Ancient state in the Caucasus
Caucasian Albania
is a modern
exonym
for a former state located in ancient times in the
Caucasus
, mostly in what is now
Azerbaijan
(where both of its capitals were located). The modern
endonyms
for the area are
Aghwank
and
Aluank
, among the
Udi people
, who regard themselves as descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown.
[6]
[7]
The name Albania is derived from the
Ancient Greek
name
?λβαν?α
and
Latin
Albania
.
[8]
The prefix "Caucasian" is used purely to avoid confusion with modern
Albania
of the
Balkans
, which has no known geographical or historical connections to Caucasian Albania.
Little is known of the region's prehistory, including the origins of Caucasian Albania as a geographical and/or ethnolinguistic concept. In the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the area south of the
Greater Caucasus
and north of the
Lesser Caucasus
was divided between Caucasian Albania in the east,
Caucasian Iberia
in the center,
Kolchis
in the west,
Armenia
in the southwest and
Atropatene
to the southeast.
In 252, Caucasian Albania acknowledged the
suzerainty
of the
Sasanian Empire
, appearing among its provinces in
Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
. The kingdom would remain an integral part of the empire until its fall. By the end of the 3rd-century, the kings of Caucasian Albania were replaced with an
Arsacid family
, and would later be succeeded by another
Iranian
royal family in the 5th century AD, the
Mihranids
.
Geonyms
1838 map: Colchis, Iberia and Albania
Aghuank
(
Old Armenian
:
???????
Ałuank?
,
Modern Armenian
:
??????
A?vank’
) is the
Armenian
name for Caucasian Albania. Armenian authors mention that the name derived from the word "
ału
" (≪????≫) meaning
amiable
in Armenian. The term
Aghuank
is
polysemous
and is also used in Armenian sources to denote the
region
between the
Kur
and
Araxes
rivers as part of
Armenia
.
[9]
[
better source needed
]
In the latter case it is sometimes used in the form "Armenian Aghuank" or "Hay-Aghuank".
[10]
[11]
[12]
The Armenian historian of the region,
Movses Kaghankatvatsi
, who left the only more or less complete historical account about the region, explains the name Aghvank as a derivation from the word
ału
(Armenian for sweet, soft, tender), which, he said, was the nickname of Caucasian Albania's first governor Arran and referred to his lenient personality.
[13]
Movses Kaghankatvatsi and other ancient sources explain
Arran
or
Arhan
as the name of the legendary founder of Caucasian Albania (Aghvan) or even of the Iranian tribe known as
Alans
(Alani), who in some versions was a son of
Noah
's son
Yafet
.
[14]
James Darmesteter
, translator of the
Avesta
, compared
Arran
with
Airyana Vaego
[15]
which he also considered to have been in the
Araxes
-
Ararat
region,
[16]
although modern theories tend to place this in the east of Iran.
Caucasian Albania until 387
The
Parthian
name for the region was
Ardhan
(
Middle Persian
:
Arran
).
[7]
The
Arabic
was
ar-R?n
.
[7]
[17]
In
Georgian
, it was known as ???? (
Rani
). In
Ancient Greek
, it was called
?λβαν?α
Albania
.
[8]
What its inhabitants were called is unknown.
[6]
Geography
In pre-Islamic times, Caucasian Albania/Arran was a wider concept than that of post-Islamic Arran. Ancient Arran covered all of eastern Transcaucasia, which included most of the territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic and part of the territory of
Dagestan
. However, in post-Islamic times the geographic notion of Arran reduced to the territory between the
Kura
and
Aras
rivers.
[7]
Ancient Caucasian Albania lay on the south-eastern part of the
Greater Caucasus
mountains. It was bounded by
Caucasian Iberia
(present-day
Georgia
) to the west, by
Sarmatia
to the north, by the
Caspian Sea
to the east, and by the provinces of
Artsakh
and
Utik
in
Armenia
to the west along the Kura river.
[18]
These boundaries, though, were probably never static?at times the territory of Caucasian Albania included land to the west of the Kura river.
[19]
Albania or Arran in Islamic times was a triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by the junction of the Kura and Aras rivers,
[7]
[20]
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
Mil plain
and parts of the
Mughan plain
, and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to the territory of the modern-day
Republic of Azerbaijan
.
[7]
The districts of Albania were:
[21]
- Cambysene
- Getaru
- Elni/Xeni
- Begh
- Shake
- Xolmaz
- Kapalak
- Hambasi
- Gelavu
- Hejeri
- Kaladasht
The kingdom's capital in antiquity was
Qabala
(Gabala; Kapalak).
[22]
Classical sources are unanimous in making the Kura River (Cyros) the frontier between Armenia and Albania after the conquest of the territories on the right bank of Kura by Armenians in the 2nd century BC.
[21]
The original territory of Albania was approximately 23,000 km
2
.
[23]
After 387 AD the territory of Caucasian Albania, sometimes referred to by scholars as "Greater Albania,"
[21]
grew to about 45,000 km
2
.
[23]
In the 5th century the capital was transferred to
Partav
in Utik', reported to have been built in the mid-5th century by the King Vache II of Albania,
[24]
but according to M. L. Chaumont, it existed earlier as an Armenian city.
[25]
In a medieval chronicle "
Ajayib-ad-Dunia
", written in the 13th century by an unknown author, Arran is said to have been 30
farsakhs
(200 km) in width, and 40
farsakhs
(270 km) in length. All the right bank of the Kura River until it joined with the Aras was attributed to Arran (the left bank of the Kura was known as
Shirvan
). The boundaries of Arran have shifted throughout history, sometimes encompassing the entire territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and at other times only parts of the
South Caucasus
. In some instances, Arran was a part of Armenia.
[26]
Medieval
Islamic
geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included
Barda
,
Beylagan
, and
Ganja
, along with others.
Ethnogenesis
Originally, at least some of the Caucasian Albanians probably spoke
Lezgic languages
close to those found in modern
Dagestan
;
[27]
[28]
overall, though, as many as 26 different languages may have been spoken in Caucasian Albania.
[29]
After the Caucasian Albanians were Christianized in the 4th century, part of the population was assimilated by the Armenians (who dominated in the provinces of
Artsakh
and
Utik
that were earlier detached from the
Kingdom of Armenia
) and Georgians (in the north),
[30]
while the eastern parts of Caucasian Albania were Islamized and absorbed by
Iranian
[27]
and subsequently
Turkic peoples
(modern Azerbaijanis).
[6]
Small remnants of this group continue to exist independently, and are known as the
Udi people
.
[31]
The pre-Islamic population of Caucasian Albania might have played a role in the
ethnogenesis
of a number of modern ethnicities, including the
Azerbaijanis
of
Qabala
,
Zaqatala
,
Shaki
, and
Oguz
; the
Armenians
of
Oghuz
and
Shaki
; the
Georgians
of
Kakhetia
and
Hereti
(
Ingiloy
); and the
Laks
, the
Lezgins
and the
Tsakhurs
of
Daghestan
.
[32]
Alphabet and languages
Caucasian Albanian language
According to Armenian medieval historians
Movses Khorenatsi
,
Movses Kaghankatvatsi
and
Koryun
, the Caucasian Albanian (the Armenian name for the language is Aghvaneren, the native name of the language is unknown) alphabet was created by
Mesrob Mashtots
,
[33]
[34]
[35]
the Armenian
monk
,
theologian
and
translator
who is also credited with creating the
Armenian alphabet
.
[36]
This alphabet was used to write down the
Udi language
, which was probably the main language of the Caucasian Albanians.
Koryun
, a pupil of Mesrob Mashtots, in his book
The Life of Mashtots
, wrote about how his tutor created the alphabet:
Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he (Mashtots) inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order.
[37]
A column capital with an Albanian inscription from a 7th-century church in
Mingachevir
[38]
(
Azerbaijan State Museum of History
)
A
Caucasian Albanian alphabet
of fifty-two letters, bearing resemblance to Georgian, Ethiopian and Armenian characters,
[Note 1]
survived through a few inscriptions, and an Armenian manuscript dating from the 15th century.
[39]
This manuscript,
Matenadaran No. 7117
, first published by
Ilia Abuladze
in 1937 is a language manual, presenting different alphabets for comparison ? Armenian alphabet,
Greek
,
Latin
,
Syriac
,
Georgian
,
Coptic
, and Caucasian Albanian among them. The alphabet was titled:
"Ałuanic? girn ?"
