President of Turkey from 1950 to 1960
Mahmut Celal Bayar
|
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mahmut_Celalettin_Bayar.png/220px-Mahmut_Celalettin_Bayar.png) |
|
|
In office
27 May 1950 ? 27 May 1960
|
Prime Minister
| Adnan Menderes
|
---|
Preceded by
| ?smet ?nonu
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Cemal Gursel
|
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|
In office
1 November 1937 ? 25 January 1939
|
President
| Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Abdulhalik Renda
(Acting)
?smet ?nonu
|
---|
Preceded by
| ?smet ?nonu
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Refik Saydam
|
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|
In office
7 June 1946 ? 9 June 1950
|
Preceded by
| Position established
|
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Succeeded by
| Adnan Menderes
|
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|
In office
28 June 1923 ? 27 May 1960
|
Constituency
| Izmir
(
1923
,
1927
,
1931
,
1935
,
1939
,
1943
,
1946
)
Istanbul
(
1950
,
1954
,
1957
)
|
---|
|
|
Born
| (
1883-05-16
)
16 May 1883
Gemlik
,
Ottoman Empire
|
---|
Died
| 22 August 1986
(1986-08-22)
(aged 103)
Istanbul
, Turkey
|
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Political party
| Democrat Party
(1946?1961)
Republican People's Party
(1923?1945)
Committee of Union and Progress
(1908?1922)
|
---|
Spouse
| Re?ide Bayar
|
---|
Relations
| Ahmet ?hsan Gursoy
(son-in-law)
|
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Children
| Refii Bayar
Turgut Bayar
Nilufer Bayar
|
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Signature
| ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar_Signature.svg/128px-Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar_Signature.svg.png) |
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|
Mahmut Celalettin
"
Celal
"
Bayar
(16 May 1883 ? 22 August 1986)
[1]
[2]
[3]
was a Turkish economist and politician who was the
third president of Turkey
from 1950 to 1960; previously he was the
prime minister of Turkey
from 1937 to 1939.
Bayar began his career in the
Committee of Union and Progress
, establishing its
Izmir
and
Bursa
branches. Following the declaration of the Republic, he founded much of Turkey's early financial institutions, including the country's first bank,
?? Bankası
. An advocate of liberal economic policies,
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
appointed Bayar prime minister in 1937 to liberalize the economy, until he resigned in 1939 under Ataturk's successor,
?smet ?nonu
.
Until 1945, he was a member of
Republican People's Party
(CHP) which was
the sole legal party
. In 1946, he founded the
Democrat Party
along with
Adnan Menderes
,
Fuat Koprulu
and
Refik Koraltan
beginning
Turkey's multiparty period
, which still goes on to this day.
[4]
A peaceful transfer of power from the CHP to DP happened in the
1950 elections
, after which Bayar as elected Turkey's third president.
[5]
He was
re-elected in 1954
and
1957
, serving for 10 years as president. In that period, Menderes was his prime minister. He was overthrown and incarcerated after the
1960 coup d'etat
, and advocated for the restoration of rights of former politicians associated with the Democrat Party following his release.
He is considered to be the longest-lived former
head of state
and was the longest-lived state leader until 8 December 2008 (when he was surpassed by
Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum
). Celal Bayar died on 22 August 1986 at the age of 103 after a brief illness.
Early years
[
edit
]
Younger Celaleddin
Mahmut Celalettin (Bayar after
1934
) was born on 16 May 1883 at
Umurbey
, a village of
Gemlik
,
Bursa
,
[6]
the third son of Abdullah Fehmi Efendi, religious leader and teacher who migrated from
Lom
,
Ottoman Bulgaria
as a
muhacir
, after the
Bulgarians
ethnically cleansed the Muslim population there during the
1877?1878 Russo-Turkish war
. His older brothers were Behzat and Asım. Bayar worked as a clerk after school, first in a court in Gemlik and then in
Ziraat Bank
. In 1906, he was employed in the
Deutsche Orientbank
in Bursa.
