2010, in honor of its 150th anniversary it issued a 5-kilo commemorative gold coin
Alexander II
.
[15]
Under Russian law, half of the bank's profit must be channeled into the
government's federal budget
. The Central Bank of Russia is a member of the
BIS
.
[16]
The Bank of Russia owns a 57.58% stake in
Sberbank
, the country's leading
commercial bank
.
The Bank of Russia also owns a 100% stake in
Russian National Reinsurance Company
(RNRC), the biggest national reinsurance company. The RNRC was established in July 2016 to prevent possible problems with
reinsurance
of large
risks
under
international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis
, like constructing the
Crimean Bridge
.
[17]
Anti-fraud activities
[
edit
]
A key prospective witness in improper financial affairs was Lyubov Tarasova (
Russian
:
Любовь Тарасова
) who was a senior auditor for the Central Bank of Russia and worked for the "Unicom" (
Russian
:
"Юникон"
) auditing firm which had been established on 20 August 1991 and was responsible for "checking the correctness of the documentation and the essence of business transactions that are in doubt" (
Russian
:
"проверка правильности документального оформления и сущности хозяйственных операций, вызывающих сомнение"
), but was stabbed to death in her apartment in Moscow on 15-16 October 1997.
[18]
[19]
[20]
In 2017, within the framework of a joint anti-phishing project of the Bank of Russia and search engine
Yandex
, a special
check mark
(a green circle with a tick and 'Реестр ЦБ РФ' (Bank of Russia Register) text box) appeared in the search results, informing the consumer that the website is really owned by a legally registered company licensed by the Bank of Russia.
[21]
[22]
Governors
[
edit
]
The
President of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank
is the head of the
central banking system
of the Russian Federation. The Governor is chosen by the
President of Russia
; and serves for four-year-terms after appointment. A Governor may be appointed for several consecutive terms (
Sergey Ignatyev
was the Governor of the Central Bank for 11 years, and he was appointed three times, in the longest serving term in post-soviet Russia).
№
|
Name (governor)
|
Photo
|
Term of office
|
Appointed by
|
Start of term
|
End of term
|
Length of service
|
1
|
Georgy Matyukhin
|
|
25 December 1990
|
16 May 1992
|
1 year, 143 days (
508 days)
|
Boris Yeltsin
|
2
|
Viktor Gerashchenko
|
|
17 July 1992
|
18 October 1994
|
2 years, 93 days (
823 days)
|
3
|
Tatyana Paramonova
|
|
19 October 1994
|
8 November 1995
|
1 year, 20 days (
385 days)
|
4
|
Alexander Khandruyev
|
|
8 November 1995
|
22 November 1995
|
14 days (
14 days)
|
5
|
Sergei Dubinin
|
|
22 November 1995
|
11 September 1998
|
2 years, 293 days (
1,024 days)
|
6
|
Viktor Gerashchenko
|
|
11 September 1998
|
20 March 2002
|
3 years, 190 days (
1,286 days)
|
7
|
Sergey Ignatyev
|
|
21 March 2002
|
23 June 2013
|
11 years, 94 days (
4,112 days)
|
Vladimir Putin
|
9
|
Elvira Nabiullina
|
|
24 June 2013
|
present
|
10 years, 357 days (
4,009 days)
|
Subsidiaries
[
edit
]
The Central Bank of Russia holds directly significant participatory interests in a number of Russian companies:
Additionally, the Bank of Russia held earlier interests in some other Russian organizations. In particular, after the liquidation of
Gosbank
(State Bank of the USSR), the CBR beneficially acquired complete or controlling interests in five so-called "Russian Foreign Banks" (until 1991 ? "Soviet Foreign Banks"):
All of them were members of the USSR
Vneshekonombank
system and were transferred to the CBR in 1992 by the Resolution of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of Russia
.
[23]
For over five years ? 2000 to 2005 ? all stocks of the Russian Foreign Banks were being purchased from the Bank of Russia by
VTB Bank
.
[24]
[25]
[a]
As part of the financial support to credit institutions, the Bank of Russia invests in them through the Banking Sector Consolidation Fund and acquires (on a temporary and indirect basis) shares in the equity of such banks. The first project of this kind was
Otkritie FC Bank
, in summer 2017.
Politics
[
edit
]
In December 2014, amidst falling global oil prices,
international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
,
capital flight
, and fears of recession, the bank had increased the one-week minimum auction
repo
rate up by 6.5 points to 17 percent. This caused a run on the ruble, and on 29 January, the bank decreased the rate by two points to 15 percent.