(
Armenian
:
???????? ???? ?
, meaning, "These are Albanian letters").
In 1996,
Zaza Aleksidze
of the
Georgian Centre of Manuscripts
discovered at
Saint Catherine's Monastery
at
Mount Sinai
, Egypt, a text written on
parchment
that had been reused in a Georgian
palimpsest
. In 2001 Aleksidze identified its script as Caucasian Albanian, and the text as an early
lectionary
dating to perhaps before the 6th century. Many of the letters discovered in it were not in the Albanian alphabet listed in the 15th-century Armenian manuscript.
[40]
Muslim geographers
Al-Muqaddasi
,
Ibn-Hawqal
and
Estakhri
recorded that a language which they called Arranian was still spoken in the capital
Barda
and the rest of Arran in the 10th century.
[7]
Iranian languages
Iranian contact in the region goes back to the
Median
and
Achaemenid
times. During this
Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
, the
Parthian language
spread in the region.
[2]
It is possible that the language and literature for administration and record-keeping of the imperial chancellery for external affairs naturally became Parthian, based on the
Aramaic alphabet
. According to Toumanoff: "the predominance of
Hellenism
, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became the language of the educated".
[2]
With the establishment of the Sassanids,
Middle Persian
, a closely related language to Parthian,
[41]
became an official language of the
Sassanid Empire
.
[4]
At this time, Persian enjoyed even more success than the Caucasian Albanian language and the region was greatly affected by Iran.
[3]
According to
Vladimir Minorsky
: "The presence of Iranian settlers in Transcaucasia, and especially in the proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from
Gilan
and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian".
[42]
The presence of the Persian language and Iranian culture continued during the Islamic era.
[43]
[44]
Religion
The original population of the Caucasus followed different pagan religions. Under
Achaemenid
,
Parthian
and especially
Sassanid
influence,
Zoroastrianism
also grew in the region.
Christianity
started to spread in the late 4th century in the Sassanid era.
The Arab conquest and the
Chalcedonian crisis
led to severe disintegration of the
Church of Caucasian Albania
. Starting from the 8th century, much of the local population
converted to Islam
. By the 11th century there already were conciliar mosques in Partaw,
Qabala
and Shaki; the cities that were the creed of Caucasian Albanian Christianity.
[45]
These Islamised groups would later be known as
Lezgins
and
Tsakhurs
or mix with the
Turkic
and
Iranian
population to form present-day
Azeris
, whereas those that remained Christian were gradually absorbed by
Armenians
[46]
or continued to exist on their own and be known as the
Udi people
.
The Caucasian Albanian tribes of
Hereti
were converted to
Eastern Orthodoxy
by
Dinar
, Queen of Hereti in the 10th century. The religious affairs of this small principality were now officially administered by the
Georgian Orthodox Church
. In 1010, Hereti became absorbed into the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of
Kakheti
. Eventually, in the early 12th century, these lands became part of the
Georgian Kingdom
under
David the Builder
finalising the process of their
Georgianisation
.
[47]
History
The history of Albania before the 6th century BC is unknown.
Median and Achaemenid era
According to one hypothesis, Caucasian Albania was incorporated in the
Median empire
,
[25]
as early as the 7th or 6th century BC. However, an increasing
Persian
influence on the region is usually believed to be connected with the defence of Persia's northern frontiers,
[24]
[25]
from invading nomads. As early as the
Achaemenid empire
, measures may have been taken to fortify the Caucasian passes. By the mid-6th century BC, Albania has been incorporated in the
Achaemenid empire
; it was later controlled by the Achaemenid satrapy of
Media
.
[25]
[48]
The building of fortifications and gates in and around
Darband
is traditionally ascribed to the
Sassanid Empire
.
[24]
Hellenistic era
The ruins of the gates of the Albanian capital
Qabala
The Greek historian
Arrian
mentions (perhaps anachronistically) the Caucasian Albanians for the first time in the
battle of Gaugamela
, where the Albanians, Medes, Cadussi and Sacae were under the command of
Atropates
.
[25]
Albania first appears in history as a vassal state in the empire of
Tigranes the Great
of
Armenia
(95-56 BC).
The kingdom of Albania emerged in the eastern Caucasus in 2nd or 1st century BC and along with the
Georgians
and
Armenians
formed one of the three nations of the
Southern Caucasus
.
[21]
[50]
Albania came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence.
[24]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
Herodotus
,
Strabo
, and other classical authors repeatedly mention the
Caspians
but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani (see below), and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land (
Caspiane
) is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11.4.5).
[55]
In the 2nd century BC parts of Albania were conquered by the
Kingdom of Armenia
, presumably from
Medes
[6]
(although possibly it was earlier part of
Orontid Armenia
).
The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide the names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of
Artsakh
and
Utik
. These were
Utians
, Mycians,
Caspians
, Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians,
Lupenians
, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians.
[6]
According to
Robert H. Hewsen
, these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".
[6]
He also states that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians
per se
cannot be doubted". Many of those people were still being cited as distinct ethnic entities when the right bank of Kura was acquired by the Caucasian Albanians in 387 AD.
[6]
Roman Empire
Roman inscription in
Gobustan, Baku
, left by
Legio XII Fulminata
There was an enduring relation of Albania with
Ancient Rome
.
[57]
The
Latin
rock inscription close to Boyukdash mountain in
Gobustan, Baku
, which mentions
Legio XII Fulminata
, is the world's easternmost Latin inscription known.
[58]
In Albania, Romans reached the
Caspian Sea
for the first time.
[58]
The
Roman coins
circulated in Caucasian Albania till the end of the 3rd century AD.
[59]
Two
denarii
, which were unearthed in the 2nd-century BC layer, were minted by Clodius and
Caesar
.
[59]
The coins of
Augustus
are ubiquitous.
[59]
The
Qabala treasures
revealed the denarii of
Otho
,
Vespasian
,
Trajan
and
Hadrian
.
In 69-68 BC
Lucullus
, having overcome Armenian ruler
Tigranes II
, approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by
Pompey
.
[60]
After the 66-65 BC wintering Pompey launched the
Iberian
campaign. It is reported by
Strabo
upon the account of
Theophanes of Mytilene
who participated in it.
[61]
As testified by
Kamilla Trever
, Pompey reached the Albanian border at modern
Qazakh District
of Azerbaijan.
Igrar Aliyev
showed that this region called Cambysene was inhabited mainly by stock-breeders at the time. When fording the
Alazan
river, he was attacked by forces of Oroezes, King of Albania, and eventually defeated them. According to
Plutarch
, Albanians "were led by a brother of the king, named Cosis, who as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him".
[62]
Plutarch also reported that "after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly
reptiles
when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia".
[63]
The first kings of Albania were certainly the representatives of the local tribal nobility, to which attest their non-Armenian and non-Iranian names (Oroezes, Cosis and Zober in Greek sources).
[64]
The population of Caucasian Albania of the Roman period is believed to have belonged to either the
Northeast Caucasian peoples
[7]
or the
South Caucasian peoples
.
[65]
According to
Strabo
, the Albanians were a group of 26 tribes which lived to the north of the
Kura river
and each of them had its own king and language.
[6]
Sometime before the 1st century BC they federated into one state and were ruled by one king.
[66]
Strabo
wrote of the Caucasian Albanians in the 1st century BC:
At the present time, indeed, one king rules all the tribes, but formerly the several tribes were ruled separately by kings of their own according to their several languages. They have twenty-six languages, because they have no easy means of intercourse with one another.
[66]
Caucasian Albania was a vassal of the Roman Empire around 300 AD.
Albania is also mentioned by
Dionysius Periegetes
(2nd or 3rd century AD) who describes Albanians as a nation of warriors, living by the Iberians and the Georgians.
[67]
In 1899 a silver plate featuring Roman
toreutics
was excavated near Azerbaijani village of
Qalagah
.
The rock inscription near the south-eastern part of Boyukdash's foot (70
km
from
Baku
) was discovered on June 2, 1948, by Azerbaijani archaeologist
Ishag Jafarzadeh
. The legend is IMPDOMITIANO CAESARE·AVG GERMANIC L·IVLIVS MAXIMVS> LEG XII·FVL. According to
Domitian
's titles in it, the related march took place between 84 and 96. The inscription was studied by Russian expert
Yevgeni Pakhomov
, who assumed that the associated campaign was launched to control the
Derbent Gate
and that the
XII Fulminata
has marched out either from
Melitene
, its permanent base, or Armenia, where it might have moved from before.