[7]
In the CUP
[
edit
]
Celal Bey, who joined the volunteer units in
1909 to suppress the rebellion
of
Abdul Hamit II
supporters that emerged after the
1908 Revolution
organized by the
Young Turks
In 1907, Bayar joined an unofficial branch of the
Committee of Union and Progress
(CUP) in
Bursa
.
[8]
After the
Second Constitutional Era
was proclaimed following the
Young Turk Revolution
, he served as the secretary-general of a newly founded local branch of the organization, with instructions to organize Unionist infrastructure in Anatolia.
[
citation needed
]
Bayar formed a Unionist militia in Bursa with the intention to join up with
Mahmud Shevket Pasha
's
Action Army
during the
31 March Incident
. He got as far as
Mudanya
but by then the revolt was crushed. He then founded the
?zmir
branch of Union and Progress in 1911. Bayar established an organization and CUP mouthpiece known as
Halkın Do?ru
(True to the People), where he wrote pro-CUP articles under the pseudonym Turgut Alp. He was a participant of the
1913 Ottoman coup d'etat
, and witnessed the murder of the Minister of War
Nazım Pasha
.
Well connected with financial circles, Bayar played an important role in Unionist
Milli ?ktisat
(National Economy) policies. He was a member of the
Special Organization
and worked alongside
E?ref Sencer Ku?cuba?ı
to help organize the
1914 Greek deportations
in order to reduce the
Ottoman Greek
population on the Aegean coast.
[10]
[11]
He initiated the opening of
?zmir Girls' High School
, the ?imendifer Vocational School in
Basmahane
, and a library in ?zmir. Bayar also played an important role in the creation of the ?zmir based sports club
Altay S.K
.
[12]
War of Independence
[
edit
]
Following the
Armistice of Mudros
, which ended
World War I
for the Ottomans, he was tried and acquitted as a war criminal at the ?zmir Martial Law Court. However, when the allied powers continued advancing into Ottoman territory despite the armistice, various nationalist organizations known as
Defence of National Rights Associations
started to be founded. Bayar created the
Association for the Cancellation of ?zmir's Annexation
(
?zmir Redd-i ?lhak Cemiyeti
) and the
Association for the Defence of Ottoman ?zmir
(
?zmir Mudafaa-i Hukuku Osmaniye Cemiyeti
). Bayar fled into the mountains after hearing rumors of an impending allied occupation of ?zmir and finding out his name was on an arrest list from the
Freedom and Accord
government in
Constantinople
. Once
?zmir was occupied
, he cooperated with the national resistance fighters in the
Soke region
. On the side of the resistance, he participated in the
Battle of Aydın
against the Greeks. With the decision of the
Balıkesir Congress
, he was appointed to the command of the
Akhisar
front regiment.
Bayar was elected to the
Ottoman Parliament
as deputy of Saruhan (today
Manisa
) in the
1919 election
, where he gave speeches denouncing the palace's indifference to allied occupation. Following the
occupation of Constantinople
, he fled to
Ankara
to join
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Pasha
and the
Turkish Independence Movement
. While on the road the
Anzavur rebellion
threatened Bursa, so Mustafa Kemal asked Bayar to stay in Bursa to fend the rebels off. He was briefly a member of the
Green Army Organization
and the
Turkish Communist Party
, a foax communist party set up by Mustafa Kemal to counter the influence of the
Communist Party of Turkey
.
[13]
He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
.
[14]
The same year, he served as deputy minister of the economy and ın 1921 he was appointed as the
minister of the economy
. He led the negotiation commission during
Cerkes Ethem
's uprising. In 1922, Bayar was a member of the Turkish delegation during the
Lausanne Peace Conference
as an advisor to
?smet ?nonu
.
One-party period
[
edit
]
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
and Bayar on 12 November 1937
Bayar was elected as a member of the
Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia
(ADNRAR) in the
1923 election
, serving as a deputy of ?zmir in the Parliament. ADNRAR soon renamed itself
Republican People's Party
(CHP) and continued
a one party state
started by the CUP in 1913. On 6 March 1924 Celal Bayar was appointed
Minister of Exchange Construction and Settlement
(until 7 July 1924).
