Defunct US independent film production company
Carolco Pictures, Inc.
was an American
independent film
studio that existed from 1976 to 1995, founded by
Mario Kassar
and
Andrew G. Vajna
.
[1]
Kassar and Vajna ran Carolco together until 1989, when Vajna left to form
Cinergi Pictures
. Carolco hit its peak in the 1980s and early 1990s, with blockbuster successes including the first three films of the
Rambo
franchise
,
Total Recall
,
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
,
Basic Instinct
,
Universal Soldier
,
Cliffhanger
and
Stargate
. Nevertheless, the company was losing money overall and required a
corporate restructuring
in 1992. The 1995 film
Cutthroat Island
, intended to be a comeback for the studio, instead lost $147 million and brought the company to an end.
[2]
History
[
edit
]
Early years
[
edit
]
The company was founded through the partnership of two film investors,
Mario Kassar
and
Andrew Vajna
.
[1]
The two were hailed by
Newsweek
as some of the most successful independent producers.
[3]
By the age of 25, Vajna went from wig-maker to the owner of two
Hong Kong
theaters. Then, Vajna ventured into the production and distribution of feature films. One of Vajna's early productions was a 1973 martial-arts film entitled
The Deadly China Doll
which made $3.7 million worldwide from a $100,000 budget.
[4]
Their goal was to focus on film sales, with their first venture being
The Sicilian Cross
;
[5]
eventually it went into financing low-budget films. Their earliest films were produced by
American International Pictures
and
ITC Entertainment
with Carolco's financial support,
[6]
and co-produced with Canadian theater magnate
Garth Drabinsky
. The name "Carolco" was purchased from a defunct company based in Panama, and according to Kassar, "it has no meaning."
[7]
Rise
[
edit
]
Carolco's first major success was
First Blood
(1982), an adaptation of
David Morrell
's
novel of the same name
. Kassar and Vajna took a great risk buying the
film rights
to the novel (for $385,000) and used the help of European bank loans to cast
Sylvester Stallone
as the lead character,
Vietnam War
veteran John Rambo, after having worked with him on the
John Huston
film
Escape to Victory
(1981). The risk paid off after
First Blood
made $120 million worldwide, and placed Carolco among the major players in Hollywood.
[8]
On May 15, 1984, Carolco Pictures entered into a long-term agreement with then-up-and-coming film distributor and fledging studio
Tri-Star Pictures
, with Tri-Star distributing Carolco's films in North America;
HBO
(a partner in the Tri-Star venture) handled pay cable TV rights, and
Thorn EMI Video
(later,
HBO/Cannon Video
) handled North American home video distribution rights. The first film under the agreement was
Rambo: First Blood Part II
.
[9]
TriStar released the majority of Carolco's films from that point on in the U.S. and some other countries until 1994.
The sequel
Rambo: First Blood Part II
(1985), was timed for the 10th anniversary of the United States'
exit from the Vietnam War
; that event garnered publicity for the new film, which also became a hit.
[8]
Tri-Star and Carolco would eventually renew their partnership in 1986, which called for Tri-Star to distribute upcoming Carolco product, including
Rambo III
, in a new multi-feature agreement.
[10]
The release of the two
Rambo
films were so instrumental to Carolco's financial success that the studio focused more on big-budget action films, with major stars such as Stallone (who later signed a ten-picture deal with the studio) and
Arnold Schwarzenegger
attached. These films, aimed at appealing to a worldwide audience, were financed using a strategy known as "pre-sales", in which domestic and foreign distributors invested in these marketable films in exchange for local releasing rights.
[11]
Carolco entered home video distribution as well. Independent video distributor
International Video Entertainment
(IVE) was going through financial difficulties and was near bankruptcy. In 1986, Carolco purchased IVE in the hopes of "turning the company around." The deal was finalized a year later.
[12]
This resulted in Carolco paying $43 million to
HBO/Cannon Video
(successor to Thorn-EMI Video) in exchange for the video rights to two of Carolco's upcoming releases,
Angel Heart
and
Extreme Prejudice
, allowing Carolco to relicense the pictures to IVE.
[13]
IVE merged with another distributor, Lieberman, and became LIVE Entertainment in 1988.
