16th century German theologian
Caspar
(or
Kaspar
)
Schwen(c)kfeld von Ossig
(
listen
ⓘ
) (1489 or 1490 – 10 December 1561) was a
German
theologian, writer, physician, naturalist, and preacher who became a
Protestant Reformer
and spiritualist. He was one of the earliest promoters of the
Protestant Reformation
in
Silesia
.
Schwenckfeld came to Reformation principles through
Thomas Muntzer
and
Andreas Karlstadt
. However, he developed his own principles and fell out with
Martin Luther
over the eucharistic controversy (1524). He had his own views on the
sacraments
, known as the Heavenly Flesh doctrine, that were developed in close association with
Valentin Crautwald
, his humanist colleague. His followers became a new sect, which was outlawed in Germany. Its ideas were influenced by
Anabaptism
,
Pietism
in Europe, and
Puritanism
in England.
Many of his followers were persecuted in Europe and thus forced to either convert or flee. Because of this, there are
Schwenkfelder Church
congregations in the
United States
, which was then the
Thirteen Colonies
of
British America
until American independence was achieved following the
American Revolutionary War
.
Early life and education
[
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]
Schwenckfeld was born in
Ossig
near Liegnitz,
Silesia
now Osiek, near
Legnica
, Poland, to noble parents in 1489.
[1]
Between 1505 and 1507, he was a student in
Cologne
. In 1507, he enrolled at the
University of Frankfurt on the Oder
. Between 1511 and 1523, Schwenckfeld served the
Duchy of Liegnitz
as an adviser to Duke Charles I (1511?1515), Duke George I (1515?1518), and Duke Frederick II (1518?1523).
Career
[
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]
In 1518 or 1519, Schwenckfeld experienced an awakening that he called a "visitation of God".
Martin Luther
's writings had a deep influence on Schwenckfeld, and he embraced the "
Lutheran
" Reformation and became a student of the scriptures. In 1521, Schwenckfeld began to preach the gospel, and in 1522 won Duke Friedrich II over to Protestantism. He organized a Brotherhood of his converts for the purpose of study and prayer in 1523. In 1525, he rejected Luther's idea of
real presence
and came to a spiritual interpretation of the
Lord's Supper
, which was subsequently rejected by Luther.
Schwenckfeld began to teach that the true believer ate the spiritual body of Christ. He pushed for reformation wherever he went, but also criticized reformers that he thought went to extremes. He emphasized that for one to be a true Christian, one must not change only outwardly but inwardly. Because of the communion and other controversies, Schwenckfeld broke with Luther and followed what some describe as a "middle way". Because of his break from Luther and the
Magisterial Reformation
, scholars typically categorize Schwenckfeld as a member of the
Radical Reformation
. He voluntarily exiled himself from Silesia in 1529 in order to relieve pressure on and embarrassment of his duke. He lived in
Strassburg
from 1529 to 1534 and then in
Swabia
.
Teachings
[
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]
Some of the teachings of Schwenckfeld included opposition to war, secret societies, and oath-taking, that the government had no right to command one's conscience, that regeneration is by grace through inner work of the Spirit, that believers feed on Christ spiritually, and that believers must give evidence of regeneration. He rejected
infant baptism
, outward church forms, and "denominations". His views on the Eucharist prompted Luther to publish several sermons on the subject in his 1526
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ?Against the Fanatics
.
Publications
[
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]
In 1540 Luther expelled Schwenckfeld from Silesia. In 1541, Schwenckfeld published the
Great Confession on the Glory of Christ
. Many considered the writing to be
heretical
. He taught that Christ had two natures, divine and human, but that he became progressively more divine. He also published a number of works about interpreting the scriptures during the 1550s, often responding to the rebuttals of the Lutheran Reformer
Matthias Flacius Illyricus
.
[2]
Schwenckfeld's
Theriotropheum Silesiae
is considered the world's oldest published local faunal list, containing a list of the animals of Silesia, including 150 bird species.
[3]
[4]
Death
[
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]
In 1561, Schwenckfeld became sick with
dysentery
, and gradually grew weaker until he died in
Ulm
on the morning of December 10, 1561. Because of his enemies, the fact of his death and the place of his burial were kept secret.
Schwenkfelder Church
[
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]
Schwenckfeld did not organize a separate church during his lifetime, but followers seemed to gather around his writings and sermons. In 1700, there were about 1,500 of them in
Lower Silesia
. Many fled Lower Silesia under persecution of the
Austrian
emperor, and some found refuge on the lands of Count
Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf
and his
Herrnhuter Brudergemeine
. These followers became known as Schwenkfelders. A group arrived in Philadelphia in 1731, followed by five more migrations up to 1737. In 1782, the Society of Schwenkfelders was formed, and in 1909 the
Schwenkfelder Church
was organized.
Schwenkfelder Church has remained small with approximately 3,000 total members and four churches, including Schwenkfelder Missionary Church in
Philadelphia
. Each of its the existing churches are within a 50 mi (80 km) radius of
Philadelphia
.
Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center
[
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]
Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center is a small museum, library and archives in
Pennsburg, Pennsylvania
. It is the only institution dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the history of Schwenkfelder, including Schwenckfeld, the Radical Reformation, religious toleration, the Schwenkfelders in Europe and America, and the Schwenkfelder Church. The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center hosts exhibits and programs throughout the year.
Notes
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]
References
[
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]
- Peter C. Erb:
Schwenckfeld in his Reformation Setting
.
Valley Forge
, Pa: Judson Press, 1978.
- Edited by
Chester David Hartranft
et alii:
Corpus Schwenkfeldianorum
. Vols. 1-19. Leipzig:
Breitkopf & Hartel
, 1907?1961.
- Paul L. Maier
:
Caspar Schwenckfeld on the Person and Work of Christ. A Study of Schwenckfeldian Theology at Its Core.
Assen, The Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum Ltd, 1959.
- R. Emmet McLaughlin:
Caspar Schwenckfeld, reluctant radical : his life to 1540
.
New Haven : Yale University Press, 1986
ISBN
0-300-03367-2
- Rufus M. Jones
:
Spiritual reformers in the 16th and 17th centuries
. London: Macmillan, 1914.
- Douglas H. Shantz:
Crautwald and Erasmus. A Study in Humanism and Radical Reform in Sixteenth Century Silesia
. Baden-Baden: Valentin Koerner, 1992.
External links
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