[15]
Bayar was influential in determining the economic policy of the regime as a result of being in Mustafa Kemal's close circle during this period. A policy of a modern and state supported capitalism was pursued. On 26 August 1924, Ataturk commissioned Bayar to found a national bank, which resulted in the foundation of
??bank
[16]
in Ankara by using as capital the gold bullion sent by the
Muslims in India
to support the Turkish War of Independence. The
A?ar tax
was abolished, land was distributed, the
Te?vik-i Sanayi Kanunu
(Industry Incentive Law) was enacted, railway construction was accelerated, and the
Central Bank
was established. The effects of the
Great Depression
caused this more "liberal" policy to be replaced by
statism
.
During his teneurship as economic minister (between 1932 and 1937), Bayar became one of the leading advocates of statism. Bayar understood statism as an effective tool in the creation of a
nationalist
and capitalist economy. Bayar's term as economic minister saw an increase in regulatory interventions in the economy by the state, and high levels of industrialization. For this purpose, the
First Five-Year Industry Plan
was enacted. Institutions such as
Sumerbank
and
Etibank
were established to finance industrialization. Nationalizations, protectionist economic policies, and many state monopolies were created. However
?smet ?nonu
was in favor of an even stricter
statism
, and could not fully agree with his economic policies.
On 1 November 1937 Ataturk appointed Bayar as
Prime Minister
of the
9th Government of Turkey
after ?nonu left the government. During the Bayar government, the Denizbank Law, which continued the statist approach, was enacted and several nationalizations were made. However there was no significant change in the composition of the government nor a significant change in economic policy. He continued to serve as prime minister when Ataturk died and ?nonu became president in 1938 (
10th government of Turkey
). Differences of opinion with ?nonu led him to resign from the premiership on 25 January 1939. The rivalry between ?nonu and Bayar became one of the most significant rivalries in Turkish history.
Creation of the Democrat Party
[
edit
]
?smet ?nonu
and Bayar in 1938
During the
Second World War
, Bayar's political activity was limited; though he was re-elected as a member of parliament, he shunned from the cabinet. After 1943, he took a moderate opposition to the government.
The end of World War II brought about a global wave of democracy, which resumed the power struggle in the one-party regime between the two versions of statism espoused by ?nonu and Bayar. Opposition to the CHP administration surfaced during the voting of the 1945 Budget Law; Bayar,
Adnan Menderes
,
Fuat Koprulu
,
Refik Koraltan
, and Emin Sazak voted against the bill in the voting held for the seven-month budget of the
?ukru Saraco?lu government
. The division within the party became more evident on 7 June, 1945, when Bayar, Menderes, Koraltan and Koprulu submitted a motion to the chairmanship of the CHP Parliamentary Group asking for "amendments to the Party's statute and some laws", known as the "
motion with four signatures
". The motion demanded political liberalization in the country and in the party, but was soundly rejected by the members of the CHP Central Council. On 21 September, 1945, the CHP Council unanimously expelled Koprulu and Menderes from the party, and after a short time Koraltan. Bayar resigned from his parliamentary position in September 1945 and from the CHP in December 1945. On January 7, 1946, the four founded the
Democrat Party
(DP) and Bayar was elected as the leader of the party.
[4]
The party program of the DP featured Bayar style approaches to economic policy, political democratization, decreasing the power of the bureaucracy, and encouraging private initiative while maintaining the principle of statism.
DP achieved relative success against CHP in
1946 election
and elected 62 deputies. Bayar was also elected as a deputy from
?stanbul
. Between 1946 and 1950, as the
leader of the opposition
, he led a sometimes hardened opposition to his former party. At the first congress of the DP in January 1947, Bayar demanded that the Election Law be amended, so that the same person cannot be both president and party chairman, and that other antidemocratic laws should be abolished. Although the DP was supported by religious circles who were dissatisfied with the effective secularism policy of the one-party period, Bayar's
Kemalist
background was seen as an assurance of the party's commitment to secularism.
