The
Catholic Church in Lithuania
(
Lithuanian
:
Katalik? Ba?ny?ia Lietuvoje
) is part of the worldwide
Catholic Church
, under the spiritual leadership of the
Pope
in
Rome
. Lithuania is the world's northernmost Catholic majority country.
Pope Pius XII
gave Lithuania the title of "northernmost outpost of Catholicism in Europe" in 1939.
[4]
Among the
Baltic states
, Lithuania is the country with the highest percentage of Catholic population.
Almost three-quarters (74.19%) of
Lithuania
's population, self-identified as Catholics in the 2021 census.
[6]
The country is divided into eight dioceses including two archdioceses and a
military ordinariate
.
[7]
St. Casimir
(Kazimieras, 1458?1484) is the only canonized
saint
of Lithuania. He is the patron of the country and Lithuanian youth. Archbishop
Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevi?ius
(1871?1927) was beatified in 1987.
[8]
History
[
edit
]
Middle Ages (
c.
1000
?1500)
[
edit
]
11th century
[
edit
]
The missionary bishop Saint
Bruno of Querfurt
was martyred in 1009 for preaching the Christian faith.
Some historians write that he was martyred by the Lithuanians, but Zigmas Zinkevi?ius contests this and says that Bruno was killed in lands inhabited by the
Yotvingians
.
The
name of Lithuania
was mentioned for the first time due to this.
[11]
13th century
[
edit
]
Catholicism began to spread in Lithuania in the 13th century.
The
Dominican Order
and the
Franciscans
began to be established in Lithuania during the rule of
Mindaugas
(
r.
1230s?1263
).
[14]
The Dominican
Saint Hyacinth
came to Lithuania in 1231.
In 1251, a Lithuanian delegation sent by Lithuania's ruler Mindaugas informed
Pope Innocent IV
that Mindaugas would like to be
baptised
as
Roman Catholic
.
[15]
The Pope enthusiastically accepted the Lithuanian conversion, writing even six
papal bulls
regarding this matter.
In the first half of 1251, Mindaugas and many of his subjects, including part of the
Lithuanian nobility
, were baptised as Roman Catholics.
The ruler's baptism meant that Lithuania became an officially Catholic country that was internationally recognized already in the 1250s.
[15]
The Pope obliged the
Bishop of Culm
Heidenreich
[
de
]
to crown Mindaugas with the king's
crown
in the Pope's name.
On 6 July 1253, Mindaugas was crowned
king of Lithuania
, while
Morta
became
Queen of Lithuania
.
On August 21, the Pope appointed the
Teutonic Order
priest Christian as the bishop of Lithuania, thus establishing the Diocese of Lithuania.
According to the Lithuanian bishop
Jonas Boruta
, "A separate diocese directly subordinate to the Pope is already a considerable step for the creation of an ecclesiastical province, and in the Lithuania of Mindaugas' time (if not for unfortunate political events - the murder of Mindaugas, etc.) there were all the conditions for the establishment of an ecclesiastical province as well.."
After Mindaugas' assassination,
Treniota
, who ruled Lithuania for about a year after rising to power in 1263, began persecuting Christians.
In 1264, after Treniota was killed, the Lithuania was ruled by Mindaugas' son
Vai?vilkas
(
r.
1264?1267
), followed by Mindaugas' son-in-law
Shvarn
(
r.
1267?1269
), who were both Orthodox.
The latter died during the struggle for power within Lithuania and the following Grand Dukes of Lithuania were pagans.
14th century
[
edit
]
During the 14th century, Lithuania's pagan rulers, for example, Vytenis and Gediminas, built Catholic churches and invited Catholic priests and monks to Lithuania.
The pagan Lithuanian Grand Dukes
Vytenis
(
r.
1295?1316
) built a Catholic church in
Naugardukas
and asked for 2
Franciscans
to administer it, but the Teutonic Order's knights destroyed the church.
Gediminas' rule (1316?1341)
[
edit
]
Vytenis' successor,
Gediminas
(
r.
1316?1341
), who was also a pagan, formed an alliance with the
Archbishop of Riga
against the Teutonic Order.
Since the beginning of their first alliance in 1298, Riga's Franciscans and Dominicans could freely operate in Lithuania.