[14]
Fueled by the success of
Rambo
and their other offerings, Carolco expanded into various other business sectors over the next few years. This included video retail holdings,
[15]
licensing of their IP,
[16]
an international division (which included deals with
John Carpenter
and
Alive Films
, as well as Canada's
Alliance Entertainment Corporation
),
[17]
[18]
[19]
and television production and distribution via the buyout of independent syndicator Orbis Communications.
[20]
Carolco also attempted to buy troubled film distributor
Orion Pictures
and home video distributor
Media Home Entertainment
, but these deals failed.
[21]
[22]
They also purchased the former
De Laurentiis Entertainment Group
production facility in
Wilmington, North Carolina
.
[23]
Vajna sold his share of Carolco in December 1989 for $106 million to Kassar
[24]
due to increasing disagreement with Kassar over the direction of the company.
[4]
That November, Vajna formed
Cinergi Pictures
, with
The Walt Disney Company
as a distribution partner. Kassar's ownership of the company increased to 62%.
[24]
1990?1994
[
edit
]
In 1990,
Pioneer Electric Corporation
of Japan acquired a share in Carolco.
[25]
Carolco acquired the rights to make a sequel to
The Terminator
from
Hemdale Film Corporation
in 1990 (the company already had the television rights to the original film courtesy of a television distribution deal with Hemdale). The company re-hired
Terminator
director
James Cameron
(who had worked as a screenwriter on
Rambo II
) and
Arnold Schwarzenegger
to star in a multi-million-dollar budgeted sequel,
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
(1991). It was the highest-grossing film of the year and the most successful film in Carolco's history.
[26]
Halfway through the year, Carolco entered into a joint venture with
New Line Cinema
to start Seven Arts, a distribution company which primarily released much of Carolco's low-budget output.
[27]
In 1991, syndicator Orbis Communications was renamed to Carolco Television, to better emphasize the Carolco connection.
[28]
Also around this time,
Carolco Home Video
was established, with LIVE Entertainment as output partner.
Carolco struggled for some years to secure the rights to
Spider-Man
, a property that Cameron was keen to produce as a film. Plans fell through, though
Columbia Pictures
would eventually produce several Spider-Man films. Toward the end of shooting
True Lies
,
Variety
carried the announcement that Carolco had received a completed screenplay from Cameron.
[29]
This script bore the names of Cameron, John Brancato, Ted Newsom, Barry [sic] Cohen and "Joseph Goldmari", a typographical scrambling of
Menahem Golan
's pen name, "Joseph Goldman", with Marvel executive Joseph Calimari.
[30]
(Golan had previously, and unsuccessfully, tried to produce a Spider-Man film for his own studio,
Cannon Films
.) The script's text was identical to what Golan had submitted to Columbia the previous year, with the addition of a new 1993 date. Cameron stalwart Arnold Schwarzenegger was frequently linked to the project as the director's choice for
Doctor Octopus
.
[31]
[32]
As late as 1995, Internet industry sources such as Baseline Hollywood still listed both Neil Ruttenberg (author of one of the 1990 "Doc Ock" variations submitted to Columbia) and Cameron as co-writers.
[33]
Carolco also attempted to make
Bartholomew vs. Neff
, a comedy film that was to have been written and directed by
John Hughes
and would have starred
Sylvester Stallone
and
John Candy
.
[34]
Decline and collapse
[
edit
]
Though Carolco made several successful films through the 1990s, including
Total Recall
,
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
, and
Basic Instinct
, the studio was gradually losing money as the years went on. Carolco mixed blockbusters with small-budget arthouse films which were not profitable. In addition, the studio was criticized for overspending on films through reliance on star power and far-fetched deals (Schwarzenegger received a then-unheard-of $10?14 million for his work on
Total Recall
and
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
; Stallone also had similar treatment). Losses of partnerships also threatened the studio's stability and drove it towards bankruptcy.
[35]
In 1992, Carolco went under a corporate restructuring, invested in by a partnership of
Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera
of Italy,
Le Studio Canal+
of France,
Pioneer
, and
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
(MGM). Each partner helped infuse up to $60 million into the studio's stock and another $50 million for co-financing deals.