[68]
Pakhomov supposed that the legion proceeded to the spot continually along the
Aras River
. The later version, published in 1956, states that the legion was stationing in
Cappadocia
by that time whereas the centurion might have been in Albania with some diplomatic mission because for the talks with the Eastern rulers the Roman commanders were usually sending centurions.
[69]
In 1953 twelve denarii of Augustus were unearthed.
[59]
In 1958 one denarius, coined in c. 82 AD, was revealed in the
?amaxı
trove.
[59]
During the reign of Roman emperor
Hadrian
(117-138) Albania was invaded by the
Alans
, an Iranian nomadic group.
[70]
This invasion promoted an alliance between Rome and the Albanians that was reinforced under
Antoninus Pius
in 140 AD. Sassanians occupied the area around 240 AD but after a few years, the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania.
In 297 the treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over
Caucasian Iberia
and Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the
Sasanian Empire
.
Parthian period
Under
Parthian
rule, Iranian political and cultural influence increased in the region.
[2]
Whatever the sporadic suzerainty of Rome, the country was now a part?together with Iberia (East Georgia) and (Caucasian) Albania, where other Arsacid branches reigned?of a
pan-Arsacid
family federation.
[2]
Culturally, the predominance of Hellenism, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before,
Parthian
became the language of the educated.
[2]
An incursion in this era was made by the
Alans
who between 134 and 136 attacked Albania, Media, and Armenia, penetrating as far as Cappadocia. But
Vologases
persuaded them to withdraw, probably by paying them.
Sassanid period
In 252?253, Caucasian Albania, along with
Caucasian Iberia
and
Greater Armenia
, was conquered and annexed by the
Sassanid Empire
. Albania became a
vassal state
of the Sassanid Empire,
[71]
but retained its monarchy; the Albanian king had no real power and most civil, religious, and military authority lay with the Sassanid
marzban
(military governor) of the territory.
[Note 2]
The Roman Empire again obtained control of Caucasian Albania as a vassal state for a few years around 300 AD, but then the Sassanids regained control and subsequently dominated the area for centuries until the
Arab
invasions.
Albania was mentioned among the Sassanid provinces listed in the
trilingual inscription of Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rustam
.
[72]
[73]
Departure of
Tiridates III of Armenia
with the Entourage of
Georgian
,
Abkhazian
and Caucasian Albania Kings for Their Christening
c.
300
.
Zakarid
church of
Tigran Honents
,
Ani
, 1215.
[74]
[75]
[76]
In the middle of the 4th century, King Urnayr of Albania arrived in Armenia and was baptized by
Gregory the Illuminator
, but Christianity spread in Albania only gradually, and the Albanian king remained loyal to the Sassanids. After the partition of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia (in 387 AD), Albania with Sassanid help was able to seize from Armenia all the right bank of the river Kura up to river Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.
[25]
In the mid-5th century, the Sassanid King
Yazdegerd II
passed an edict requiring all the Christians in his empire to convert to
Zoroastrianism
, fearing that Christians might ally with Roman Empire, which had recently adopted Christianity as its official religion. This led to a rebellion of Albanians, along with Armenians and Georgians. At the
Battle of Avarayr
, the allied forces of Caucasian Albania, Georgia, and Armenia, devoted to Christianity, suffered defeat at the hands of the Sassanid army. Many of the Armenian nobility fled to the mountainous regions of Albania, particularly to Artsakh, which had become a center for resistance to Sassanid Persia. The religious center of the Albanian state also moved here. However, King Vache of Albania, a relative of Yazdegerd II, was forced to convert to Zoroastrianism, but soon thereafter converted back to Christianity.
According to
The History of the Country of Albania
, Peroz ordered the Albanian king
Vache II
to have the city of
Perozapat
("the city of Peroz" or "Prosperous Peroz") constructed. However, this is unlikely as the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania had been abolished by Peroz after suppressing a revolt by Vache II in the mid-460s.
The city was seemingly founded by Peroz himself after the removal of the ruling family in Caucasian Albania. Due to its more secure location, it was made the new residence of the Iranian
marzbans
.
Albania remained kingless until 485, when
Vachagan III
(
r.
485?510
) was installed on the throne by Peroz's brother and successor
Balash
(
r.
484?488
).
In 552, the seat of the Albanian Catholicos was also transferred to Partaw.
[25]
[80]
By the end of the 5th century, the ancient
Arsacid royal house of Albania
, a branch of the ruling dynasty of
Parthia
, became extinct, and in the 6th century, it was replaced by princes of the Persian or Parthian
Mihranid
family, who claimed descent from the Sassanids. They assumed the Persian title of Arranshah (i.e. the
Shah
of Arran, the Persian name of Albania).
[7]
The ruling dynasty was named after its Persian founder Mihran, who was a distant relative of the Sasanians.
[81]
The Mihranid dynasty survived under Muslim suzerainty until 821?22.
[82]
In the late 6th to early 7th centuries the territory of Albania became an arena of wars between Sassanid Persia,
Byzantium
, and the
Khazar Khanate
, the latter two very often acting as allies against Sassanid Persia. In 628, during the
Third Perso-Turkic War
, the Khazars invaded Albania, and their leader
Ziebel
declared himself Lord of Albania, levying a tax on merchants and the fishermen of the Kura and Araxes rivers "in accordance with the land survey of the kingdom of Persia". Most of Transcaucasia was under Khazar rule before the arrival of the Arabs.
[24]
However, some other sources state that the Khazars later left the region because of political instability.
[83]
According to Peter Golden, "steady pressure from Turkic nomads was typical of the Khazar era, although there are no unambiguous references to permanent settlements",
[84]
while
Vladimir Minorsky
stated that, in Islamic times, "the town of Qabala lying between
Shirvan
and
Shakki
was a place where Khazars were probably settled".
[17]
Impact of Armenian politics, culture and civilization
Armenian
politics, culture and civilization played a critical role in the entire history of Caucasian Albania (Aghvank, in Armenian).
[85]
This, due to the fact that after the partition of the
Kingdom of Armenia
by
Persia
and
Byzantium
in 387 AD, the Armenian provinces of
Artsakh
and
Utik
were disassociated from the Armenian kingdom and included by
Persians
into a single province (marzpanate) called Aghvank (Arran).
[86]
This new unit included: the original Caucasian Albania, found between the River Kura and the Great Caucasus; tribes living along the Caspian shore; as well as Artsakh and Utik, two territories now detached from Armenia.
[87]
[88]
[89]
Armenian monk
Mesrop Mashtots
invented the Gargarean ("Caucasian Albanian") alphabet in the 5th century, after creating the
Armenian script
(art by
Francesco Maggiotto
, 1750?1805).
[34]
[90]
The Armenian medieval atlas
Ashkharhatsuyts
(???????????), compiled in the 7th century by
Anania Shirakatsi
(?????? ????????, but sometimes attributed to
Movses Khorenatsi
as well), categorizes Artsakh and Utik as provinces of Armenia despite their presumed detachment from the
Armenian Kingdom
and their political association with Caucasian Albania and Persia at the time of his writing.
[91]
Shirakatsi specifies that Artsakh and Utik are "now detached" from Armenia and included in "Aghvank," and he takes care to distinguish this new entity from the old "Aghvank strictly speaking" (???? ??????) situated north of the river Kura. Because it was more homogeneous and more developed than the original tribes to the north of the Kura, the Armenian element took over Caucasian Albania's political life and was progressively able to impose its language and culture.
[92]
[93]
The Armenian population of Artsakh and Utik remained in place as did the entire political, social, cultural and military structure of the provinces.
[53]
[94]
In the 5th century, early medieval historian Khorenatsi (????????) testifies that the population of Artsakh and Utik spoke Armenian, with the River Kura, in his words, marking the "boundary of Armenian speech" (... ?????? ???????? ??????).
[95]
[96]
[97]
though this does not mean that its population consisted exclusively of ethnic Armenians.
[89]
[98]
Whatever little is known about Caucasian Albania after 387 AD comes from the Old Armenian text
History of the Land of Aghvank
(??????????? ??????? ???????) by the Armenian author
Movses Kaghankatvatsi
(also known as Movses Daskhurantsi),
[99]
which in essence is the history of Armenia's provinces of Artsakh and Utik.