Later, the Archbishop of Riga
Friedrich von Pernstein
[
de
]
wanted to establish Franciscan and Dominican monasteries in Lithuanian cities, in which he succeeded.
In Gediminas' estates, Franciscans and Dominicans were active.
In Vilnius, two churches were built, with one being for the Dominicans and the other for the Franciscans.
There was also a Franciscan church in Naugardukas.
Encouraged by these monks and in the pursuit of political goals, Gediminas wrote a letter to the Pope in 1322 promising to become Roman Catholic.
In 1323, Gediminas wrote letters to the
superiors
of
monasteries
in Western Europe and invited priests, monks and lay Christians to come to Lithuania, while promising them
freedom of religion
.
The Pope promised to send his
legates
to Gediminas in June 1324 and they arrived in Riga by autumn.
They sent their representatives to Gediminas, but he refused to be baptized and pretended not to know anything about his promise to be baptized.
He blamed this on the Franciscan who wrote the letter to the Pope.
Nevertheless, the monks continued to spread Catholicism in Lithuania.
Co-rule by Algirdas and K?stutis (1345?1377)
[
edit
]
Gediminas's sons
Algirdas
and
K?stutis
,
co-rulers
of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377, remained pagans their entire lives.
Algirdas, who married Duchess
Maria of Vitebsk
in 1318, inherited the
Principality of Vitebsk
in 1320, allowed his children to be baptized Orthodox, and founded the Orthodox
Metropolis of Lithuania
in the Rus' lands under Lithuanian rule.
K?stutis was encouraged by the Pope as well as the kings of Poland and Hungary, for example King
Casimir III of Poland
, to become baptised.
In 1351, King
Louis I of Hungary
(who later became king of Poland) wanted K?stutis to be baptized.
He agreed to be baptized on the condition that King Louis I of Hungary would return him the lands seized by the Teutonic Order and ensure K?stutis' coronation; both parties confirmed the contract by
swearing oaths
, but K?stutis remained unbaptised.
Emperor
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
, sent messengers to Algirdas and K?stutis in 1358, encouraging them to convert to Catholicism.
Lithuania's co-rulers promised to be baptized on the condition that the lands conquered by the Order would be returned to Lithuania, while the Order itself would be brought to the east to fight the
Golden Horde
Tatars.
The conditions were not accepted, so they were not baptised.
Although K?stutis remained a pagan for his life, his daughter
Danut?
was baptized when she married the
Duke of Masovia
Janusz I of Warsaw
in the 1370s.
Pope Gregory XI
's efforts to baptize Lithuania in 1373 were also unsuccessful.
Lithuanian Civil Wars (1381?1384; 1389?1392)
[
edit
]
The Grand Dukes of Lithuania
Jogaila
, Algirdas' son, and
Vytautas the Great
, K?stutis' son, sought to ensure Lithuania's baptism.
On 31 October 1382, Jogaila negotiated his baptism with the Teutonic Order in the
Treaty of Dubysa
.
In this treaty, Jogaila promised
Samogitia
until the
Dubysa
river to the Teutonic Order in return for his help against K?stutis and Vytautas and promised to be baptized with his subordinates within 4 years.
When Jogaila did not ratify the treaty the following year, the Order began supporting Vytautas.
Vytautas was baptized Roman Catholic with the
baptismal name
Wigand on 21 October 1383 in
Tepliava
.
Vytautas promised Samogitia up to
Nev??is
to the Teutonic Order and was given to rule 3 castles near the
Nemunas
river.
With the
Act of Kr?va
in 1385, Jogaila accepted
Polish nobility
's offer to marry the Queen
Hedwig of Poland
, the daughter of Louis I of Hungary, and to be crowned
King of Poland
and accept the Roman Catholic faith.
So, Jogaila was baptized on 15 February 1386 as
Ladislaus
in
Krakow
together with several brothers and his cousin Vytautas, who was baptised as
Alexander
.
In 1387, Jogaila, accompanied by Bishop
Andrzej Jastrz?biec
, arrived in Vilnius, where they were aided by Lithuanian-speaking Franciscans.
Lithuania, primarily
Auk?taitija
, was
baptised
once more in 1387 on the initiative of the grand dukes
Jogaila
and
Vytautas
.
Jogaila's privilege of 17 February 1387 ensured that the
Vilnius Cathedral
was provided for, while the
diocese of Vilnius
was established under
Pope Urban VI
on 12 March 1388.