[4]
MGM also agreed to distribute Carolco products domestically after a previous deal with
TriStar
expired.
[36]
In 1993, Carolco was forced to sell its shares in LIVE Entertainment to a group of investors led by Pioneer;
[37]
it was later renamed
Artisan Entertainment
, which was bought by
Lions Gate Entertainment
.
Cutbacks at Carolco also forced the studio to make a deal with TriStar over the funding of the Stallone action film
Cliffhanger
: Carolco would have to sell full distribution rights in North America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and France to TriStar in exchange for half of the film's budget.
[38]
Although a major box-office success, Carolco saw little revenue from
Cliffhanger
since it ended up becoming a minority owner in the film.
[39]
Before plans to produce their own
Spider-Man
film with James Cameron fell through, the studio filed a lawsuit against Columbia Pictures and
Viacom
in an attempt to gain the home video and television rights to
Spider-Man
, but the suit backfired when Columbia and Viacom counter-sued Carolco, and the studio also became sued by MGM.
[40]
[41]
Since court did not rule in their favor, these lawsuits caused Carolco to lose an additional amount of money, along with the film rights to
Spider-Man
.
[41]
Carolco's attempt to make more of its specialties proved to be more strenuous: the studio had to shelve
Crusade
, an upcoming Schwarzenegger vehicle based on a script by
Walon Green
and with
Paul Verhoeven
attached as director, in 1994 when the budget exceeded $100
million.
[38]
However, Carolco was able to complete a merger with The Vista Organization in late October 1993.
[42]
Carolco attempted a comeback with the big-budget swashbuckler
Cutthroat Island
, with
Michael Douglas
in the lead. Douglas dropped out early in its production and was replaced by the less-bankable
Matthew Modine
.
Geena Davis
, cast as the female lead through her ties with then-husband, the director
Renny Harlin
, was already an established
A-lister
but was coming off a string of flops. MGM hoped to advertise
Cutthroat Island
based on spectacle rather than cast. In an attempt to raise more financing for the projected $90?100
million film, Carolco sold off the rights to several films in production, including
Last of the Dogmen
,
Stargate
and
Showgirls
.
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
In October 1994, Carolco ran out of funds and Pioneer invested another $8 million.
[25]
In April 1995, Carolco announced that it was unable to make interest payments on $55 million of debt.
[48]
In November 1995, Carolco filed for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy
protection.
Cutthroat Island
was released that Christmas and became a box-office disaster.
[49]
Carolco agreed to sell its assets to
20th Century Fox
for $50 million.
[50]
But when Canal+ made a $58 million bid for the library in January 1996, Fox, which by then lowered their purchase price to $47.5 million, dropped their deal.
[51]
A new partnership was formed between Carolco's owner (Mario Kassar) and
Cinergi
's owner (Andrew G. Vajna) in 1998. The duo formed
C2 Pictures
and produced
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
and
Basic Instinct 2
, among other films.
2015?2017: Resurrection of Carolco brand
[
edit
]
Film producer Alexander Bafer purchased the Carolco name and logo years later. On January 20, 2015, Bafer renamed his production company Carolco Pictures, formerly known as Brick Top Productions. Bafer then recruited Mario Kassar as the chief development executive of the new Carolco.
[52]
[53]
However, on April 7, 2016, it was announced that both Bafer and Kassar had left the company, Kassar taking with him one of Carolco's planned projects, a remake of the 1999 Japanese horror film
Audition
which he was producing. Investor Tarek Kirschen was then inducted as Carolco's CEO.
[54]
In 2017,
StudioCanal
and Carolco reached an agreement whereby StudioCanal would have sole control of the Carolco name and logo and the Carolco Pictures company would be renamed Recall Studios. That agreement settled a legal dispute over the Carolco mark brought by StudioCanal.
[55]
[56]
The arrangement took effect on November 29 of that year.
Carolco's library
[
edit
]
After its bankruptcy, the assets of Carolco were sold off to other companies, most already sold during Carolco's existence. In March 1996,
Canal+
purchased the library in bankruptcy court for a value of approximately $58 million.