In January 2015, the head of monetary policy,
Ksenia Yudayeva
, a proponent of strict anti-inflation policy, was replaced by
Dmitry Tulin
, who is "seen as more acceptable to bankers, who have called for lower interest rates".
[27]
In response to the
2021?2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
, multiple countries imposed
economic sanctions
against Russian banks. On 22 February 2022, US president
Joe Biden
announced restrictions of activities by US citizens involved with the Bank of Russia and others.
[28]
In March, the
Bank of International Settlements
suspended the Bank of Russia.
[29]
In March 2022, the
Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation
blocked Russian securities from the Bank of Russia and Russia's
finance ministry
.
[30]
At the end of May 2022, three months into the invasion of Ukraine, the central bank cut interest rates in an effort to prop up the increasingly isolated Russian economy, suffering shortages and supply chain issues. The inflation rate rose to 17.8 percent in April. Also the ruble reached its strongest level against the U.S. dollar in four years, hurting exports.
[31]
Sanctions also included asset freezes on the Russian Central Bank,
[32]
which holds $630 billion in
foreign-exchange reserves
,
[33]
to prevent it from offsetting the impact of sanctions.
[34]
On 5 May 2022, President of the European Council
Charles Michel
said: "I am absolutely convinced that this is extremely important not only to freeze assets but also to make possible to confiscate it, to make it available for the rebuilding" of
Ukraine
.
[35]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
In 1998, "Northern Alliance" (
Russian
:
≪Северный Альянс≫
) associated with
Saint Petersburg
included directors and shareholders of Tokobank (
Russian
:
Токобанк
) including Sudhir Gupta, owner of Amtel Tire Holding and controlled Yunicbank (
Russian
:
Юникбанк
), whose August 1998 head of the supervisory board was Stepan Kovalchuk (
Russian
:
Степан Ковальчук
), the chairman of the board of Flamingo Bank (
Russian
:
банк ≪Фламинг≫
). Stepan Kovalchuk is a grand-nephew of Yuri Kovalchuk.
[24]
[25]
[26]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Weidner, Jan (20 April 2017).
"The Organisation and Structure ofCentral Banks"
(pdf)
.
portal.dnb.de
. Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt. p. 296.
Archived
from the original on 28 May 2020
. Retrieved
21 December
2021
.
- ^
Central Bank of The Russian Federation.
"International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)"
.
Archived
from the original on 19 January 2023
. Retrieved
1 March
2022
.
- ^
"The Central Bank of Russian Federation | Bank of Russia"
.
www.cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 17 February 2023
. Retrieved
19 June
2021
.
- ^
"About Bank of Russia | Bank of Russia"
.
cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 28 May 2022
. Retrieved
28 May
2022
.
- ^
"О Банке России | Банк России"
.
cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 3 June 2022
. Retrieved
28 May
2022
.
- ^
"Constitution of the Russian Federation"
.
Government of the Russian Federation archive.government.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 25 October 2014
. Retrieved
28 May
2022
.
- ^
"Конституция Российской Федерации / Constitution of the Russian Federation (in Russian)"
.
Government of the Russian Federation archive.government.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 29 July 2021
. Retrieved
28 May
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 42 / Thursday, March 3, 2022 / Notices"
(PDF)
.
United States Department of the Treasury
. 3 March 2022.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 3 March 2022
. Retrieved
27 May
2022
.
- ^
History of the Bank of Russia. 1860?2010. In 2 vols. Ed.: Y. A. Petrov, S. Tatarinov. 2010.
- ^
"Constitution of the Russian Federation"
.
Government of the Russian Federation archive.government.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 25 October 2014
. Retrieved
28 May
2022
.
- ^
"Рейтинг банков | Банки.ру"
.
Banki.ru
. Retrieved
3 January
2020
.
- ^
"Banking Legislation"
.
Bank of Russia
. Archived from
the original
on 17 October 2017.
- ^
"Elvira Nabiullina: Establishing a mega regulator for the Russian financial sector"
Archived
17 October 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
, Bank for International Settlements : Central bankers' speeches : Speech by Ms Elvira Nabiullina, Governor of the Bank of Russia, at the Federation Council, Moscow, 15 February 2017.
- ^
"Commemorative Coins ? Banknotes and Coins ? Bank of Russia"
.
cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 29 January 2013
. Retrieved
28 January
2013
.
- ^
"Russia to issue 5 kg gold coin"
Archived
23 May 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
, The Financial Express. 19 May 2010. Accessed 19 May 2010.
- ^
Hilsenrath, Jon; Blackstone, Brian (12 December 2012).
"Inside the Risky Bets of Central Banks"
.
wsj.com
. The Wall Street Journal.