Jogaila was personally involved in the building of the churches in
Mai?iagala
,
Medininkai
,
Obolcai
[
lt
]
and other places, and established a
chapter
consisting of a
provost
,
dean
and 10
canons
.
Most of the
clergy
were Poles.
The first Franciscan monasteries were established.
[14]
15th century
[
edit
]
A delegation of
Samogitian nobility
arrived to the
Council of Constance
in 1417, where they sought to prove that Jogaila and Vytautas are ensuring the baptism of the Samogitians and demanded that
Samogitia
would remain under Vytautas' rule.
In addition, the Samogitian delegation requested that the future diocese in Samogitia be established under the surveillance by the bishops of Vilnius and
Lviv
.
When the
Teutonic Order
disallowed the delegation formed by the Council of Constance to go and baptize Samogitia, this was done by the bishops of Vilnius and Lviv.
The
Baptism of Samogitia
happened in 1417.
The
diocese of Samogitia
, based in
Medininkai
, was established in 1421 under
Pope Martin V
.
There was also a chapter consisting of 6 canons and
Matthias of Trakai
was consecrated as the first
bishop of Samogitia
.
Both the dioceses of Vilnius and Samogitia belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Gniezno until 1795.
With the help of the rulers like Vytautas, Jogaila and others, the number of churches in Lithuania increased rapidly.
By the end of the 14th century, there were 17 churches in the Vilnius' diocese, of which 5 were in Vilnius itself.
According to the Polish historian
Jerzy Ochma?ski
[
pl
]
, 10 parishes were established by 1392, with a total of 27 parishes throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the time of the death of Vytautas the Great in 1430.
By the end of 15th century, there were 109 churches throughout Lithuania, 91 in Vilnius' diocese and 18 or 19 churches in the Samogitian diocese, of which 7 were founded by Vytautas himself.
From then until the mid-16th century, 103 and 38 churches were built in the Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses, respectively.
Around 1500, there were 130 churches in Vilnius' diocese.
While the dioceses were being established, churches were mostly built and founded by rulers, later by magnates and nobles.
In the
foundations
by rulers, land was usually assigned to the church, the income from which allowed the maintenance of parish clergy and buildings, while the foundations by nobles concerned funds and church supplies.
The noble founders of churches and their heirs usually also inherited the
Jus patronatus
, which ensured that the parish would be provided with a clergyman.
Early Modern period (1500?1795)
[
edit
]
16th century
[
edit
]
In 1501,
Erazm Ciołek
, a priest of the Vilnius Cathedral, explained to the
Pope
that the Lithuanians preserve their language and ensure respect to it (
Linguam propriam observant
), but they also use the
Ruthenian language
for simplicity reasons because it is spoken by almost half of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
[27]
In the 16th century, following the decline of Ruthenian usage in favor of Polish in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian language strengthened its positions in Lithuania due to reforms, including religious, which allowed lower levels of the
Lithuanian nobility
to participate in the social-political life of the state.
[27]
In 1599,
Mikalojus Dauk?a
published his
Postil
and in its
prefaces
he expressed that the Lithuanian language situation had improved and thanked to bishop
Merkelis Giedraitis
for his works.
[27]
In 1530?40, the
Reformation
and
humanist
ideas began spreading to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from
Lithuania Minor
.
In the mid-16th century, Protestantism spread in Lithuania and although the influence of
Lutherans
initially prevailed, the influence of
Calvinists
prevailed thereafter.
Around 1570, the Reformation reaches its highpoint in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
During this period, educational activities, the establishment of schools, and book publishing became more active.
For example, the first printed book in the Lithuanian language was the
Catechism
of
Martynas Ma?vydas
, a Lutheran pastor, in 1547.
During the
Counter-Reformation
, the Catholic Church starts fighting more actively against
Arianism
and other forms of Protestantism.
At the time, Protestant churches and schools were closed down, while most of the Lithuanian nobility, most importantly the
Radvila family
's
Nyasvizh
branch, from which came
Mikalojus Kristupas Radvila Na?lait?lis
and Cardinal
Jurgis Radvila
, converted to Catholicism.
In 1569, due to the initiative of Bishop
Valerijonas Protasevi?ius
,
Jesuits
were invited to Vilnius.