[17]
But he was among the moderates in the DP regarding the opposition to the CHP. The "extremists" later left the party and founded the
Nation Party
(which would be closed in 1953).
Presidency
[
edit
]
President Bayar receives a standing ovation after his speech before a joint session of Congress. Behind him are Vice-President
Nixon
and Speaker of the House
Sam Rayburn
(1954).
In the first free elections in Turkish history, the Democrats won the
1950 general election
with a 53% popular mandate.
[18]
Though Bayar didn't aspire to become president, parliament elected him as
president of Turkey
on 22 May 1950.
[5]
He subsequently resigned from the DP leadership, though regularly discussed policy with his prime minister and DP leader successor, Menderes. He was the first president of the Republic without a military background. He was also the first to do away with a non-partisan appearance, participating in election rallies and walking with a cane with an engraving of the DP logo. He was
re-elected in 1954
and
1957
, serving for 10 years as president.
During Bayar's presidency relations with the
Western bloc
improved and after the
Turkish Straits Crisis
, Turkey joined the
Korean War
in 1951
[19]
and then
NATO
in February 1952.
[20]
Bayar became the first president of Turkey to make an official visit to the United States in 1954. In a speech at a DP rally in ?stanbul before the
1957 election
, he announced that "Turkey will become a "
Little America
" in 30 years.
During ten-years of Democrat rule, Turkish society went through deep transformations. An inflationary economic policy encouraging private enterprise was followed, though the role of the state was not reduced. Political participation increased, leading to a large cadre of
Anatolians
entering politics and business. Although secularism was not abandoned, the explicitly secularist policy of the one-party regime was abandoned. In the second half of the 1950s, with the impact of the economic depression, the DP pursued increasingly authoritarian policies and put heavy pressure on the opposition. It was under his presidency that the
?stanbul Pogrom
took place on 6?7 September 1955. Bayar also had a decisive influence in encouraging authoritarianism by the Democrats.
1960 coup and imprisonment
[
edit
]
On 27 May 1960 the armed forces
staged a
coup d'etat
. Bayar first tried to resist the officers who came to arrest him at
Cankaya Mansion
on the morning of the coup and then tried to commit suicide by holding the pistol in his jacket pocket to his temple. However, the soldiers were more agile than the 77-year-old Bayar and managed to take the gun from him. Bayar was arrested along with other Democrats, and was tried at the
High Court of Justice in Yassıada
on charges of "treason" and "violating the constitution". He tried to commit suicide again with a waist belt while he was imprisoned in Yassıada but failed. He was sentenced to death on 15 September, 1961. The
National Unity Committee
approved the death sentence for Menderes, Zorlu, and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other twelve party members was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was transferred from Yassıada to
Kayseri
Prison but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health.
Due to ill health he was brought to Ankara for treatment on 14 February, 1962 and was taken back to prison in Kayseri five days later. Under pressure from ex-DP supporters, Bayar's sentence was suspended by the government for a period of six months due to his health issues and he was released on 22 March 1963. Bayar came to Ankara the next day, and was greeted by a large convoy and crowd. This enthusiastic welcome caused chaos in the streets, with protests going so far as vandalizing the headquarters of the successor of the DP, the
Justice Party
, Bayar's house, and the newspaper headquarters of
Yeni ?stanbul
. Concerns arose that the Justice Party would be shut down. The decision was eventually made to postpone Bayar's release from prison on 28 March. After being under surveillance in Ankara Hospital for 6 months, he was sent back to Kayseri Prison (5 October, 1963), although there was no change in his health status.
[21]
He remained in Kayseri Prison until 8 November 1964, when he was released once more for health reasons. He was pardoned by president
Cevdet Sunay
on July 8, 1966.
[22]
With a new amnesty law enacted by the Justice Party government on 8 August 1966, all former DP members, including those sentenced to life imprisonment, were freed.