[57]
The ancillary rights to Carolco's library (up to 1995 with certain exceptions) are held by French production company
StudioCanal
, since its parent company,
Canal+ Group
, owned a stake in Carolco, eventually buying out its partners.
On September 17, 1991,
Multimedia Entertainment
acquired selected assets of Carolco's television distribution unit Orbis Communications, which included the telefilm subsidiary Carolco Television Productions.
[58]
In 1992, Carolco Pictures licensed television distribution rights to its library to
Spelling Entertainment
's
Worldvision Enterprises
in order to pay off debt.
[59]
In
North America
, with certain exceptions, those rights are held by
Paramount Television Studios
through
Trifecta Entertainment & Media
as the successor to Spelling/Worldvision. All other rights in terms of home video were (and for a majority of the library, still are) licensed to
Lionsgate
under an ongoing deal with StudioCanal. Lionsgate, in turn, licensed those rights in Canada to
Entertainment One
(which in turn was acquired by Lionsgate in 2023), although theatrical rights to most of the library were split between
Sony Pictures
(for
Cliffhanger
), and
Rialto Pictures
(for the rest of the library not already retained by its original distributors or passed on to other companies). The video rights to most titles previously released by Lionsgate in North America are now held outright by StudioCanal, and sublicensed to
Kino Lorber
.
Showgirls
was sold in pre-production to
United Artists
and
Chargeurs
(now known as
Pathe
); both studios retained the film.
StudioCanal itself held full distribution rights in France, Germany, Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In other territories, StudioCanal licensed home video rights to
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
until StudioCanal's global distribution deal with Universal expired in January 2022.
[60]
Filmography
[
edit
]
1970s
[
edit
]
Release Date
|
Title
|
Notes
|
March 30, 1976
|
The Sicilian Cross
|
financing; produced by Aetos Produzioni; distributed by Agora Cinematografica in Italy and
American International Pictures
in North America
|
July 9, 1976
|
A Small Town in Texas
|
financing; produced and distributed by
American International Pictures
|
July 28, 1976
|
Futureworld
|
financing; produced and distributed by American International Pictures
|
October 8, 1976
|
The Cassandra Crossing
|
financing; produced by
ITC Entertainment
; distributed by
AVCO Embassy Pictures
|
March 23, 1977
|
The Domino Principle
|
March 31, 1977
|
The Eagle Has Landed
|
financing; produced by ITC Entertainment; distributed by
Columbia Pictures
|
August 5, 1977
|
March or Die
|
March 30, 1979
|
The Silent Partner
|
distributed by EMC
|
May 11, 1979
|
Winter Kills
|
financing; distributed by AVCO Embassy Pictures
|
May 30, 1979
|
The Fantastic Seven
|
financing; produced by
Martin Poll
|
September 1979
|
The Sensuous Nurse
|
financing
|
1980s
[
edit
]
Release Date
|
Title
|
Notes
|
March 28, 1980
|
The Changeling
|
distributed by
Associated Film Distribution
|
August 15, 1980
|
The Kidnapping of the President
|
financing; distributed by
Crown International Pictures
|
September 5, 1980
|
The Agency
|
financing; distributed by
Jensen Farley Pictures
|
September 9, 1980
|
Suzanne
|
financing; distributed by
20th Century Fox
|
September 15, 1980
|
Sh?gun
|
financing; distributed by
Paramount Pictures
|
December 14, 1980
|
Tribute
|
financing; distributed by 20th Century Fox
|
February 1, 1981
|
Caboblanco
|
financing; distributed by AVCO Embassy Pictures
|
March 23, 1981
|
The High Country
|
financing; distributed by Crown International Pictures
|
April 10, 1981
|
The Last Chase
|
financing; distributed by Crown International Pictures
|
July 30, 1981
|
Escape to Victory
|
with
Lorimar
; distributed by Paramount Pictures
|
September 25, 1981
|
Carbon Copy
|
financing; produced by
Hemdale Film Corporation
and
RKO Pictures
, distributed by AVCO Embassy Pictures
|
December 18, 1981
|
Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid
|
financing
|
February 12, 1982
|
The Amateur
|
produced in association with Tiberius Film Productions; distributed by 20th Century Fox
|
October 22, 1982
|
First Blood
|
distributed by
Orion Pictures
|
January 1985
|
Superstition
|
with Panaria, distributed by Almi Pictures
|
May 22, 1985
|
Rambo: First Blood Part II
|
first film under distribution pact with
TriStar Pictures
|
March 6, 1987
|
Angel Heart
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
April 24, 1987
|
Extreme Prejudice
|
October 23, 1987
|
Prince of Darkness
|
international distribution only; with Alive Films, Larry Franco Productions and Haunted Machine Productions; distributed by
Universal Pictures
in the U.S.