After coming to the geographically distant
Baltic
,
Spaniards
,
Italians
,
Germans
, as well as some of the first
Polish
Jesuits, began to learn local languages.
The Jesuits learned Lithuanian in the 1570s, and the first foreigners who learned the
Lithuanian language
were the Spaniards, who learned it to preach and listen to
confessions
in that language.
Sometimes they went to the surrounding villages and sometimes organized sermons in Vilnius' streets.
Soon, they quickly introduced the constant and frequent delivery of Lithuanian sermons in Vilnius.
Complete lists of those who preached in Lithuanian until up to the 18th century still exist and despite some slight gaps, many of the lists of the Lithuanian Jesuit province have survived.
However, in 1570, until they learnt Lithuanian, Jesuits initially delivered sermons in
Italian
,
German
and
Polish
.
The Cardinal Jurgis Radvila founded the
Vilnius Theological Seminary
in 1582.
Bishop
Merkelis Giedraitis
(1576?1609), who actively encouraged Catholicism in Samogitia, where he built 12 churches and established new parishes, also sent his clerics to it.
In the
Third Statute of Lithuania
, published in 1588, equal
civil and political rights
were established for Catholics,
Protestants
and the
Eastern Orthodox
within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The
Union of Lithuanian Brest
, the ecclesiastical union of the Orthodox within the
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
with Rome, happened in 1596.
17th-18th centuries
[
edit
]
The construction of churches supported by noble founders and the establishment of new monasteries intensified very much during the 17th-18th centuries.
Schools, hospitals, shelters were built near them.
From this time to the destruction of the Lithuanian state in 1795, monasteries became extremely influential because monks participated in all areas of the religious and cultural life of the nation.
Most Dominican monasteries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were built in the 17th century.
The officially Catholic
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
was partitioned out of existence in the
Third Partition of Poland?Lithuania
of 1795 by the
Protestant
Kingdom of Prussia
and the
Eastern Orthodox
Russian Empire
.
Most of the Lithuanian lands were under Russian rule.
After the
First Partition of Poland?Lithuania
in 1772, Empress Catherine II of Russia created the
archdiocese of Mogilev
in 1782.
Long 19th century (1795?1914)
[
edit
]
After the uprisings of
1831
and
1863
, the tsar's repression against the Catholic Church intensified, and monasteries were closed en masse.
These monasteries were previously very involved in religious and cultural activities throughout the former Lithuanian lands and were responsible for many schools, libraries, and charity institutions.
During the years of Russian rule, a struggle began within the Catholic Church for the rights of faith and Lithuanian national identity, which were persistently defended by Bishop of Samogitia
Motiejus Valan?ius
.
Valan?ius spread faith,
sobriety
, and literacy among Lithuanians.
20th century
[
edit
]
Lithuania regained its independence in 1918 and successfully defended it in the
Lithuanian Wars of Independence
. The
Vatican
recognized Lithuania's independence
de jure
in 1922.
A
concordat
was signed in 1927 between Lithuania and the Holy See.
First Soviet occupation
[
edit
]
After the
Soviet Union occupied Lithuania
in the summer of 1940, the Church began to be persecuted.
The
Church and state were separated
.
The concordat and diplomatic relations with the Vatican were terminated.
Church property was confiscated,
religious education
in schools was stopped, publishing of Catholic books and newspapers was banned.
Dominican monasteries were also closed down.
On 11?12 July 1940, many prominent Lithuanian public figures were arrested, including Catholic priests.
During the Soviet
mass deportation from Lithuania on 14?15 June 1941
, 9 Lithuanian Catholic priests were deported.
In the beginning of
Operation Barbarossa
in late June 1941, a total of 15 Lithuanian Catholic priests were murdered.
On June 22, priests
Justinas Dabrila
[
lt
]
, Vaclovas Balsius and Jonas Petrikas in B?davon? forest (
Bartninkai
district) were martyred by
NKVD
soldiers.
Second Soviet occupation
[
edit
]
During the
second Soviet occupation
, which began once the
Red Army
invaded Lithuanian lands in 1944, the persecution of the Church intensified.
This was because of the regime's
state atheism
, as well as the Catholic Church's involvement in the
Lithuanian anti-communist guerrilla war
against Soviet occupation.
Mass arrests and deportations of Lithuanian citizens, priests and believers, were carried out.
Churches were closed down.