[23]
Later years and death
[
edit
]
Bayar during a state visit to
West Germany
in 1958
Restoring ex-Democrats full political rights was a divisive issue in Turkey during the 1960s. After being pardoned, Bayar worked to restore the political rights of former DP members. In 1968, he founded a club called
Bizim Ev
(Our Home), which aimed to bring together ex-Democrats who lost their political rights. He held a historic meeting with his political rival ?nonu on 14 May 1969 that lead to CHP passing a constitutional amendment which returned suspended rights to former DP members. This amendment offended Sunay and the army, and also divided the Justice Party, resulting in the birth of the
Democratic Party
in 1970 (which Bayar supported).
Full political rights were restored to Bayar in 1974, but he declined an invitation to become a life member of the
Senate
, on the grounds that one can represent the people only if elected.
[24]
When a large group of Democratic Party members returned to the Justice Party after the amnesty was granted, Bayar also supported the Justice Party in the
1975 Senate partial elections
; He took to the podium together with
Suleyman Demirel
and spoke at the Justice Party rally held in Bursa. He supported the
1980 military junta
and the
1982 Constitution
. He
turned 100
on 16 May 1983.
He died on 22 August 1986 in Istanbul at the age of 103 after a brief illness.
[25]
There was debate over burying Bayar in
Anıtkabir
like his old rival ?smet ?nonu was, this was advocated by Motherland (
ANAP
) party leader
Turgut Ozal
and
SHP
leader
Erdal ?nonu
, ?smet's son. However President
Kenan Evren
objected and Bayar was buried in his hometown of
Umurbey
after a state ceremony in Ankara, at which Evren was in attendance.
[26]
From 24 April 1978, when former
Paraguayan President
Federico Chavez
died, until his own death Bayar was the world's oldest living former head of state.
Awards and legacy
[
edit
]
In 1954, Bayar was awarded the
Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
(
Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
). 27 January 1954 Bayar received the
Legion of Merit
Award from the President of the United States, as a result of Turkey's participation in the
Korean War
. He also received the
Order of the Yugoslav Star
.
[27]
In 1954, Bayar was awarded an honorary doctorate by the
University of Belgrade
. In 1958, the
Freie Universitat Berlin
(Free University Berlin) awarded him an honorary doctorate.
[28]
The
Celal Bayar University
, which was established in 1992 in
Manisa
, is named after him.
Family
[
edit
]
Celal Bayar married
Re?ide
in 1904 when he was 21 and she 18 years old.
[7]
They had three children: Refii (1904?1940), Turgut (1911?1983), and
Nilufer Bayar
(1921?).
[29]
Refii Bayar was the General Manager of "Milli Reasurans," a reinsurance company, from 1929 to 1939, was the founder of "Halk Evleri", an educational government entity in Istanbul, and was a journalist and published the
Halk
newspaper between 1939 and 1941 with Cemal Kutay.
Nilufer married Ahmet ?hsan Gursoy (1913?2008), who was the
Kutahya
deputy for the Democratic Party between 1946 and 1960, the Bursa deputy for the Justice Party between 1965 and 1969 and ?stanbul deputy for the Democratic Party between 1973 and 1975 and then for the Justice Party between 1975 and 1980.
External links
[
edit
]
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Kayseri Cezaevi Gunlu?u (Kayseri Prison Diary)
, Yapı Kredi yayınları/Tarih dizisi.
- Ben De Yazdım ? Milli Mucadeleye Gidi? (And so I wrote ? Going to the War of National Independence
) 8 volumes., Sabah kitapları/Turkiyeden dizisi, 1965?1972.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Bayar, Celal (1967),
Ben de Yazdım
, vol. 4, Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Gercek Nufus tezkiresinde kayıtlı adı Mahmud Celaleddin'dir. Daha sonra Mahmud adını
da nadiren kullanan Bayar'a sonraları sadece Celal olarak hitap edilecektir; Cemal Kutay, Uc Devirden Hakikatler, Ala?ao?lu Yayıncılık, ?stanbul 1982, s. 38
- ^
Kutay, C. (1980).
Etniki Eterya'dan gunumuze Ege'nin Turk kalma sava?ı
. Bo?azici Yayınları
. Retrieved
20 November
2020
.
- ^
Gokturk, H.?.; Kuntay, M.C. (1987).