[92]
Kaghankatvatsi, repeating Khorenatsi, mentions that the very name "Aghvank"/"Albania" is of Armenian origin, and relates it to the Armenian word "aghu" (????, meaning "kind," "benevolent".
[100]
Khorenatsi states that "aghu" was a nickname given to Prince Arran, whom the Armenian King
Vologases I (Vagharsh I)
appointed as governor of northeastern provinces bordering on Armenia. According to a legend reported by Khorenatsi, Arran was a descendant of Sisak, the ancestor of the Siunids of Armenia's
province of Syunik
, and thus a great-grandson of the ancestral eponym of the Armenians, the
Forefather Hayk
.
[101]
Kaghankatvatsi and another Armenian author, Kirakos Gandzaketsi, confirm Arran's belonging to Hayk's bloodline by calling Arranshahiks "a Haykazian dynasty".
[102]
Amaras Monastery
in
Karabagh
, where in the 5th century
Mesrob Mashtots
set up the first school to use his
Armenian alphabet
[103]
[104]
In Kaghankatvatsi's
History
and in the historical text of the Armenian early medieval author
Agathangelos
, the Kingdom of Aghvank's feudal system, including its political terminology, was Armenian.
[105]
As in Armenia, nobles of Aghvank are referred to by the terms
nakharars
(???????),
azats
(????), hazarapets (?????????), marzpets (???????), shinakans (???????), etc.
[92]
[99]
Princely families, which were later mentioned in Kaghankatvatsi's
History
were included in the Table of Ranks called
"Gahnamak"
(direct translation: "List of Thrones," Arm. ????????) of the Kingdom of Armenia, which defined Armenia's aristocratic hierarchy.
[106]
Princely families of Caucasian Albania were also included in the Table of Armies called
"Zoranamak"
(Arm. ?????????) of the Kingdom of Armenia which determined military obligations of key aristocratic families before the Armenian King in times of war.
[92]
As in Armenia, the "Albanian" clergy used exclusively Armenian church terms for clerical hierarchy (katholikos/?????????, vardapet/????????, sargavag/????????, etc.)
[92]
[107]
Identifiably Armenian are also most if not all toponyms found in the
History.
Not only are the names of most towns, villages, mountains, and rivers uniquely Armenian morphologically, exactly the same toponyms were and are still found in other parts of historical Armenia. They include the root kert ("town") for towns (Arm.: ????, such Dastakert, Hnarakert ? compare with Tigranakert or modern Stapanakert in Nagorno Karabakh),
[108]
shen and kan (village) for villages (Arm. ???, and ???, such as Karashen or Dyutakan), etc.
[109]
First names of most rulers, commoners and clergy in Kaghankatvatsi's
History
are uniquely Armenian. Many of these names survived for centuries and are still used only by modern Armenians.
[110]
These include: Vachagan (???????), Vache (????), Bakur (??????), Taguhi (???????), Vrtanes (????????), Viro (????), Varaz-Trdat (?????-?????), Marut (??????), etc. Some of these names can be translated from Armenian as common words: e.g.
Taguhi
means "queen" and Varaz means "wild boar".
[110]
In fact, Armenians to this day use the first name Aghvan (?????) that directly refers to the Kingdom of Aghvank.
[111]
After the partition, the capital city of Caucasian Albania was moved from the territories on the eastern bank of the River Kura (referred to by Armenians "Aghvank Proper," Arm. ???? ??????) to Partav, located in the former Armenian province of Utik. This was followed by the transfer of the Seat of the Kingdom of Albania's religious leader (Katholicos) from territories north of Kura to Partav.
[99]
The Kingdom of Albania was converted to Christianity at the start of the 4th century by none other than the Armenian evangelizer
St. Gregory the Enlightener
(Arm. ??. ?????? ??????????), who baptized Armenia into the first Christian state by 301 AD.
[112]
In about 330 AD, the grandson of St. Gregory, St. Grigoris, ecumenical head of the eastern provinces of Armenia, was designated bishop for the Kingdom of Aghvank. Mausoleum interning Grigoris’ remains, the
Amaras Monastery
stands as the oldest dated monument in
Nagorno Karabakh
. Amaras was started by St. Gregory and completed by St. Grigoris himself.
[113]
According to tradition, the Amaras Monastery housed the first Armenian school in historical Armenia,
[114]
which was opened early in the 5th century by the inventor of the Armenian alphabet St. Mesrob Mashtots. St. Mesrob Mashtots was intensely active in preaching Gospel in Artsakh and Utik. Movses Kaghankatvatsi's
History
dedicates four separate chapters to St. Mashtots’ mission, referring to him as "enlightener" and "saint" (chapters 27, 28 and 29 of Book One, and chapter 3 of Book Two).
[115]
Overall, St. Mesrob made three trips to the Kingdom of Albania where he toured not only the Armenian lands of Artsakh and Utik but also territories to the north of the River Kura.
[115]
Kaghankatvatsi's
History
describes Armenian influence on the Church of Aghvank, whose jurisdiction extended from Artsakh and Utik to regions to the north of the River Kura, in the territories of the "original", "pre-Armenian" Caucasian Albania.
[116]
One of the consequences of this was that the Armenian language progressively supplanted Albanian as the language of church and state (and only if there was any single "Albanian" language in the first place which is doubtful because the population of Albania/Aghvank was described as consisting of as many 26 different tribes).
[116]
In the same 7th century, Armenian poet
Davtak Kertogh
writes his
Elegy on the Death of
Grand Prince Juansher
, where each passage begins with a letter of Armenian script in alphabetical order.
[108]
[117]
Christianization
The polytheistic religion of Albania was centered on the worship of three divinities, designated by
Interpretatio Romana
as
Sol
,
Zeus
, and
Luna
.
Christianity started to enter Caucasian Albania at an early date, according to
Movses Kaghankatvatsi
, as early as during the 1st century. The first Christian church in the region was built by
St. Eliseus
, a disciple of
Thaddeus of Edessa
, at a place called Gis. Shortly after
Armenia
adopted Christianity as its state religion (301 AD), the Caucasian Albanian king Urnayr went to the See of the
Armenian Apostolic Church
to receive baptism from St.
Gregory the Illuminator
, the first
Patriarch of Armenia
.
[99]
[112]
King
Vachagan III
helped to implant Christianity in Caucasian Albania, through a synod allowing the church legal rights in some domestic issues.
[118]
In 498 AD (in other sources, 488 AD)
[
citation needed
]
in the settlement named Aluen (Aghuen) (present-day
Agdam District
of Azerbaijan), an Albanian church council convened to adopt laws further strengthening the position of Christianity in Albania.
[
citation needed
]
Albanian churchmen took part in missionary efforts in the Caucasus and Pontic regions. In 682, the
catholicos
,
Israel
, led an unsuccessful delegation to convert
Alp Iluetuer
, the ruler of the
North Caucasian Huns
, to Christianity. The Albanian Church maintained a number of monasteries in the
Holy Land
.
[119]
In the 7th century,
Varaz-Grigor
, ruler of Albania, and "his nation" were christened by Emperor
Heraclius
at Gardman.
[120]
After the overthrow of
Nerses
in 705,
[
non sequitur
]
the Caucasian Albanian elite decided to reestablish the tradition of having their Catholicoi ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia, as it was the case before 590.
[121]
This event is generally regarded as the abolition of the Church of Caucasian Albania, and the lowering of its denominational status to that of a Catholicate within the body of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
[45]
Islamic era
Sassanid Albania fell to the
Islamic conquest of Persia
in the mid-7th century and was incorporated into the
Rashidun Caliphate
. King
Javanshir
of Albania, the most prominent ruler of
Mihranid
dynasty, fought against the Arab invasion of
caliph
Uthman
on the side of Sassanid
Iran
. Facing the threat of the Arab invasion on the south and the
Khazar
offensive on the north, Javanshir had to recognize the caliph's suzerainty. The Arabs then reunited the territory with Armenia under one governor.
[25]
By the 8th century, "Albania" had been reduced to a strictly geographical and
titular
ecclesiastical connotation,
[122]
and was referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians; on its place sprang a number principalities, such as that of the Armenian principality and kingdom of
Khachen
, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of
Shaddadids
, the principality of
Shirvan
, the principality of
Derbent
. Most of the region was ruled by the Persian
Sajid dynasty
from 890 to 929. The region was at times part of the
Abbasid
province of
Armenia
based on numismatic and historical evidence.
