American politician (1917?2006)
Caspar Weinberger
|
---|
Weinberger in the 1980s
|
|
|
In office
January 21, 1981 ? November 23, 1987
|
President
| Ronald Reagan
|
---|
Deputy
| Frank Carlucci
W. Paul Thayer
William Taft IV
|
---|
Preceded by
| Harold Brown
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Frank Carlucci
|
---|
|
In office
February 12, 1973 ? August 8, 1975
|
President
| Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
|
---|
Preceded by
| Elliot Richardson
|
---|
Succeeded by
| F. David Mathews
|
---|
|
In office
June 12, 1972 ? February 1, 1973
|
President
| Richard Nixon
|
---|
Preceded by
| George Shultz
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Roy Ash
|
---|
|
In office
December 31, 1969 ? August 6, 1970
|
President
| Richard Nixon
|
---|
Preceded by
| Paul Dixon
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Miles Kirkpatrick
|
---|
|
In office
March 1, 1968 ? December 31, 1969
|
Governor
| Ronald Reagan
|
---|
Preceded by
| Gordon P. Smith
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Verne Orr
|
---|
|
In office
1962?1964
|
Preceded by
| John Krehbiel
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Gaylord Parkinson
|
---|
|
In office
January 5, 1953 ? January 5, 1959
|
Preceded by
| Arthur H. Connolly Jr.
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Milton Marks
|
---|
|
|
Born
| Caspar Willard Weinberger
(
1917-08-18
)
August 18, 1917
San Francisco
,
California
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| March 28, 2006
(2006-03-28)
(aged 88)
Bangor
,
Maine
, U.S.
|
---|
Political party
| Republican
|
---|
Spouse
|
|
---|
Children
| 2
|
---|
Education
| Harvard University
(
BA
,
LLB
)
|
---|
|
Branch/service
| United States Army
|
---|
Years of service
| 1941?1945
|
---|
Rank
| Captain
|
---|
Unit
| 41st Infantry Division
|
---|
Battles/wars
| World War II
|
---|
|
Caspar Willard Weinberger
GBE
(August 18, 1917 ? March 28, 2006) was an American politician and businessman. As a
Republican
, he served in a variety of state and federal positions for three decades, most notably as
Secretary of Defense
under President
Ronald Reagan
from January 1981 to November 1987.
[1]
He was indicted on charges of lying to Congress and obstructing government investigations as part of the
Iran?Contra investigation
, but was pardoned by President
George H. W. Bush
before facing trial.
Weinberger was a member of the
California State Assembly
from 1953 to 1959. He also served as Chairman of the
Federal Trade Commission
and Director of the
Office of Management and Budget
under Presidents
Richard Nixon
and
Gerald Ford
. He later became vice president and general counsel of
Bechtel Corporation
.
Weinberger's tenure as Secretary of Defense was marked by his
hard line
against
the Soviet Union
, in disagreement with the State Department. He promoted the
Strategic Defense Initiative
, an orbital weapons program. Weinberger was awarded both the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
by Ronald Reagan in 1987 and an honorary British knighthood from
Queen Elizabeth II
. In 1993, he became Chairman of
Forbes
magazine.
Early life
[
edit
]
Weinberger was born on August 18, 1917, in
San Francisco
,
California
, the younger of two sons of Herman Weinberger (1886-1944), an attorney, and Cerise Carpenter Weinberger (
nee
Hampson; 1886-1975), a music teacher. His father was of
Jewish
descent from
Austria-Hungary
, while his maternal grandparents were from
Wisconsin
. Caspar Weinberger's father, Herman, was the younger brother of Luella Weinberger McNeill, mother of
Don McNeill
. The 1910 Census shows Herman and Luella living in the household of Nathan Weinberger, the grandfather of Caspar Weinberger.
Weinberger's paternal grandparents had left
Judaism
over a religious dispute while living in Bohemia. He was raised in a home with no denominational ties, though with a socially Christian orientation. Weinberger would later become an active
Episcopalian
and often expressed his faith in
God
.
[2]
Weinberger had stated that his mother's Episcopal religion was "an enormous influence and comfort all my life".
[3]
Education
[
edit
]
Weinberger attended
San Francisco Polytechnic High School
. He was academically gifted and gained admission to
Harvard University
, graduating in 1938 with a
B.A.