Mithat Cemal Kuntay
. Kultur ve Turizm Bakanlı?ı.
ISBN
978-9751700902
. Retrieved
20 November
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919?1969
. Istanbul: Fakultler Matbaasi. p. 68.
- ^
a
b
Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919?1969
. Istanbul: Fakultler Matbaasi. p. 81.
- ^
Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling; et al. (2001).
The History of Turkey
. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Archived from
the original
on 15 November 2019.
- ^
a
b
Dawletschin-Linder, Camilla (2003).
Diener seines Staates: Celal Bayar (1883?1986) und die Entwicklung der modernen Turkei
(in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18.
ISBN
9783447047401
.
- ^
"Cumhurba?kanlarımız"
.
www.tccb.gov.tr
. TC Cumhurba?kanlı?ı. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
1 May
2017
.
- ^
Akcam, Taner
(2012).
The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
.
Princeton University Press
. p. 68.
ISBN
978-0-691-15333-9
.
- ^
Gocek, Fatma Muge
(2015).
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789?2009
. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
ISBN
978-0-19-933420-9
.
The SO member?and later Turkish president?Celal Bayar was appointed the local CUP responsible clerk; he collaborated with Ku?cuba?ı in plunder, arson, and murder to scare the Greek Rum into fleeing from the region.
- ^
"Altay SK Kurulu?u"
.
www.altay.org.tr
. Altay SK. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
1 May
2017
.
- ^
"TBMM Siyasi Partiler"
.
www.tbmm.gov.tr
. TBMM.
Archived
from the original on 27 May 2016
. Retrieved
1 May
2017
.
- ^
Celal Bayar,
Kayseri Cezaevi Gunlu?u
,
Yapı Kredi Yayınları
, 1999.
ISBN
975-363-952-X
.
- ^
Erhard Franz: "Biographien fuhrender Personlichkeiten des offentlichen Lebens. Bayar, Mahmut Celal", in: Klaus-Detlev Grothusen (Hrg.): "Turkei. Sudosteuropa-Handbuch. Band IV", Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen 1985
ISBN
3-525-36204-8
, p. 760.
- ^
Atasoy, Yildiz (2005).
Turkey, Islamists and Democracy: Transition and Globalization in a Muslim State
. I.B. Tauris. p. 53.
ISBN
978-0857718334
.
- ^
Encyclopædia Britannica Fifteenth Edition
- ^
Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919?1969
. Istanbul: Fakultler Matbaasi. p. 77.
- ^
P. Leffler, Melvyn
(1 March 1985).
"Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945?1952"
.
The Journal of American History
.
71
(4): 819?825.
doi
:
10.2307/1888505
.
JSTOR
1888505
– via
University of Oxford
.
- ^
"Turkiye and NATO ? 1952"
.
NATO
. Retrieved
19 June
2022
.
- ^
"Celal Bayar ve Eski Demokrat Partililerin Turk Siyasi Hayatına Etkileri"
(PDF)
.
www.turkishstudies.net
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 9 May 2016
. Retrieved
1 May
2017
.
- ^
"Sunay Bayar'ı dun affetti"
.
Archived
from the original on 21 September 2016
. Retrieved
1 May
2017
.
- ^
Celal Bayar
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ^
"Celal Bayar"
.
celalbayar.org
. Retrieved
20 November
2020
.
- ^
"Celal Bayar Dies at Age 104; a Father of Turkish Republic"
.
The New York Times
. 23 August 1986
. Retrieved
20 November
2020
.
- ^
"Kenan Evren'in Anıları 2"
. Archived from
the original
on 7 February 2021.
- ^
Acovi?, Dragomir (2012).
Slava i ?ast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
. Belgrade: Slu?beni Glasnik. p. 638.
- ^
"Kleine Chronik der FU Berlin: Ehrendoktorwurde fur Celal Bayar"
.
userpage.fu-berlin.de
. Retrieved
4 November
2019
.
- ^
"Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey : Celal BAYAR"
.
www.tccb.gov.tr
. Retrieved
4 November
2019
.
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