Early Muslim ruling dynasties of the time included
Rawadids
, Sajids,
Salarids
, Shaddadids,
Shirvanshahs
, and the
Sheki
and
Tiflis
emirates. The principal cities of Arran in early medieval times were
Barda
(Partav) and
Ganja
. Barda reached prominence in the 10th century, and was used to house a
mint
. Barda was sacked by the
Rus
and
Norse
several times in the 10th century as a result of the
Caspian expeditions of the Rus
. Barda never revived after these raids and was replaced as capital by
Baylaqan
, which in turn was sacked by the Mongols in 1221. After this Ganja rose to prominence and became the central city of the region. The capital of the Shaddadid dynasty, Ganja was considered the "mother city of Arran" during their reign.
The territory of Arran became a part of the
Seljuk
empire, followed by the
Ildegizid
state. It was taken briefly by the
Khwarizmid
dynasty and then overran by
Mongol Hulagu empire
in the 13th century. Later, it became a part of
Chobanid
,
Jalayirid
,
Timurid
, and
Safavid
states.
In Azerbaijani historiography
The history of Caucasian Albania has been a major topic of Azerbaijani revisionist theories, which came under criticism in Western and Russian academic and analytical circles, and were often characterized as "bizarre" and "futile".
[123]
[124]
[125]
[126]
[127]
[128]
[129]
[130]
[131]
In his article "The Albanian Myth", Russian historian and anthropologist
Victor Schnirelmann
states that Azerbaijani academics have been "renaming prominent medieval
Armenian
political leaders, historians and writers, who lived in
Nagorno-Karabakh
and Armenia into "Albanians". Schnirelmann argues that these efforts were first launched in the 1950s and were directed towards "ripping the population of early medieval Nagorno Karabakh off from their Armenian heritage" and "cleansing Azerbaijan of Armenian history".
[132]
In the 1970s, Azerbaijan made a transition from ignoring, discounting or concealing Armenian historical heritage in Soviet Azerbaijan to misattributing and mischaracterizing it as examples of Azerbaijani culture by arbitrarily declaring "Caucasian Albanians" as ancestors of modern Azerbaijanis.
[133]
In this regard,
Thomas de Waal
, a scholar at the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
, writes about the political context of Azerbaijan's historical revisionism:
This rather bizarre argument has the strong political subtext that Nagorno Karabakh had in fact been Caucasian Albanian and that Armenians had no claim to it.
[134]
Schnirelmann states that a significant revisionist method used by Azerbaijani scholars was "re-publishing of ancient and medieval sources, where the term "Armenian state" was routinely and systematically removed and replaced with "Albanian state".
[135]
American author
George Bournoutian
gives examples of how that was done by
Ziya Bunyadov
, vice-chairman of
Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences
,
[136]
who earned the nickname of "Azerbaijan’s foremost Armenophobe".
[135]
[137]
According to de Waal:
Buniatov’s scholarly credentials were dubious. It later transpired that the two articles he published in 1960 and 1965 on Caucasian Albania were direct
plagiarism
. Under his own name, he had simply published, unattributed, translations of two articles, originally written in English by Western scholars
C.F.J. Dowsett
and
Robert Hewsen
.
[138]
Hewsen, a historian from
Rowan College
and the acknowledged authority in this field, wrote in his volume
Armenia: A Historical Atlas
, published by
University of Chicago Press
:
Scholars should be on guard when using Soviet and post-Soviet Azeri editions of Azeri, Persian, and even Russian and Western European sources printed in Baku. These have been edited to remove references to Armenians and have been distributed in large numbers in recent years. When utilizing such sources, the researchers should seek out pre-Soviet editions wherever possible.
According to de Waal, a disciple of Bunyadov,
Farida Mammadova
, has "taken the Albanian theory and used it to push Armenians out of the Caucasus altogether. She had relocated Caucasian Albania into what is now the Republic of Armenia. All those lands, churches, and monasteries in the Republic of Armenia?all had been Albanian. No sacred Armenian fact was left un-attacked". De Waal describes Mammadova as a sophisticated end of what "in Azerbaijan has become a very blunt instrument indeed".
[140]
[141]
Both
Ziya Bunyadov
and
Farida Mammadova
are known for their
anti-Armenian
public pronouncements and pamphlets.
[141]
[142]
[143]
Historical revisionism in Azerbaijan supported a number of policies on the ground, including cultural vandalism directed against Armenian monuments in Soviet and post-Soviet Azerbaijan.
[124]
Armenian memorial stone crosses known as "
khachkars
"
on the territory of Azerbaijan were regularly misrepresented as "Caucasian Albanian" both before and after Azerbaijan's independence.
[144]
Furthermore, mischaracterization of Armenian
khachkars
as supposedly non-Armenian monuments of Caucasian Albania was associated with acts of
cultural vandalism
against Armenian historical monuments in
Nakhichevan
.
[123]
The Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan refer to the systematic campaign by the government of
Azerbaijan
to completely demolish the
Armenian cemetery in Julfa
with thousands of Armenian
khachkars
near the town of
Julfa
(known as Jugha in Armenian), Nakhchivan. Claims by Armenians that Azerbaijan was undertaking a systematic campaign to destroy and remove the monuments first arose in late 1998 and those charges were renewed in 2002 and 2005.
[145]
Adam T. Smith
, an anthropologist and associate professor of anthropology at the
University of Chicago
, called the removal of the khachkars "a shameful episode in humanity's relation to its past, a deplorable act on the part of the government of Azerbaijan which requires both explanation and repair". Smith and other scholars, as well as several
United States Senators
, signed a letter to the
UNESCO
and other organizations condemning Azerbaijan's government.
[146]
Azerbaijan instead contends that the monuments were not of Armenian, but of
Caucasian Albanian
, origin, which, per
Thomas De Waal
, did not protect "the graveyard from an act in the history wars".
[147]
Anti-Armenian
cultural vandalism in Azerbaijan perpetrated with the use of revisionist theories on Caucasian Albania was also noted in northern Azerbaijan, where Norwegian archeologists were involved in the restoration of an
Armenian-Georgian church in the village of Kish
near the city of
Shaki
. Azerbaijanis erased Armenian inscriptions on the church's walls, which led to by an official complaint by
Norwegian foreign ministry
.
[148]
Furthermore, revisionist theories about Caucasian Albania have also been used by Azerbaijani statesmen in the ongoing Azerbaijani-Georgian dispute over the territorial status of
David Gareja monastery complex
, a Georgian spiritual and historical monument partially located on the territory of
Azerbaijani Republic
. David Gareja is a rock-hewn Georgian Orthodox monastery complex in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia, on the semi-desert slopes of Mount Gareja, some 60?70 km southeast of Georgia's capital Tbilisi. Giorgi Manjgaladze, Georgia's deputy foreign minister proposed that Georgia would be willing to exchange other territory for the remainder of David Gareja because of its historical and cultural significance to the Georgians.
[149]
[150]
Baku disapproves of this land swap,
[151]
and in April 2007, Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister
Khalaf Khalafov
told a press conference in
Baku
that it was "out of the question" for Azerbaijan to "give up its claims to the borderlands" including David Gareja. Khalafov then stated that the monastery "was home to the Caucasian Albanians, who are believed to have been the earliest inhabitants of Azerbaijan".
[152]
Georgian art historian Dimitri Tumanishvili dismissed this claim and stated that the complex "is covered in the work of Georgian masters". "There are Georgian inscriptions everywhere dating back to the sixth century," he said, "There are no traces of another culture there. After that, I don’t think you need any further proof."
[153]
See also
Notes
- ^
See sample of script with letters that resemble other alphabets, specifically Georgian (19 letters), Ethiopian (14 letters) and Armenian (10 letters) in
"The Albanian Script: The Process How Its Secrets Were Revealed,"
by Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair
- ^
Nevertheless, "despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian
Shahanshah
, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sassanid
marzban
(military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Toumanoff, Cyril
.
The Arsacids
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
. excerpt:"Whatever the sporadic suzerainty of Rome, the country was now a part?together with Iberia (East Georgia) and (Caucasian) Albania, where other Arsacid branched reigned?of a pan-Arsacid family federation. Culturally, the predominance of Hellenism, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism," and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became the language of the educated"
- ^
a
b
Shnirelman, V.A.(2001), 'The value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia', Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. pp 79: "Yet, even at the time of Caucasian Albania and later on, as well, the region was greatly affected by Iran and Persian enjoyed even more success than the Albanian language".