,
magna cum laude
. Weinberger was offered a scholarship to study at the
University of Cambridge
but instead attended
Harvard Law School
, graduating in 1941 with a
Bachelor of Laws
.
[4]
Career
[
edit
]
Military service
[
edit
]
After graduating from Harvard Law School, Weinberger enlisted in the
U.S. Army
as a
private
. He was sent to the Army's
Officer Candidate School
at Fort Benning, Georgia (now
Fort Moore
), where he was commissioned a
second lieutenant
. During
World War II
, he served with the
41st Infantry Division
in the Pacific; by the war's end, he was a
captain
on the intelligence staff of General
Douglas MacArthur
. Early in life, Weinberger developed an interest in
politics
and
history
, and, during the war years, a special admiration for
Winston Churchill
, whom he would later cite as an important influence in his life. From 1945 to 1947, Weinberger was a
law clerk
for U.S. circuit judge
William Edwin Orr
of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
. He then entered private practice at a San Francisco law firm.
California politics
[
edit
]
In 1952, Weinberger entered the race for
California's 21st State Assembly district
[5]
in the San Francisco Bay area as a Republican at the persuasion of his wife,
Jane Weinberger
,
[6]
who also served as his campaign manager.
[7]
He won and was reelected in 1954 and 1956. As the chairman of the Assembly Government Organization Committee, Weinberger was responsible for the creation of the
California Department of Water Resources
and was instrumental in the creation of the
California State Water Project
. Weinberger also unsuccessfully opposed the construction of the
Embarcadero Freeway
, saying it would ruin the view of the Bay and damage property values.
[8]
Weinberger felt vindicated when the freeway was removed after the 1989 earthquake. Although unsuccessful in his 1958 campaign for
California Attorney General
, Weinberger continued to be active in politics and was chosen by Nixon in 1962 to become chairman of the California
Republican Party
.
Governor
Ronald Reagan named him chairman of the
Commission on California State Government Organization and Economy
in 1967 and appointed him State director of finance early in 1968. Weinberger moved to Washington in January 1970 to become chairman of the
Federal Trade Commission
. He is credited for having revitalized the FTC by enforcing consumer protection.
[9]
Nixon cabinet
[
edit
]
Weinberger subsequently served under President
Richard Nixon
as deputy director (1970?1972) and director (1972?1973) of the
Office of Management and Budget
and
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
(1973?1975). While serving in the Office of Management and Budget, Weinberger earned the nickname "Cap the Knife" for his cost-cutting ability. For the next five years, Weinberger was vice president and general counsel of the
Bechtel Corporation
in California.
Relf v. Weinberger
[
edit
]
In 1973, the
Southern Poverty Law Center
named Weinberger as a defendant in a case that sought restitution for the forced non-consensual sterilization and medical experimentation on three young Black American girls,
Minnie Lee, Mary Alice, and Katie Relf
in Montgomery, Alabama. An employee of Montgomery's federally-funded
Community Action
organization took the Relf sisters to a family planning clinic under the pretext of needing “shots.” Staff gave Katie Relf a then-experimental birth control shot as well as inserted a contraceptive IUD device without parental knowledge or consent. On a separate occasion, doctors surgically sterilized Minnie Lee and Mary Alice who were twelve and fourteen years old respectively.
[10]
At the time of the suit, the
Office of Economic Opportunity
was preparing to hand over funding and control of its associated family planning clinics to Weinberger's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
The SPLC's complaint shows that the O.E.O. recently began providing funding for such sterilization procedures, while top OEO personnel intentionally did not distribute a medical memo containing guidelines on obtaining patient consent for such operations.
Dr. Warren M. Hern
authored the memo, and ultimately resigned in outrage that the guidelines were not distributed. Copies of the memo, which included age of consent laws whose criteria the Relf girls did not meet, sat undistributed in a DC warehouse. At the time of the suit, Weinberger's most recent approved Health, Education, and Welfare budget included specific funding allotments for sterilization procedures, and thus he was named a defendant in the case. A district court involved in Relf V. Weinberger hearings found that anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 poor people were sterilized annually using federal dollars, and some among those sterilized were coerced into the procedures by doctors who threatened to cut off welfare benefits.
