American historian
Carlton J. H. Hayes
|
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|
|
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In office
June 9, 1942
(
1942-06-09
)
? January 18, 1945
(
1945-01-18
)
|
President
| Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Preceded by
| Alexander W. Weddell
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Succeeded by
| Norman Armour
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|
|
Born
| Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
(
1882-05-16
)
May 16, 1882
Afton, New York
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| September 2, 1964
(1964-09-02)
(aged 82)
Sidney, New York
, U.S.
|
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Spouse(s)
| Mary Evelyn Carroll;
[1]
(c. 1920?1964; his death; 2 children)
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Education
| Columbia University
(
B.A.
,
Ph.D.
)
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Occupation
| Historian, author, ambassador, professor, academic
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Allegiance
|
United States
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Branch/service
|
United States Army
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Years of service
| 1918-19, 1928
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Rank
| Major
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Battles/wars
| World War I
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Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
(May 16, 1882 ? September 2, 1964) was an American historian, educator, diplomat, devout
Catholic
and academic. A student of European history, he was a leading and pioneering specialist on the study of nationalism. He was elected as president of the
American Historical Association
over the opposition of liberals and the more explicit
Anti-Catholic bias
that defined the academic community of his era. He served as
United States Ambassador to Spain
in
World War II
. Although he came under attack from the
CIO
and others on the left that rejected any dealings with
Francoist Spain
, Hayes succeeded in his mission to keep Spain neutral during the war.
Life and career
[
edit
]
Hayes was born to a
Baptist
family in upstate New York, the son of Permelia Mary (nee Huntley) and Philetus Arthur Hayes.
[2]
He graduated from
Columbia College
in 1904. In 1903 he became an active member of his fraternity,
Alpha Chi Rho
, he remained an involved member over his lifetime. He earned his Ph.D degree at Columbia in 1909 with a thesis on the Germanic invasion of the Roman Empire. The thesis, ""An Introduction to the Sources Relating to the Germanic Invasion," which was supervised by
James Harvey Robinson
, was published by Columbia University Press in 1909. He became lecturer at Columbia in European History in 1907, then was promoted subsequently to assistant professor (1910), associate professor (1915), and full professor (1919).
[3]
[4]
Historian
[
edit
]
In 1904 he converted to Catholicism, and later went on to be the first Roman Catholic co-chairman of the
National Conference of Christians and Jews
alongside Everett Clinchy and Roger Williams Strauss, serving as co-chairman 1928 to 1946 despite a 1928 papal encyclical which explicitly prohibited such ecumenical interactions.
[5]
He was chairman of Columbia's History department several times. After World War I, he joined with
Peter Guilday
in establishing the American Catholic Historical Association and became its first secretary. Its goal was to promote Catholic history and to integrate Catholic scholars into the wider academic world.
[3]
Hayes was influenced by
Charles A. Beard
, a proponent of the "New History", which emphasized the importance of cultural economic developments as opposed to just warfare and diplomacy. Hayes argued the New History demonstrated that Original Sin was integral to human existence. His two-volume
Political and Cultural History of Europe
, long a major textbook, is filled with examples of such thought, none more so than his discussion of the
Industrial Revolution
in England. Hayes also developed the historical interpretation of nationalism and was known as the Father of Nationalism, inspiring many students to research in this field. He was an advocate of democratic social reform. His research interests shifted after 1914, and increasingly focused on nationalism, which he denounced as one of history's great evils; he said that along with imperialism and militarism, nationalism had caused World War I.
[3]
Hayes was an internationalist, unlike Beard, and opposed
isolationism
in the 1930s while denouncing totalitarianism.
[6]
In his 1945 presidential address to the American Historical Association, titled "The American Frontier?Frontier of What?", he urged Americans to see their nation as the western frontier of Europe. The
Founders
had maintained "lively contacts with, and solid knowledge of, the European civilization on whose boundaries they were". In the 19th century, with massive immigration from Europe, "Americans" took a different path from Europeans, becoming a nation of diverse linguistic, religious and ethnic origins, with each group desperate to be accepted. While nationalism in Europe emerged from an appreciation for the cultural or political achievements of one's compatriots, American nationalism encouraged fresh cultural and political developments. Hayes concluded that this had produced an intense, and often artificial form of nationalism, that served to "inoculate us against Europe and built up an isolationist state of mind".
[7]
During
World War I
, he served at the rank of captain in the United States Military Intelligence Division of the
General Staff
from 1918 to 1919. Nine years later, under the direction of
General Connor
, the head of the
War Department
, he was asked to serve on an advisory committee of historians to organize documents pertaining to the American participation in the fighting in France. This earned him the title of major. In the 1930s, he was a member of the
Catholic Association for International Peace
. He served a term as president of the
American Historical Association
in 1945 and was head of the
New York State Historical Association
in
Cooperstown
. He was also a member of the
American Philosophical Society
.