Archived
from the original on 22 December 2017
. Retrieved
21 December
2021
.
- ^
"Putin signed a law establishing a National reinsurance company"
Archived
27 May 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
, World News, Breaking News, 4 July 2016.
- ^
"Arthur Christy. Inkombank lawyer former US Attorney: US lawyers hired as spin doctors for Russian mob"
.
US-Russia Press Club
. 30 April 1999. Archived from
the original
on 1 July 2007
. Retrieved
10 April
2021
– via russianlaw.org.
- ^
"Убили аудитора: Убит хранитель тайн Центробанка"
[The auditor was killed: Keeper of secrets of the Central Bank killed].
Kommersant
(in Russian). 18 October 1997.
Archived
from the original on 11 April 2021
. Retrieved
8 April
2021
.
- ^
"били аудитора: Кого проверяла Любовь Тарасова"
[The auditor was killed: Whom Lyubov Tarasova checked].
Kommersant
(in Russian). 18 October 1997.
Archived
from the original on 11 April 2021
. Retrieved
10 April
2021
.
- ^
"Bank of Russia to mark microfinance organisations on the Internet | Банк России"
.
www.cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 23 October 2020
. Retrieved
16 August
2017
.
- ^
"Insurers' websites receive first marks | Банк России"
.
www.cbr.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 23 October 2020
. Retrieved
14 February
2018
.
- ^
Овчинников, О. (Ovchinnikov, O.) (8 November 2000).
"ЦБ - центральный Банд ..."
[Central Bank - Central Gang ...].
Compromat.ru
(in Russian).
Archived
from the original on 23 April 2021
. Retrieved
10 April
2021
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
"
"Дочерние" российские зарубежные банки и сеть ВТБ: доли ЦБ, ВТБ и др"
[Russian Foreign "Daughter" Banks and the VTB Network: stakes held by Central Bank, VTB, others].
compromat.ru
. February 2005.
Archived
from the original on 16 March 2022
. Retrieved
15 July
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Бирман, Александр (Birman, Alexander) (21 February 2005).
"В советских сетях: Нефтедоллары пойдут по проверенным каналам загранбанков"
[In Soviet networks: Oil dollars will go through proven channels of foreign banks].
Компании Деловой Еженедельник
(ko.ru)
. Archived from
the original
on 13 March 2005
. Retrieved
15 July
2021
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Рубин, Михаил (Rubin, Mikhail); Баданин, Роман (Badanin, Roman) (28 November 2018).
"Телега из Кремля. Рассказ о том, как власти превратили Telegram в телевизор"
[A cart from the Kremlin. The story of how the authorities turned Telegram into a TV].
Проект
(proekt.media)
(in Russian).
Archived
from the original on 11 January 2019
. Retrieved
15 July
2021
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Jason Bush, Lidia Kelly and Alexander Winning (30 January 2015).
"Russian central bank makes surprise interest rate cut"
.
Reuters
.
Archived
from the original on 30 January 2015
. Retrieved
31 January
2015
.
- ^
"Fact Sheet: United States Imposes First Tranche of Swift and Severe Costs on Russia"
.
The White House
. 22 February 2022.
Archived
from the original on 9 April 2022
. Retrieved
23 February
2022
.
- ^
"IMF approves $1.4 billion Ukraine aid and BIS suspends Russia"
.
Central Banking
. 10 March 2022.
- ^
Lomax, Securities Finance Times reporter Jenna (2 March 2022).
"DTCC blocks Russian securities from Bank of Russia"
.
www.securitiesfinancetimes.com
.
Archived
from the original on 23 April 2022
. Retrieved
23 April
2022
.
- ^
Cohen, Patricia; Nelson, Eshe; Safronova, Valeriya; Levenson, Michael (26 May 2022).
"As Russia Diverges From the Global Economy, Soviet-Style Scarcity Looms"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on 27 May 2022
. Retrieved
27 May
2022
.
- ^
Kirschenbaum, J. (16 May 2022).
"Now is not the time to confiscate Russia's central bank reserves"
.
Bruegel
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
15 June
2022
.
- ^
Davidson, Kate; Weaver, Aubree Eliza (28 February 2022).
"The West declares economic war on Russia"
.
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.
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- ^
Pop, Valentina (25 February 2022).
"EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later"
.
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.
Archived
from the original on 26 February 2022.
- ^
"Germany open to Russian Central Bank asset seizure to finance Ukraine's recovery"
.
Euractiv
. 17 May 2022.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2022
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Barenboim, Peter (2001). "Constitutional Economics and the Bank of Russia".
Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law
.
7
(1): 160.
External links
[
edit
]
Central banks by country
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