[11]
The case shined fresh light on numerous
[
example needed
]
state sterilization and eugenics programs nationwide and led to compensation funds and settlements for some victims
[
citation needed
]
.
Secretary of Defense
[
edit
]
Weinberger was vying for Reagan to appoint him as Secretary of State but was given the position of Secretary of Defense instead.
[12]
Weinberger took the lead in implementing a
rollback
strategy against Soviet communism. In 1984, journalist Nicholas Lemann interviewed Weinberger and summarized the strategy of the Reagan administration to roll back the Soviet Union:
Their society is economically weak, and it lacks the wealth, education, and technology to enter the information age. They have thrown everything into military production, and their society is starting to show terrible stress as a result. They can't sustain military production the way we can. Eventually it will break them, and then there will be just one superpower in a safe world ? if, only if, we can keep spending.
[13]
Lemann notes that when he wrote that in 1984, he thought the Reaganites were living in a fantasy world. But in 2016, he says, that passage represents "a fairly uncontroversial description of what Reagan actually did".
Although not widely experienced in defense matters, Weinberger had a reputation in Washington as an able administrator; his powers as a cost cutter earned him the sobriquet "Cap the Knife". He shared President Reagan's conviction that the
Soviet Union
posed a serious threat to the United States, and that the defense establishment needed to be modernized and strengthened. Belying his nickname, at
the Pentagon
Weinberger became a vigorous advocate of Reagan's plan to increase the
Department of Defense
budget. Readiness, sustainability, and modernization became the watchwords of the defense program. In his early years at the Pentagon, Cap Weinberger was known as "Cap the Ladle" for advocating large increases in defense spending.
As Secretary of Defense, Weinberger oversaw a massive rebuilding of US military strength. Major defense programs he championed included the
B-1B
bomber and the "
600-ship Navy
". His efforts created economic and military-industrial pressures that were associated with the beginning of
Perestroika
and the beginning of the end of both the
Cold War
and the
Soviet Union
.
[14]
However, this thesis was contested by a study on the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union by two prominent economists from the World Bank ?
William Easterly
, and
Stanley Fischer
from
MIT
: "...
the study concludes that the increased Soviet defense spending provoked by Mr. Reagan's policies was not the straw that broke the back of the
Evil Empire
. The Soviet war in Afghanistan and the Soviet response to Mr. Reagan's Star Wars program caused only a relatively small rise in [USSR] defense costs. The massive US defense effort throughout the period from 1960 to 1987 contributed only marginally to Soviet economic decline."
[15]
The same study points out the key reason for the economic decline of the USSR was relying on
centrally-planned
industrial-expansion
to drive
economic growth
, rather than driving growth by
increasing worker productivity
via
incentives
;
France
and
Japan
were also mentioned (in 1994) as other centrally-planned economies that could soon experience
similar
troubles
.
[15]
While the
Reagan Doctrine
was not a key factor in causing the economic implosion of the USSR, which was driven by
internal contradictions
, the Reagan proxy-
rollback
policy of the 1980s (which replaced
Detente
that Nixon and Carter generally pursued during the 1970s) was the
key factor
[16]
in preventing
expansion
of the
Soviet economic empire
, and
sustenance
of their declining
domestic economy
from
external sources
. Reagan was one of the
few people
to
predict this possibility
. The final piece of the puzzle was the Soviet leadership:
Brezhnev
,
Andropov
, and
Chernenko
were hardline Communists, and prevented any significant changes, but
Gorbachev
was a reformer?and once
economic reforms
and
political reforms
began, they became unstoppable. British journalist Berrnard Levin wrote in 1977:
I do not believe it possible that the thirst for freedom and decency in the countries of the Soviet Empire can remain much longer unslaked, and that any attempt ... to satisfy it by real reforms, will be cataclysmically destructive of the eroded foundations of the entire State system. ... there will be no stopping the tide once the first sluice has been opened. Memories of the Czech tragedy of 1968 will still be fresh ... the most significant element of the Prague Spring was the way in which, once Mr Dubcek had shown that he supported the Czech desire for liberation, no attempt by him and his equally brave colleagues to go slowly proved availing ? the scent of freedom in the nostrils of his people was too strong.