[4]
Hayes was awarded the
Laetare Medal
from
Notre Dame
in 1946, the
Alexander Hamilton
medal from
Columbia University
in 1952, and the
Gibbons Medal
from
The Catholic University of America
in 1949.
[4]
He was a guest lecturer and teacher at various academic institutions throughout his career and into his retirement and was given honorary degrees from the following institutions:
Ambassador to Spain
[
edit
]
From 1942 to 1945, Hayes served as US ambassador to
Spain
. He was attacked at the time from the left for being overly friendly with
Francisco Franco
, but it has been generally held that he played a vital role in preventing Spain from siding with the
Axis powers
during the war.
[8]
Historian Andrew N. Buchanan posits that Hayes made Spain into "Washington's 'silent ally'."
[9]
In 1945 President Roosevelt wrote him saying: "You have carried out a mission of great difficulty with outstanding success and in doing so you have made a contribution to the war effort of the highest importance".
[10]
Historian Emmet Kennedy rejects allegations that Hayes was an admirer of Franco. Instead he was "a tough critic of the caudillo's 'fascism'". Hayes played a central role in rescuing 40,000 refugees ? French, British, Jews and others from Hitler. He helped them cross the Pyrenees into Spain and onward to North Africa. He made Spain "a haven from Hitler". In retirement, Kennedy finds, Hayes advocated patient diplomacy, rather than ostracism or subversion of Francoist Spain. That was the policy adopted by President Eisenhower as Franco led Spain into an alliance with the U.S. in the 1950s.
[11]
[12]
Historian Holly Cowan Shulman wrote:
Hayes, whom President Franklin Roosevelt appointed in March 1942, was a choice necessitated by Spanish politics. The Franco regime would not have tolerated either a non-Catholic or a liberal. Hayes was an active Catholic who believed that Franco's government should not be ideologically grouped with the Axis countries. Put more bluntly, Hayes believed that Francisco Franco was less repressive and totalitarian than either
Adolf Hitler
or
Benito Mussolini
, and that Franco could be converted into an American ally.
[13]
Death
[
edit
]
He died of a heart ailment, at Sidney Hospital,
Sidney, New York
on September 2, 1964, aged 82, and laid to rest at Glenwood Cemetery in
Afton, New York
. He was survived by his wife, Mary Evelyn (nee Carroll) and their children, Mary Elizabeth Tucker and Carroll J. Hayes.
[4]
His great-grandson is actor
Jonathan Tucker
.
Works
[
edit
]
Hayes wrote 27 books and numerous articles and book reviews. His textbooks on European history went through numerous editions and sold upwards of a million copies, making Hayes wealthy.
[4]
[5]
- Sources Relating to Germanic Invasions
(1909)
- British Social Politics
(1913)
- A Political and Social History of Modern Europe
. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan. 1916
. Retrieved
September 25,
2018
– via Internet Archive.
;
A Political and Social History of Modern Europe
. Vol. II. New York: Macmillan. 1921
. Retrieved
September 25,
2018
– via Internet Archive.
- "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered",
American Historical Review
(1917): 62?101.
online
- Brief History of the Great War
(1920)
[14]
- Essays on Nationalism
(1926)
- "Contributions of Herder to the Doctrine of Nationalism",
American Historical Review
(1927): 719?736.
in JSTOR
- Modern History
, Macmillan, 1928
- Ancient and Medieval History,
MacMillan Company, 1929
- France, A Nation of Patriots
(1930)
- The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism
(1931)
- A Political and Cultural History of Modern Europe
, Macmillan, (2 vols. 1932?1936; rev. ed., 1939)
reprint
. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2004.
ISBN
978-1-4192-0274-2
.
- "The novelty of totalitarianism in the history of Western civilization",
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
(1940): 91?102.
in JSTOR
- A Generation of Materialism, 1871?1900 (Rise of Modern Europe series)
, Harper & Brothers, 1941
excerpt
- Wartime Mission in Spain
(1945) a.k.a.
Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942?1945
, by Carlton J.(osef). H(untley). Hayes, late American ambassador to Spain. New York, Macmillan, 1945. VIII - 313 pages. Spanish translation: ed. Epesa, Madrid, 1946.
- "The American Frontier?Frontier of What?" (Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting in Washington, D.C., on December 27, 1945),
American Historical Review
50:2 (January 1946): 199?216.
online
- The United States and Spain. An Interpretation
. Sheed & Ward; 1ST edition. 1951.