- ^
a
b
Benjamin W. Fortson, "Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction", John Wiley and Sons, 2009. pg 242: "Middle Persian was the official language of the Sassanian dynasty"
- ^
Walker, Christopher J.
(2000).
"Mountainous Karabagh"
. In John Wright; Richard Schofield;
Suzanne Goldenberg
(eds.).
Transcaucasian Boundaries
. London:
Taylor & Francis
. p. 145.
ISBN
9781135368500
.
Armenian culture became important in Caucasian Albania and, by the eight century, Armenian appears to have been spoken throughout much of the region.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Robert H. Hewsen
. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians", in:
Samuelian, Thomas J.
(Ed.),
Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity
. Chicago: 1982, pp. 27-40.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Bosworth, Clifford E.
Arran
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
.
- ^
a
b
James Stuart Olson
. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires.
ISBN
0-313-27497-5
- ^
History of Armenia
composed by abbot
Chamchian, Mikayel
.
?????????? ?????
(
History of Armenia
). Venice, 1786, p. 131.
- ^
A. Yanovskiy,
About the Ancient Caucasian Albania
(А. Яновский, О древней Кавказской Албании. Журнал МНЛ, 1864, ч. II, с. 180.)
- ^
S. V. Yushkov,
On question of the boundaries of ancient Albania.
Moscow, 1937, p. 137. (С. В. Юшков, К вопросу о границах древней Албании. ≪Исторические записки АН СССР≫, т. I, М., 1937, с. 137.)
- ^
Ghevond Alishan
,
Aghuank
(????? ??????, ≪???????≫), Venice: "Bazmavep", 1970, N 11-12, p. 341.
- ^
The History of Aluank
by Moses of Kalankatuyk. Book I, chapter IV
- ^
"Moses Kalankatuatsi. History of country of Aluank. Chapter IV"
. Vostlit.info
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
- ^
"Darmesteter's translation and notes"
. Avesta.org
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
- ^
Darmesteter, James (trans., ed.). "Vendidad".
Zend Avesta I
(SBE 4). Oxford University Press, 1880. p. 3, p. 5 n.2,3.
- ^
a
b
V. Minorsky.
Caucasica IV
. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 15, No. 3. (1953), p. 504
- ^
Anon.
Armenian "Geography" (≪???????????≫), Sec. IV, Asia,
The lands of Greater Asia
.
- ^
Balayan, Vahram (2005). Zovig Balian, Gayane Hairapetyan (ed.).
Artsakh History
. Yerevan, Armenia: Scientific Council of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. pp. 55?56.
ISBN
99930-2-078-8
.
- ^
C. J. F. Dowsett. "The Albanian Chronicle of Mxit'ar Go?", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 21, No. 1/3. (1958) p. 475: "In Albania, Xacen, part of the old province of Arcax, had preserved its independence, and we know that it was partly at the request of one of its rulers, Prince Vaxtang, that Mxit'ar composed his lawbook".
- ^
a
b
c
d
Hewsen 2001
, pp. 40?41
- ^
Strabo had no knowledge of any city in Albania, although in the 1st century AD
Pliny
mentions the initial capital of the kingdom - Qabala. The name of the city has been pronounced in many different ways including Gabala, Kabalaka, Shabala, and Tabala.
- ^
a
b
(in Armenian)
Yeremyan, Suren T
.
≪????????? ??? ≪?????????????≫
(
Armenia According to the "Ashkharhatsuyts"
). Yerevan:
Armenian Academy of Sciences
, 1963, p. 34.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Minorsky, Vladimir.
A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
. Cambridge, 1958.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Chaumont, M. L.
"Albania"
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-03-10.
- ^
Abi Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rustah, al-A'laq Al-Nafisah, Tab'ah 1, Bayrut : Dar al-Kutub al-?Ilmiyah, 1998, pg 96-98.
- ^
a
b
История Востока
. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. М., ≪Восточная литература≫, 2002.
ISBN
5-02-017711-3
(History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences ≪East literature≫): At this time the multi-ethnic population of left-bank Albania was increasingly adopiting the Persian language. Mainly, this applies to the cities of Aran and Shirvan, as the two main regions on the territory of Azerbaijan began to be called in the 9th-10th centuries. With regard to the rural population, it would seem that they mostly retained for a long time their old languages, related to the modern Daghestanian languages, especially Lezgin. (Russian text: Пестрое в этническом плане население левобережной Албании в это время все больше переходит на персидский язык. Главным образом это относится к городам Арана и Ширвана, как стали в IX-Х вв. именоваться два главные области на территории Азербайджана. Что касается сельского населения, то оно, по-видимому, в основном сохраняло еще долгое время свои старые языки, родственные современным дагестанским, прежде всего лезгинскому.)
- ^
"Caucasian Albanian Script. The Significance of Decipherment by Dr. Zaza Alexidze"
. Azer.com
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
- ^
Minorsky, Vladimir
(1953). : 504.
;
- ^
Ronald G. Suny:
What Happened in Soviet Armenia?
Middle East Report, No. 153, Islam and the State. (Jul. - Aug., 1988), pp. 37-40.
- ^
Kuznetsov, Igor.
"Udis"
(in Russian). vehi.net.
- ^
Stuart, James (1994).
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27.
ISBN
0-313-27497-5
.
- ^
J. Gippert, W. Schulze. Some Remarks on the Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests / Iran and the Caucasus 11 (2007).
"Rather, we have to assume that Old Udi corresponds to the language of the ancient Gargars (cf. Movs?s Kałankatuac‘i who tells us that Mesrob Ma?toc‘ (362?440) created with the help [of the bishop Ananian and the translator Benjamin] an alphabet for the guttural, harsh, barbarous, and rough language of the Gargarac‘ik‘)".
- ^
a
b
К. В. Тревер. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М?Л., 1959:
"Как известно, в V в. Месроп Маштоц, создавая албанский алфавит, в основу его положил гаргарское наречие албанского языка (≪создал письмена гаргарского языка, богатого горловыми звуками≫). Это последнее обстоятельство позволяет высказать предположение, что именно гаргары являлись наиболее культурным и ведущим албанским племенем".
- ^
Peter R. Ackroyd
. The Cambridge history of the Bible. Cambridge University Press, 1963. Vol. 2. p. 368: "The third Caucasian people, the Albanians, also received an alphabet from Mesrob, to supply scripture for their Christian church. This church did not survive beyond the conquests of Islam, and all but few traces of the script have been lost, and there are no remains of the version known".
- ^
Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. Yerevan: Matenadaran (Institute of Ancient Manuscripts), 1984
- ^
Koriun,
The life of Mashtots
, Ch. 16.
- ^
Joseph L. Wieczynski, George N. Rhyne. The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Academic International Press, 1976.
ISBN
0-87569-064-5
,
ISBN
978-0-87569-064-3
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Thomson, Robert W. (1996).
Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
0-19-826373-2
.
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Alexidze, Zaza.
"Discovery and Decipherment of Caucasian Albanian Writing"
(PDF)
. Science.org.ge. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 21, 2011.
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"Encyclopædia Britannica: "Middle Persian [Sassanian Pahlava] and Parthian were doubtlessly similar enough to be mutually intelligible"
. 2003. p. 627.
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Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). "A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th?11th Centuries", Cambridge, 1958.
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Istakhari(1994), Ibrahim. " Masalek va Mamalek", tr. As’ad ibn Abdullah Tustari, Majmueyeh Entesh?rat Adabi o Tarikho Moquf?t Doctor Afshar, Tehran. On Istakhri: Estakhri of the 10th century also states: "In Azerbeijan, Armenia and Arran they speak Persian and Arabic, except for the area around the city of Dabil: they speak Armenian around that city, and in the country of Barda people speak Arranian". Original Arabic: ? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (Estakhari, Abu Eshaq Ebrahim. Masalek va Mamalek. Bonyad Moqufat Dr. Afshar, Tehran, 1371 (1992-1993))
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История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. М., ≪Восточная литература≫, 2002.