[17]
[
better source needed
]
These events came at the cost of helping to triple the US
national debt
, and funding
radicals
. Weinberger pushed for dramatic increases in the United States'
nuclear
funding, and was a strong advocate of the controversial
SDI
, an initiative which proposed a space- and ground-based missile defense shield.
[18]
[19]
Weinberger was reluctant to commit the armed forces, keeping only a token force of American marines in Lebanon that then became victims in the October
1983 Beirut barracks bombing
.
[20]
In the wake of that terrible event, he laid out his engagement policy in a November 1984 speech on "The Uses of Military Power" at the
National Press Club
as the Six Tests.
[21]
Unlike President
Reagan
and Secretary of State
Shultz
, Weinberger did not regard any of
Gorbachev
's actions?whether it was
perestroika
or
glasnost
?as reassuring indicators of his stated intentions.
[22]
: 34
"Not only did Gorbachev give up all of the Soviet 'non-negotiable' demands [regarding the
INF Treaty
], but he gave us precisely the kind of treaty that the President had sought for seven years. That act of course does not mean?any more than does the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan?that the USSR has given up its long-term aggressive designs."
[22]
: 34
Initially, Reagan's views were in line with Weinberger's views, but he began to reevaluate his perception of Gorbachev's intentions in 1987, the year Gorbachev accepted the U.S. proposal on INF.
[22]
: 35
Weinberger resigned as Secretary of Defense on November 6, 1987.
[23]
[24]
Iran?Contra affair
[
edit
]
The
Iran?Contra affair
concerned the selling of US missiles to Iran. The funds received from Iran were then channeled to guerilla rebels known as
Contras
, who were fighting the socialist government of Nicaragua.
[25]
Such funding had been specifically denied by the US Congress.
Though he claimed to have been opposed to the sale on principle,
[
citation needed
]
actually Weinberger participated in the transfer of United States
Hawk
and
TOW
missiles to
Iran
at that time.
Iran?Contra resulted in a major scandal with several investigations which resulted in fourteen Reagan administration officials being indicted.
[26]
[27]
[28]
After his resignation as Secretary of Defense, legal proceedings against Weinberger were continued by
Independent Counsel
Lawrence E. Walsh
. On June 17, 1992, Weinberger was indicted on five felony charges related to the Iran-contra affair, including accusations that he had lied to Congress and obstructed Government investigations.
[29]
[30]
He was defended by defense attorney Carl Rauh.
Prosecutors brought an additional indictment just four days before the 1992 presidential election. This was controversial because it cited a Weinberger diary entry contradicting a claim made by President
George H. W. Bush
. Republicans claimed that this action contributed to President Bush's later defeat. On December 11, 1992, Judge
Thomas F. Hogan
threw out this indictment because it violated the five-year statute of limitations and improperly broadened the original charges.
[31]
Before Weinberger could be tried on the original charges, he received a
pardon
on December 24, 1992, from then President Bush, who had been Reagan's
vice president
during the scandal.
[27]
[32]
Later career
[
edit
]
Weinberger had been Secretary of Defense for six years and ten months, longer than anyone except for
Robert McNamara
and more recently
Donald Rumsfeld
. After Weinberger left the Pentagon, he joined Forbes, Inc., in 1989 as publisher of
Forbes
magazine
. He was named chairman in 1993. Over the next decade, he wrote frequently on defense and national security issues. In 1990, he wrote
Fighting for Peace
, an account of his Pentagon years. In 1996, Weinberger co-authored a book entitled
The Next War
, which raised questions about the adequacy of US military capabilities following the end of the
Cold War
.
He was a member of the Founding Council of the
Rothermere American Institute
at the
University of Oxford
.
Personal life
[
edit
]
In 1942, Weinberger married
Rebecca Jane Dalton
, who was born on March 29, 1918, in
Milford, Maine
.
[7]
A
World War II
Army nurse, and later
author
and
publisher
, she "coaxed her husband ... into politics and was a loyal Washington wife during three Republican administrations before she began to write and publish children's books".
[6]
Jane Weinberger, a
uterine cancer
survivor, died on July 12, 2009, aged 91, at
Bar Harbor, Maine
, following a
stroke
.