|
March 18, 1988
|
Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw
|
with The Maltese Companies; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
May 25, 1988
|
Rambo III
[61]
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
June 17, 1988
|
Red Heat
|
November 4, 1988
|
They Live
|
international distribution only; with Alive Films and Larry Franco Productions; distributed by Universal Pictures in the U.S.
|
November 11, 1988
|
Iron Eagle II
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
December 2, 1988
|
Watchers
|
with Concorde Pictures, Centaur Films, Rose & Ruby Productions and Canadian Entertainment Investors No. 2 and Company; distributed by Universal Pictures
|
January 13, 1989
|
DeepStar Six
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
April 7, 1989
|
Pathfinder
|
subtitled version of a film made in Norway
|
May 19, 1989
|
Food of the Gods II
|
distributed by Concorde Pictures
|
August 4, 1989
|
Lock Up
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
September 29, 1989
|
Johnny Handsome
|
October 27, 1989
|
Shocker
|
international distribution only; with Alive Films and Universal City studios; distributed by Universal Pictures in the U.S.
|
December 22, 1989
|
Music Box
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
1990s
[
edit
]
Release Date
|
Title
|
Notes
|
February 23, 1990
|
Mountains of the Moon
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
June 1, 1990
|
Total Recall
|
August 10, 1990
|
Air America
|
September 21, 1990
|
Narrow Margin
|
November 2, 1990
|
Jacob's Ladder
|
December 19, 1990
|
Hamlet
|
Foreign distribution with
Warner Bros.
,
Icon Productions
, and
Nelson Entertainment
|
February 8, 1991
|
L.A. Story
|
distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
March 1, 1991
|
The Doors
|
with
Bill Graham Films
and
Imagine Entertainment
; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
April 25, 1991
|
The Punisher
|
home media and television distribution
[62]
in North America only, distributed by
New World Pictures
and
20th Century Fox
internationally
|
July 3, 1991
|
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
|
with
Lightstorm Entertainment
and
Le Studio Canal+
; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
March 20, 1992
|
Basic Instinct
|
with Le Studio Canal+; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
June 26, 1992
|
Incident at Oglala
|
distributed by
Miramax
Films
|
July 10, 1992
|
Universal Soldier
[63]
|
with
Centropolis Entertainment
; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
December 25, 1992
|
Chaplin
|
with Le Studio Canal+; distributed by TriStar Pictures
|
May 28, 1993
|
Cliffhanger
|
August 26, 1994
|
Wagons East
|
last Carolco film to be distributed by TriStar Pictures.
|
October 28, 1994
|
Stargate
|
with Le Studio Canal+, distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
|
September 8, 1995
|
Last of the Dogmen
|
with
Savoy Pictures
|
September 22, 1995
|
Showgirls
|
with
United Artists
and
Chargeurs
[64]
|
December 22, 1995
|
Cutthroat Island
|
distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, last film to be released by Carolco
|
Seven Arts Pictures
[
edit
]
Release Date
|
Title
|
Notes
|
September 14, 1990
|
Repossessed
|
distributed by
New Line
/Seven Arts
|
September 28, 1990
|
King of New York
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts
|
February 1, 1991
|
Queens Logic
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts; with
New Visions Pictures
|
May 10, 1991
|
Sweet Talker
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts; with New Visions Pictures
|
May 17, 1991
|
Dice Rules
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts
|
August 23, 1991
|
Defenseless
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts; with New Visions Pictures
|
September 20, 1991
|
Rambling Rose
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts
|
October 25, 1991
|
Get Back
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts; with Majestic Films and
Allied Filmmakers
|
November 1991
|
The Dark Wind
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts; with Le Studio Canal+
|
June 21, 1992
|
Aces: Iron Eagle III
|
distributed by New Line/Seven Arts
|
June 26, 1992
|
Incident at Oglala
|
distributed by
Miramax
after closure of Seven Arts banner
|
August 21, 1992
|
Light Sleeper
|
distributed by New Line division
Fine Line Features
; last picture to be made under the Seven Arts banner
|
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"Carolco Pictures [Das Lexikon der Filmbegriffe]"
.