ASIN
B0014JCVS0
.
- The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism
, Macmillan, 1955
- Nationalism: A Religion
, Macmillan, 1960
- Contemporary Europe since 1870
, Macmillan, 1965
Co-author
[
edit
]
- Stephen Duggan, ed. (1919).
The League of Nations, Principle and Practice
. The Atlantic Monthly Press.
- Modern History
(high-school textbook), 1929, with Parker Thomas Moon, Macmillan Company
- History of Western Civilization
, 1962, with Marshall Whitehead Baldwin and Charles Woolsey Cole, Macmillan
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Profile
, books.google.com; accessed July 13, 2014.
- ^
Galpin, William Freeman (1941).
"Central New York, an Inland Empire: Comprising Oneida, Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, Tompkins, Cortland, Chenango Counties and Their People"
.
- ^
a
b
c
Hughes, Arthur. "Carlton J. H. Hayes: A Christian Historian Confronts Nationalism",
Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia
(1989) 100#1, pp 39?54.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Dr. Carlton J. H. Hayes, 82, Dies; Historian Was Envoy to Spain; Credited With Keeping Franco Out of the War?Taught at Columbia 1907?50"
.
The New York Times
. 1964-09-04.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2019-05-16
.
- ^
a
b
Allitt, Patrick.
"Carlton Hayes and His Critics"
,
U.S. Catholic Historian
, (1997), pp. 23?37.
- ^
Hayes, "The novelty of totalitarianism in the history of Western civilization",
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
(1940): 91?102
- ^
"The American Frontier?Frontier of What?"
Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting in Washington, D.C. on December 27, 1945.
American Historical Review
50:2 (January 1946): 199?216.
- ^
David S. Brown (2008).
Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography
. University of Chicago Press. pp. 42?43.
ISBN
9780226076379
.
Brown specifies historians Kenneth Stampp and Frank Freidel as leading opponents of Hayes. Shulman (2014) mentions government officials James Warburg, Joseph Barnes, Edd Johnson, and Percy Winner. She says, "Some of these progressives were fellow travelers (or had been before the purges), more sympathized with the United States’ wartime ally, the Soviet Union."
- ^
Buchanan, Andrew N. "Washington's 'silent ally' in World War II? United States policy towards Spain, 1939?1945",
Journal of Transatlantic Studies
(2009) 7#2, pp 93?117.
- ^
Hayes,
Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942?1945
, p. 286.
- ^
Emmet Kennedy, "Ambassador Carlton J. H. Hayes's Wartime Diplomacy: Making Spain a Haven from Hitler"
,
Diplomatic History
(2012) 36#2, pp. 237?260.
- ^
Willson, John P. "Carlton J. H. Hayes, Spain, and the Refugee Crisis, 1942?1945",
American Jewish Historical Quarterly
(1972) 62#2, pp 99?110.
- ^
Holly Cowan Shulman
"Review of
The Trouble with Propaganda: The Second World War, Franco's Spain, and the Origins of US Post-War Public Diplomacy
"
; accessed 20 July 2014.
- ^
Davis, William Stearns
(1920).
"Review of
Brief History of the Great War
. By Carlton J. H. Hayes"
.
The American Historical Review
.
doi
:
10.1086/ahr/26.1.91
.
ISSN
1937-5239
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Halstead, Charles R. "Historians in Politics: Carlton J.H. Hayes as American Ambassador to Spain 1942-45",
Journal of Contemporary History
(1975): 383?405.
Profile
, JSTOR.org; accessed July 13, 2014.
- Kennedy, Emmet. "Ambassador Carlton J. H. Hayes's Wartime Diplomacy: Making Spain a Haven from Hitler",
Diplomatic History
(2012) 36#2, pp 237?260.
online
- Moses, H. Vincent. "Nationalism and the Kingdom of God According to Hans Kohn and Carlton J. H. Hayes",
Journal of Church & State
(1975) 17#2, pp 259?274.
- Shanley, John Joseph. "The Story of Carlton Hayes",
The University Bookman
Volume 47, Number 1 (Winter 2010)
- Willson, John P. "Carlton J. H. Hayes, Spain, and the Refugee Crisis, 1942?1945",
American Jewish Historical Quarterly
(1972) 62#2, pp 99?110.
- "Dr. Carlton J.H. Hayes, 82, Dies; Historian Was Envoy to Spain; Credited With Keeping Franco Out of the War; Taught at Columbia 1907-50,"
The New York Times
, September 4, 1964, p 29.
External links
[
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Ministers Plenipotentiary
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Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary
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