[6]
The couple had a daughter, Arlin Weinberger, and a son, Caspar Willard Weinberger Jr.
Death
[
edit
]
While residing on
Mount Desert Island
,
Maine
, Weinberger was treated for and died from complications of
pneumonia
at Eastern Maine Medical Center in
Bangor, Maine
, aged 88. He was survived by his wife, their two children, and several grandchildren.
He was buried in Section 30, Grave 835?1 at
Arlington National Cemetery
on April 4, 2006.
Shortly after his death President
George W. Bush
in a public statement said:
Caspar Weinberger was an American statesman and a dedicated public servant. He wore the uniform in World War II, held elected office, and served in the cabinets of three Presidents. As Secretary of Defense for President Reagan, he worked to strengthen our military and win the Cold War. In all his years, this good man made many contributions to our Nation. America is grateful for Caspar Weinberger's lifetime of service. Laura and I send our condolences and prayers to the entire Weinberger family.
[33]
Then Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld
stated:
Cap Weinberger was a friend. His extensive career in public service, his support for the men and women in uniform and his central role in helping to win the Cold War leave a lasting legacy ... He left the United States armed forces stronger, our country safer and the world more free.
[34]
Awards
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"The Political Graveyard: Phi Beta Kappa Politicians in Maine"
.
politicalgraveyard.com
.
- ^
Weinberger, Caspar W.; Roberts, Gretchen (2003).
In the Arena: A Memoir of the 20th Century
. Regnery Publishing. p. 16.
ISBN
978-0-89526-103-8
. Retrieved
2010-09-18
.
- ^
Stout, David (March 29, 2006).
"Caspar W. Weinberger, Who Served 3 Republican Presidents, Is Dead at 88"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Jackson, Harold (29 March 2006).
"Obituary: Caspar Weinberg"
.
The Guardian
.
- ^
"Caspar Weinberger (1981?1987)"
.
Miller Center, University of Virginia
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-09-23.
- ^
a
b
c
Woo, Elaine (2009-07-15).
"Jane Weinberger dies at 91; author, publisher and wife of Defense secretary"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
2009-07-24
.
- ^
a
b
Martin, Douglas (2009-07-15).
"Jane Weinberger, Author Who Became Publisher, Dies at 91"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
2009-07-27
.
- ^
Norquist, John (1998).
Wealth of Cities
(1st ed.). Basic Books. p.
164
.
ISBN
978-0201442137
.
- ^
Niesen, Molly (2012). "The Little Old Lady Has Teeth: The U.S. Federal Trade Commission and the Advertising Industry, 1970?1973".
Advertising & Society Review
.
12
(4).
doi
:
10.1353/asr.2012.0000
.
S2CID
154923896
.
- ^
"RELF V. WEINBERGER"
.
Southern Poverty Law Center
. Retrieved
January 2,
2022
.
- ^
Levin, Dees, Palmer, Joseph, Morris, Frederick.
"Relf V. Weinberger Complaint"
(PDF)
. Southern Poverty Law Center
. Retrieved
January 2,
2022
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Denton, Sally (2016).
The Profiteers: Bechtel and the Men Who Built the World
.
- ^
Nicholas Lemann, "Reagan: The Triumph of Tone"
The New York Review of Books
10 March, 2016
- ^
Owens, Mackubin Thomas (June 5, 2004).
"The Reagan of History: Reflections on the death of Ronald Reagan"
.
National Review Online
. Archived from
the original
on October 20, 2012
. Retrieved
April 20,
2006
.
- ^
a
b
Dale, Reginald (June 17, 1994).
"Many Can Learn From Soviet Downfall"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
April 28,
2010
.
- ^
Knopf, Jeffrey W. (August 2004).
"Did Reagan Win the Cold War?"
.
Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 8
. Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from
the original
on 2009-03-01
. Retrieved
2006-04-19
.
- ^
Levin, Bernard (August 1977).
"The Most Accurate Prediction in History"
.
The Times (London)
. Times Newspapers Ltd
. Retrieved
2013-01-14
.
- ^
Weinberger, Caspar W. (February 26, 1987).
"Weinberger: No Division On SDI"
.
Chicago Tribune
. Retrieved
2013-01-13
.
- ^
"Ronald Reagan Award Winner"
. February 24, 2013. Archived from
the original
on 2013-02-24.