The restrictions on the church's activities intensified, especially restricting the training of new clergy.
In 1946, the bishop of Tel?iai
Vincentas Borisevi?ius
was arrested and sentenced to death.
Later, the bishops
Teofilius Matulionis
, Pranci?kus Ramanauskas, Vilnius archbishop
Me?islovas Reinys
were arrested and imprisoned.
The Soviet state seized the Vilnius Cathedral from the Catholic Church in 1950.
In the 1970s, the Catholic Church's underground activity intensified, as underground Catholic newspapers and magazines began to be published, and priests were trained underground.
In 1972, the underground publication
Chronicle of the Catholic Church of Lithuania
began to be published.
The number of initiatives to defend religious freedom increased.
Also during the Communist time,
Apostolic Visitors
were designated by the
Holy See
for the Lithuanian Roman Catholics in diaspora.
[
citation needed
]
Hill of Crosses
[
edit
]
The nationally renowned anti-Communist resistance
shrine
, the
Hill of Crosses
, upon which thousands of
Latin Rite
crosses
of all sizes have been placed, is located near the city of
?iauliai
. Erecting Latin crosses on the hill was forbidden by the Czarist
Russian Orthodox
authorities in the 19th century. Later, in the 20th century, the
Soviet
authorities also forbade such explicit religious symbols. The crosses were removed in 1961 with tractors and bulldozers, but despite Soviet prohibitions, Catholics continued to put small crucifixes and larger crosses on the
Hill of Crosses
.
Pope John Paul II
visited the hill during his visit to Lithuania, primarily because it was a sign of anti-Communist Catholic resistance, as well as a Catholic religious site. Lithuania was the only majority-Catholic Soviet republic.
[29]
[30]
Independent Lithuania
[
edit
]
Lithuania
regained its independence once more in 1990
, during the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
. The Catholic Church is an influential factor in the country, and some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime and, after independence was regained, in support of traditionalism, especially in ethical questions.
[
citation needed
]
The Catholic Church in Lithuania has after independence continued to campaign against
liberal
and
socialist
measures, especially in ethical questions.
[
citation needed
]
The treaties of the Holy See and the Republic of Lithuania entered into force in 2000.
Since then, the relations between the Catholic Church and the Lithuanian state have been regulated by three special treaties of the Republic of Lithuania and the Holy See, instead of the concordat.
Education
[
edit
]
Christian culture
was spread in Lithuania through schools.
Until the
Third Partition of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
in 1795, education was mainly taken care of by the Catholic Church.
Initially, the first schools operated in Vilnius near the Franciscan monastery and cathedral.
Vytautas settled the
Benedictines
in
Senieji Trakai
in 1409, where it was sought that they would open a school as well.
A parish school for the townspeople was established, near the
Church of St. Johns, Vilnius
, in 1413.
More schools appeared in the 15th and 16th centuries.
In 1534, the Synod of Vilnius ordered priests to establish schools.
The church leadership ordered in 1607 the establishment of primary schools in all parishes, while the higher schools were maintained by Jesuits, Piarists and other monks.
In the 18th century, there were about 300 parochial schools in Lithuania, with 5,000 students.
The Jesuits establish a college in Vilnius in 1570.
The
Vilnius Academy
was founded in 1579 by the Jesuits through the reorganization of the college they established nine years prior.
The university trained Lithuanian clergymen and published Lithuanian-language religious literature.
Jesuits also founded many colleges in other cities.
The Jesuits head the Vilnius University until 1773.
After the
suppression of the Society of Jesus
in 1773, the
Commission of National Education
took over the management of Vilnius University and higher schools.
Hierarchy
[
edit
]
Catholic churches in Lithuania
[
edit
]
The first churches appeared in
Lithuania
before the introduction of
Christianity
? they were built by merchants and craftsmen from other countries who lived here. After the baptism in 1387 the number of churches in Lithuania began to grow notably. In the middle of the twentieth century there were as many as 885 Catholic churches and chapels in Lithuania.
[
citation needed
]
The first church in Lithuania, supposedly, was built by the Grand Duke
Mindaugas
in the thirteenth century. It was
Vilnius Cathedral
, which in its long history has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. The oldest surviving stone church is
St. Nicholas
, built in the 14th ? 15th centuries. It stands in
Vilnius
and visitors admire its Gothic and Romanesque features.