filmlexikon.uni-kiel.de
(in German).
Archived
from the original on August 12, 2021
. Retrieved
August 12,
2021
.
- ^
Lambie, Ryan (March 11, 2014).
"The rise and fall of Carolco"
.
Den of Geek
. Retrieved
March 11,
2014
.
- ^
Prince, p. 143.
- ^
a
b
c
Parish, James (2007).
Fiasco: A History of Hollywood's Iconic Flops
. United States: Trade Paper Press. p. 213.
ISBN
978-0470098295
.
- ^
"The Rise and Fall of Carolco | Den of Geek"
. March 11, 2014
. Retrieved
June 25,
2018
.
- ^
"Variety Magazine (search term: "Carolco")"
. Archived from
the original
on September 9, 2015
. Retrieved
January 10,
2015
.
- ^
Lambie, Ryan (March 10, 2014).
The Rise and Fall of Carolco.
Den of Geek!
- ^
a
b
Prince, p. 144.
- ^
"Tri-Star To Distribute Next Four Carolco Pics; 'Blood II' First Up".
Variety
. May 16, 1984. p. 4.
- ^
"Third 'Rambo' Centerpiece Of Tri-Star-Carolco Deal".
Variety
. July 2, 1986. p. 5.
- ^
Prince, pp. 144-145.
- ^
"History of Artisan Entertainment Inc. ? FundingUniverse"
.
www.fundinguniverse.com
. Retrieved
September 11,
2016
.
- ^
"Carolco Regains 'Heart', 'Prejudice' For IVE Label; Melnick Tie Eyed".
Variety
. December 17, 1986. p. 37.
- ^
Prince, pp. 145-146.
- ^
Bierbaum, Tom (December 24, 1986). "Carolco Moves Into Homevideo Retailing".
Variety
. pp. 2, 108.
- ^
"Carolco Sets Licensing".
Variety
. January 21, 1987. p. 9.
- ^
Greenberg, James (August 5, 1987). "Newly Formed Carolco Intl. Gets O'seas Rights To Carpenter Pix".
Variety
. p. 28.
- ^
"New Pics, New Execs In Carolco Caravan; Pickups On The Agenda".
Variety
. October 21, 1987. p. 18.
- ^
"Carolco Boosts London Operation With Two Execs From Goldcrest".
Variety
. October 7, 1987. p. 4.
- ^
"Carolco Adds $30-Mil Orbis Fuel For Firstrun Syndie, Made-Fors".
Variety
. September 23, 1987. p. 124.
- ^
Kornbluth, Jesse (April 6, 1987). "The Little Studio that Could".
New York Magazine
. pp. 48?54.
- ^
Melanson, James (April 2, 1987). "Media Home Ent. Reportedly On The Homevid Sales Block; Carolco An Interested Bidder?".
Variety
. pp. 43?44.
- ^
Hammer, Joshua (March 8, 1992).
"Total Free Fall"
.
Newsweek
. Retrieved
April 24,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Daniels, Bill (November 29, 1989). "Vajna to receive $106-mil from sale of his Carolco Pictures stake".
Variety
. p. 3.
- ^
a
b
Robinson, Gwen; Weiner, Rex (April 17, 1995). "Pioneer pulls back".
Variety
. p. 4.
- ^
Stevenson, Richard W. (June 26, 1991).
"Carolco Flexes Its Muscle Overseas"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
November 3,
2017
.
- ^
Archives, L. A. Times (July 19, 1990).
"Carolco, New Line in Distribution Agreement: Carolco..."
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
December 31,
2022
.
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Further reading
[
edit
]