- ^
"Weinberger Reluctant On Bigger Beirut Force"
.
www.nytimes.com
. The New York Times Company. October 29, 1982
. Retrieved
8 April
2014
.
- ^
"Weinberger's Six Tests"
.
Air Force Magazine
.
87
(1). January 2004. Archived from
the original
on 2013-12-12
. Retrieved
2013-06-20
.
- ^
a
b
c
Yarhi-Milo, Keren (2013).
"In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries"
.
International Security
.
38
(1): 7?51.
doi
:
10.1162/isec_a_00128
.
S2CID
57565605
. Retrieved
30 July
2013
.
- ^
Brinley, Joel (November 6, 1987).
"Weinberger, As Expected, Resigns"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
August 15,
2019
.
- ^
Gerstenzang, James (November 6, 1987).
"Weinberger Quits With Call for Strong Defense"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
August 15,
2019
.
- ^
"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Iran-Contra Affairs"
.
www.brown.edu
.
- ^
Dwyer, Paula.
"Pointing a Finger at Reagan"
.
Business Week
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-04-16
. Retrieved
2008-04-22
.
- ^
a
b
McDonald, Dian (24 December 1992).
"Bush Pardons Weinberger, Five Others Tied to Iran-Contra"
(Press release). Washington:
United States Information Agency
. Retrieved
29 December
2018
– via GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^
"Pardons and Commutations Granted by President George H. W. Bush"
. United States Department of Justice
. Retrieved
2008-04-22
.
- ^
Brinley, Joel (June 17, 1992).
"Weinberger Faces 5 Counts In Iran-Contra Indictment"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
August 15,
2019
.
- ^
"Weinberger charged in Iran-Contra matter"
(Press release).
United States Information Agency
. 16 June 1992
. Retrieved
29 December
2018
– via GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^
Johnston, David (December 12, 1992).
"Charge in Weinberger Case That Caused Furor Before Election is Thrown Out"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Johnston, David (25 December 1992).
"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Averting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'
"
.
The New York Times
(National ed.). p. A00001
. Retrieved
29 December
2018
.
- ^
"Statement by the President on the Death of Caspar Weinberger"
.
georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
.
- ^
"U.S. Department of Defense"
.
U.S. Department of Defense
. Archived from
the original
on September 29, 2007.
- ^
"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
.
www.achievement.org
.
American Academy of Achievement
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Culliton, Barbara J. "Caspar Weinberger: Beware of an 'All-Pervasive' Federal Government"
Science
189#4203 (1975), pp. 617?619
Online
- Granieri, Ronald J. "Beyond Cap the Foil: Caspar Weinberger And the Reagan-Era Defense Buildup," in Coleman, Bradley Lynn et al. eds.
Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981?1989
(2019) ch 3.
- Powaski, Ronald E. "Ronald Reagan, George Shultz, and Caspar Weinberger: Winding Down the Cold War, 1984?1988."
American Presidential Statecraft
(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017) pp. 175?223.
- Preston, Andrew. "A Foreign Policy Divided Against Itself: George Shultz versus Caspar Weinberger." in Andrew L. Johns, ed.
A Companion to Ronald Reagan
(2015): pp 546?564.
online
- Williams, Phil. "The Reagan Administration and Defence Policy." in Dilys M. Hill and Raymond A. Moore, eds
The Reagan Presidency
(Palgrave Macmillan, 1990) pp. 199?230.
- Yoshitani, Gail E. S.
Reagan on War: A Reappraisal of the Weinberger Doctrine, 1980-1984
(Texas A&M UP, 2011).
Primary sources
[
edit
]
- Weinberger, Caspar W.
Fighting for peace: Seven critical years in the Pentagon
(Warner Books, 1990)
- Weinberger, Caspar W. and Peter Schweizer.
The next war
(Regnery, 1998).
- Weinberger, Caspar W., and Gretchen Roberts.
In the Arena: A Memoir of the 20th Century
(Regnery Publishing, 2001).
- Weinberger, Caspar W. "Report on Allied Contributions to the Common Defense" (Department of Defense: April 1987)
Online
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Secretaries of Health
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Member-selected
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Presidential appointments
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International
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People
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