St. Anne's Church
is a masterpiece of late
Gothic
. The Chapel of the Gate of Dawn storing the icon of the Holy Virgin Mary, Mother of Mercy in Vilnius has many features of late
Renaissance
and is one of the holy places in Lithuania most visited by pilgrims. Impressive architectural work of baroque is St.
Peter and Paul Church
in Vilnius. The oldest wooden church of Lithuania is in Palu??, Ignalina district.
[31]
Catholic organizations in Lithuania
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Lithuanian church voted most beautiful Catholic church in world"
.
Lithuania Tribune
. 7 March 2016.
- ^
"Pijus XII apie Lietuv?: katalikyb?s ?iaurinis avanpostas ? Vatican News"
[Pius XII on Lithuania: Northern Outpost of Catholicism].
www.vaticannews.va
(in Lithuanian). 2020-03-03
. Retrieved
2023-02-16
.
- ^
Department of Statistics
(2021-12-21).
"2021 m. gyventoj? ir b?st? sura?ymo pagrindiniai rezultatai"
.
osp.stat.gov.lt
(in Lithuanian).
- ^
"Catholic Church in Republic of Lithuania (Lithuania)"
.
www.gcatholic.org
.
- ^
Lithuanian Saints and Witnesses of Faith on the Official Page of Catholic Church in Lithuania
- ^
Baranauskas, Tomas (Fall 2009).
"On the Origin of the Name of Lithuania"
.
Lituanus
.
55
(3): 28?36.
ISSN
0024-5089
.
- ^
a
b
Laukaityt?, Regina.
"ma?esnieji broliai"
.
vle.lt
(in Lithuanian).
- ^
a
b
Gudavi?ius, Edvardas; Jasas, Rimantas (2 July 2018).
"Mindaugo krik?tas"
.
vle.lt
(in Lithuanian).
- ^
Fijał, Jan; Semkowicz, Władysław (1948-01-01).
"Kodeks dyplomatyczny katedry i diecezji Wilenskiej. Tomu 1. Zeszyt 3 (1501-1507, uzupełn. 1394-1500) (W Krakowie 1948)"
.
Codex Diplomaticus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Necnon Dioceseos Vilnensis. Voluminis I. Fasciculus 3 (1501-1507, Addenda 1394-1500).
: 616?617.
- ^
a
b
c
Dubonis, Art?ras (2016).
"The Prestige and decline of the official (state) language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (fifteenth-sixteenth century): problems in Belarusian historiography"
.
Lithuanian historical studies
.
20
: 7, 21
. Retrieved
3 November
2023
.
- ^
"Kry?i? kalnas. Apie Kaln?"
.
Kryziukalnas.lt
. Retrieved
4 March
2023
.
- ^
"Kry?i? kalnas"
.
Visuotin? lietuvi? enciklopedija
(in Lithuanian)
. Retrieved
4 March
2023
.
- ^
"Churches | Majestic Architecture With the Rich History"
.
www.lithuania.travel
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-12-30.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Ali?auskas, Vytautas, ed. (2006).
Krik??ionyb?s Lietuvoje istorija
(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Aidai.
ISBN
9955-656-18-2
.
- Aliulis, Vaclovas (2006-01-17).
"Katalik? Ba?ny?ia"
.
vle.lt
(in Lithuanian).
- Beeson, Trevor (1982).
Discretion and Valour: Religious Conditions in Russia and Eastern Europe
. Fortress Press.
ISBN
978-0-8006-1621-2
.
- Boruta, Jonas
(8 August 1996).
"I? Lietuvos Ba?nytin?s Provincijos k?rimo istorijos"
(PDF)
.
Lai?kai lietuviams
(in Lithuanian).
XLVII
(9).
- Paulauskyt?, Teres? (2018).
"Lietuvos Katalik? Ba?ny?ia"
[Lithuania's Catholic Church].
vle.lt
(in Lithuanian).
- Ivinskis, Zenonas (1953-10-08).
"Lietuvi? kalba vie?ajame Lietuvos 16?17 am?. gyvenime: ?iupsnelis med?iagos i? Romos archyv?"
.
Aidai
(in Lithuanian).
- Jagminas, Leonardas (2018-08-10).
"dominikonai"
.
vle.lt
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Archived
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XXI am?ius
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43
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