ISBN
5-02-017711-3
(History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences ≪East literature≫): The polyethnic population of Albania left-bank at this time is increasingly moving to the Persian language. Mainly this applies to cities of Aran and Shirvan, as begin from 9-10 centuries
[
clarification needed
]
named two main areas in the territory of Azerbaijan. With regard to the rural population, it would seem, mostly retained for a long time, their old languages, related to modern Daghestanian family, especially Lezgin. (Russian text: Пестрое в этническом плане население левобережной Албании в это время все больше переходит на персидский язык. Главным образом это относится к городам Арана и Ширвана, как стали в IX-Х вв. именоваться два главные области на территории Азербайджана. Что касается сельского населения, то оно, по-видимому, в основном сохраняло еще долгое время свои старые языки, родственные современным дагестанским, прежде всего лезгинскому.
- ^
a
b
Kuznetsov, Igor.
"Udis"
(in Russian). vehi.net.
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Ronald G. Suny
:
What Happened in Soviet Armenia?
Middle East Report, No. 153, Islam and the State. (Jul. ? Aug., 1988), pp. 37?40.
- ^
(in Russian)
Caucasian Albania
. The Eastern Orthodox Encyclopædia.
- ^
Bruno Jacobs, "ACHAEMENID RULE IN Caucasus" in
Encyclopædia Iranica
. January 9, 2006. Excerpt: "Achaemenid rule in the Caucasus region was established, at the latest, in the course of the Scythian campaign of
Darius I
in 513-12 BCE. The Persian domination of the cis-Caucasian area (the northern side of the range) was brief, and archeological findings indicate that the Great Caucasus formed the northern border of the empire during most, if not all, of the Achaemenid period after Darius"
- ^
Тревер К. В.
Очерки по истории и культуре кавказской Албании IV в
. до н. э. ? VII в. н. э. М.-Л., 1959, p 144
- ^
Encyclopædia Britannica. Article: Azerbaijan
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Walker, Christopher J.
Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity
. London: Minority Rights Group Publications, 1991, p. 10.
- ^
a
b
Istorija Vostoka. V 6 t. T. 2, Vostok v srednije veka
Moskva, ≪Vostochnaya Literatura≫, 2002.
ISBN
5-02-017711-3
- ^
Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians", in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Ed.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chicago: 1982
- ^
Schmitt Rudiger.
Caspians
[
permanent dead link
]
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
.
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Bais, Marco (2001).
Rome and Caucasian Albania (google book in Italian)
. Mimesis.
ISBN
9788887231953
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
a
b
Е.В. Федорова.
Императорский Рим в лицах
(in Russian). Ancientcoins.narod.ru. Archived from
the original
on 2008-04-10
. Retrieved
2009-03-16
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Ильяс Бабаев.
Какие монеты употребляли на рынках Азербайджана
(in Russian). Irs-az.com
. Retrieved
2009-03-16
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
Страбон о Кавказской Албании
(in Russian). Irs-az.com
. Retrieved
2009-03-17
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
К. Алиев. К вопросу об источниках Страбона в описании древней Кавказской Албании. Ж. Доклады АН Азерб. ССР, XVI, 1960, No. 4, с. 420-421
- ^
"Plutarch, The Parallel Lives. Pompey, 35"
. Penelope.uchicago.edu
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
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"Plutarch,
The Parallel Lives:
"Pompey", 36"
. Penelope.uchicago.edu
. Retrieved
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Тревер К. В.
Очерки по истории и культуре кавказской Албании IV в
. до н. э. ? VII в. н. э. М.-Л., 1959, p 145
- ^
Chorbajian, Levon; Donabedian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1994).
The Caucasian Knot
. Zed Books. p. 54.
ISBN
1-85649-288-5
.
The Caucasian Albania state was established during the second to first centuries BC and, according to Strabo, was made up of 26 tribes. It seems that their language was Ibero-Caucasian.
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a
b
"Strabo. Geography, book 11, chapter 14"
. Perseus.tufts.edu
. Retrieved
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"Tes palai kai tes nyn oikoumenes periegesis, sive, Dionysii geographia : emendata & locupletata, additione scil. geographiae hodiernae : Graeco carmine pariter donatae : cum 16 tabulis geographicis"
(PDF)
. Londini : E Typographaeo Mariae Matthews, impensis W. Churchill
. Retrieved
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Пахомов, Е.А. Римская надпись I в. н.э. и легион XII фульмината. "Изв. АН Азерб. ССР", 1949, No.1
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Всемирная история. Энциклопедия, том 2, 1956, гл. XIII
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Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Albania (Caucasus)"
.
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. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 481.
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Ehsan Yarshater. The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 1983.
ISBN
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, 9780521200929, p. 141
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Gignoux. "Aneran".
Encyclopaedia Iranica
: "The high priest Kirder, thirty years later, gave in his inscriptions a more explicit list of the provinces of Aneran, including Armenia, Georgia, Albania, and Balasagan, together with Syria and Asia Minor".
Archived
November 16, 2007, at the
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"Encyclopædia Britannica: The list of provinces given in the inscription of Ka'be-ye Zardusht defines the extent of the empire under Shapur"
.
Britannica.com
. Retrieved
2013-09-03
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Sinclair, T. A. (31 December 1989).
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. Pindar Press. pp. 358?359.
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"Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - The Church of Tigran Honents"
.
virtualani.org
.
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"Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents in Ani"
.
Turkish Archaeological News
. 10 December 2023.
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"Movses Kalankatuatsi.
History of Albania
. Book 2, Chapter VI"
. Vostlit.info
. Retrieved
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"Moses Kalankatuatsi.
History of country of Aluank.
Chapter XVII. About the tribe of Mihran, hailing from the family of Khosrow the Sasanian, who became the ruler of the country of Aluank"
. Vostlit.info
. Retrieved
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The Cambridge History of Iran.
1991.
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"?OSROW II ? Encyclopaedia Iranica"
.
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An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
by Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz (1992),
ISBN
3-447-03274-X
(retrieved 8 June 2006), p. 385?386.
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"Chapter "History" in article "Azerbaijan"
"
. Encyclopædia Britannica online edition. 29 June 2023.
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Hewsen, Robert H.
Armenia: a Historical Atlas
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map Caucasian Albania.
- ^
Robert H. Hewsen, "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, ed. Thomas J. Samuelian (Philadelphia: Scholars Press, 1982), p. 45
- ^
Hewsen, Robert H.
Armenia: a Historical Atlas
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 32?33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the
Orontids
' Kingdom of Armenia)
- ^
a
b
Моисей Хоренский. Армянская География VII в. Перевод Патканова К.П. СПб., 1877. стр. 40,17
- ^
Peter R. Ackroyd. The Cambridge history of the Bible. ? Cambridge University Press, 1963. ? vol. 2. ? p. 368:"
The third Caucasian people, the Albanians, also received an alphabet from Mesrop, to supply scripture for their Christian church. This church did not survive beyond the conquests of Islam, and all but few traces of the script have been lost...
"
- ^
Hewsen, Robert H.
Armenia: a Historical Atlas
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map "Armenia according to Anania of Shirak’
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Robert H. Hewsen, "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, ed. Thomas J. Samuelian (Philadelphia: Scholars Press, 1982)
- ^
Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh," in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds.
Medieval Armenian Culture
. Chico, CA, 1983
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Walker, Christopher J. Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity. Minority Rights Group Publications, 1991, p. 10
- ^
Moses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians, translated from Old Armenian by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard University Press, 1978, Book II
- ^
Strabo,
op. cit.
, book XI, chapters 14?15 (Bude, vol. VIII, p. 123)
- ^
Svante E. Cornell.
Small Nations and Great Powers
. 2001, p. 64
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V. A. Shnirelman. Memory wars. Myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia. Academkniga, Moscow, 2003
ISBN
5-94628-118-6
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a
b
c
d
The History of the Caucasian Albanians
by Movs?s Dasxuranc'i. Translated by Charles Dowsett. London: Oxford University Press, 1961, pp. 3-4 "Introduction"
- ^
Moses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians, translated from Old Armenian by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard University Press, 1978, p.
- ^
Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. Yerevan: Matenadaran (Institute of Ancient Manuscripts), 1984, p. 43
- ^
Kirakos Gandzaketsi. "Kirakos Gandzaketsi’s history of the Armenians," Sources of the Armenian Tradition. New York, 1986, p. 67
- ^
Viviano, Frank. "The Rebirth of Armenia", National Geographic Magazine, March 2004
- ^
John Noble, Michael Kohn, Danielle Systermans. Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Lonely Planet; 3 edition (May 1, 2008), p. 307
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Агатангелос, ≪История Армении≫ (≪История св. Григория и обращения Армении в христианство≫), пер. с древнеарм. К. С. Тер-Давтяна и С. С. Аревшатяна, изд-во ≪Наири≫, Ер., 2004.(рус.). as in the text: ≪Они суть избранные ишханы (князья), наместники, краеначальники, тысяцкие, десятитысяцкие страны армянской, дома Торгомова≫. Стр. 796
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Adonts, Nikoghaios. Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions based on the
Naxarar System
. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon, 1970, p. 34-41
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Н.Адонц. ≪Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи≫, Пг., 1915, 181-219
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a
b
Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk.
The Heritage of Armenian Literature
. Wayne State University Press (December 2002), pp. 94?99
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Ulubabian, Bagrat. Studies in the History of the Eastern Province of Armenia. 5th-7th Centuries, Yerevan, 1981, pp. 55-58
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a
b
"Armenian Names"
. Armenian.name. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-17
. Retrieved
2012-05-06
.
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?. ???????. ???????? ????????. ?????, ????? ???, 1982, p. 15
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a
b
Movses Kalankatuatsi.
History of the Land of Aluank
, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. Yerevan: Matenadaran (Institute of Ancient Manuscripts), 1984, p. 27
- ^
Moses Khorenatsi. History of the Armenians, translated from Old Armenian by Robert W. Thomson. Harvard University Press, 1978
- ^
Viviano, Frank. "The Rebirth of Armenia," National Geographic Magazine, March 2004, p. 18,
- ^
a
b
Movses Kalankatuatsi.
History of the Land of Aluank
, Book I, chapters 27, 28 and 29; Book II, chapter 3
- ^
a
b
Chorbajian, Levon;
Donabedian Patrick
; Mutafian, Claude.
The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh
. NJ: Zed Books, 1994, Albanian episode
- ^
Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. Yerevan: Matenadaran (Institute of Ancient Manuscripts), 1984,
Elegy on the Death of Prince Juansher
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Gasanov, Magomed,
On Christianity in Dagestan
,
Iran & the Caucasus
, Vol.5, 2001:80.
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"Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania. Book 2, Chapter LII"
. Vostlit.info. Archived from
the original
on 2013-05-31
. Retrieved
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.
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Gasanov, 80.
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Movses Kaghankatvatsi
,
The History of the Country of Albania
, III.VIII?XI
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Chorbajian.
Caucasian Knot
, pp. 63-64.
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a
b
Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010, p. 108
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a
b
В. А. Шнирельман.
"Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье", М., ИКЦ, "Академкнига", 2003
.
- ^
Yo'av Karny, Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001, pp. 376, chapter "Ghosts of Caucasian Albania". Karny writes: "The quest for Azerbaijan's antiquity had actually begun well before Soviet collapse and reached its climax in the late 1980s. The fierce debates it generated had an eerily existential, rather than scholarly quality. They were conducted along the lines of "I am, therefore you are not," or better, "You were not, therefore I am". The debates locked horns with an intensity that outsiders find
bizarre
and
futile
".
- ^
Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010. pp. 107?108, characterization as "
bizarre
" on page 107
- ^
De Waal, Thomas
(2004).
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
. pp.
152
?153, 143.
- ^
Svante Cornell. Small nations and great powers. Routledge (December 1, 2000), p. 50
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Philip L. Kohl, Clare P. Fawcett. Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge University Press (February 23, 1996), p. 152, 153
- ^
Ronald Grigor Suny, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1996
- ^
Ben Fowkes. Ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the post-communist world. Palgrave Macmillan (May 3, 2002), p. 30
- ^
"В.А. Шнирельман, "Войны памяти. Мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье", М., ИКЦ, "Академкнига", 2003"
.
In the book Schnirelmann mentions some Armenian authors, such as B. Ulubabian and A. Mnatsakanian, who created theories about Caucasian Albania which he finds unpersuasive and possibly politically motivated
- ^
Yo'av Karny, Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001, pp. 371-400, chapter "Ghosts of Caucasian Albania"
- ^
Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010, p. 107
- ^
a
b
Esayi Hasan Jalaeants (Author), George A. Bournoutian (Translator). Brief History of the Aghuank Region: (Patmut'iwn Hamarot Aghuanits Erkri). Mazda Publishers (July 2009), Introduction, pp. 9-21
- ^
George A. Bournoutian. Rewriting History: Recent Azeri Alterations of Primary Sources Dealing with Karabakh. Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies (1992,1993), Volume 6
- ^
See discussion of Ziya Bunyadov in Thomas De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. 2004, pages 152-153, 143
- ^
Thomas De Waal. 'Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. 2004, p. 152
- ^
Robert Hewsen
.
Armenia: A Historical Atlas
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 291
- ^
Thomas De Waal. 'Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. 2004, p. 153 143
- ^
a
b
"Глава 10. Урекаванк. Непредсказуемое прошлое"
. July 11, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^
Фарида Мамедова: ≪Разрушив захоронение ≪Агадеде≫, армяне в очередной раз пытаются посягнуть на историю Азербайджана≫, Day.Az daily, January 06, 2006 (in Russian)
Archived
November 17, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
. Quotation: "And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values".
- ^
(in Russian)
Buniyatov, Ziya. "Concerning the events in Karabakh and Sumgait".
Elm
. No. 19, May 13, 1989, p. 175. Excerpts of this text can be found in
Levon Chorbajian
;
Patrick Donabedian
;
Claude Mutafian
.
The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh
. London: Zed Books, 1994, pp. 188-189.
ISBN
1-85649-288-5
.
- ^
Yo'av Karny, Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001, p. 376
- ^
Pickman, Sarah (June 30, 2006).
"Tragedy on the Araxes"
. Archaeology.org
. Retrieved
April 16,
2007
.
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Smith, Adam T.; et al.
"A copy of the letter"
(PDF)
. Archaeology.org.
- ^
Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010. pp. 107-108
- ^
Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010. pp 107-108
- ^
Diana Petriashvili and Rovshan Ismayilov (2006-11-03).
"Georgia, Azerbaijan Debate Control of Ancient Monastery's Territory"
. Eurasia.net. Archived from
the original
on 2008-02-22
. Retrieved
2011-01-31
.
- ^
Michael Mainville (2007-05-03). "Ancient monastery starts modern-day feud in Caucasus". Middle East Times.
- ^
Idrak Abbasov and David Akhvlediani (2007-03-29).
"Monastery Divides Georgia and Azerbaijan"
. Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
- ^
Edilashvili, Nino (2007-04-12).
"Border Dispute Breaks Harmony between Azerbaijan and Georgia"
. The Georgian Times. Archived from
the original
on 2007-07-08.
- ^
Idrak Abbasov and David Akhvlediani (2007-03-29).
"Monastery Divides Georgia and Azerbaijan"
. Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
References
- Hewsen, Robert H.
(2001).
Armenia: A Historical Atlas
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN
978-0226332284
.
- Marco Bais
Albania caucasica: ethnos, storia, territorio attraverso le fonti greche, latine e armene
. Mimesis Edizioni. Roma, 2001
ISBN
88-87231-95-8
(in Italian)
- Movses Kalankatuatsi.
The History of Aluank
.
Translated
from Old Armenian (Grabar) by Sh.V.Smbatian, Yerevan, 1984.
(in Russian)
- Koriun,
The Life of Mashtots
, translated from Old Armenian (Grabar) by Bedros Norehad.
- Movses Kalankatuatsi.
History of Albania
. Translated by L. Davlianidze-Tatishvili, Tbilisi, 1985.
(in Georgian)
- Movses Khorenatsi
The History of Armenia
. Translated from Old Armenian (Grabar) by
Gagik Sargsyan
, Yerevan, 1990.
(in Russian)
- Ilia Abuladze. "About the discovery of the alphabet of the Caucasian Albanians".
Bulletin of the Institute of Language, History and Material Culture (ENIMK)
, Vol. 4, Ch. I, Tbilisi, 1938.
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. pp. 806?810.
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Iran and the Caucasus
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(2). Brill: 121?131.
doi
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From Caucasian Albania to Arr?n: The East Caucasus Between Antiquity and Medieval Islam (C. 300 Bce ? 1000 Ad). Ed. By Rodert G. Hoyland. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2020. P. 29-35
. Gorgias Press: 29?35.
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"Arsacids vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"
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Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
. pp. 543?546.
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