Film adaptations of the Marvel superhero
Captain America
, a
superhero
created by
Joe Simon
and
Jack Kirby
who appears in
comic books
produced by
Marvel Comics
, has appeared in multiple films since the character's inception in 1940.
Republic Pictures
released
a fifteen-part Captain America serial film
in 1944 that was the first film to feature a Marvel Comics character, though it deviated significantly from the comic book source material. Two
made-for-TV films
,
Captain America
and
Captain America II: Death Too Soon
, aired on the American broadcast television station
CBS
in 1979.
A feature-length film
directed by
Albert Pyun
was originally planned for a wide theatrical release in 1990, but received only a brief theatrical release in the United Kingdom before being released in the United States as a
direct-to-video
film.
Marvel began to produce films independently in 2005, launching a
shared universe
of superhero films referred to as the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
(MCU). A trilogy of Captain America films written by
Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely
and starring
Chris Evans
as the title character were produced as part of the MCU in the 2010s:
Captain America: The First Avenger
(2011),
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
(2014), and
Captain America: Civil War
(2016). The character also appeared in the
Avengers
series of
crossover
films, beginning with
The Avengers
in 2012. A fourth MCU film starring
Anthony Mackie
as Captain America,
Captain America: Brave New World
, is slated for release in 2025.
While pre-MCU Captain America films often faced troubled productions or limited audiences, the MCU Captain America films have been critical and commercial successes. They have collectively grossed over $2.2 billion worldwide, with
Civil War
being the
highest-grossing film of 2016
.
The Winter Soldier
was nominated for
Best Visual Effects
at the
Academy Awards
in 2014.
Pre-Marvel Cinematic Universe films
[
edit
]
Serial film (1944)
[
edit
]
In 1944,
Republic Pictures
released a fifteen-part
serial film
starring
Dick Purcell
as Captain America.
Based on the comic books published by
Timely Comics
? the corporate predecessor to
Marvel Comics
? it is the first film to feature a Marvel Comics character.
[2]
The serial deviates significantly from the comic book source material: the civilian identity of Captain America is
district attorney
Grant Gardner rather than
U.S. Army
private
Steve Rogers, the character's superhuman enhancement origin story and
Nazi
villains are omitted, and the character uses a gun rather than
his iconic shield
.
Timely had little creative involvement in the film, and objected to Republic's treatment of the character.
[2]
Captain America
was produced at a
negative cost
of
US$222,906
(equivalent to $3,858,086 in 2023), making it the most expensive serial ever produced by Republic;
[4]
it was additionally the final superhero serial the company ever produced.
[2]
It was re-released in 1953 under the title
Return of Captain America
.
CBS made-for-TV films (1979)
[
edit
]
In 1979, two
Captain America
made-for-TV films
starring
Reb Brown
as Steve Rogers aired on the American broadcast television station
CBS
.
The first, titled
Captain America
, was directed by
Rod Holcomb
.
Set in the late 1970s, the film focuses on Rogers as he receives superhuman enhancement and becomes the costumed superhero Captain America, a moniker formerly used by his father during the Second World War.
Its sequel,
Captain America II: Death Too Soon
, was directed by
Ivan Nagy
and focuses on Rogers as he rescues a scientist who is forced by a terrorist (played by
Christopher Lee
) to create a formula that causes rapid aging.
Both films were produced as part of a partnership between Marvel and CBS to adapt Marvel properties for television, which also saw the creation of
The Incredible Hulk
(1977?1982),
The Amazing Spider-Man
(1977?1979), and
Dr. Strange
(1978).
Captain America
and
Death Too Soon
were the final works produced by the partnership; plans to spin off the films into a
Captain America
ongoing television series were abandoned due to low ratings.
Captain America
(1990)
[
edit
]
Producers
Menahem Golan
and
Yoram Globus
of
The Cannon Group
purchased the film rights to Captain America in 1984, and announced their plans to create a Captain America film with
Michael Winner
as director that same year.
Production stalled due to financial troubles at Cannon; Golan left the company in 1989 and carried the rights for the character over to
21st Century Film Corporation
, where he produced
Captain America
in 1990 with
Albert Pyun
as director.
Starring
Matt Salinger
as Steve Rogers, the film follows Captain America as he faces the villainous
Red Skull
(
Scott Paulin
) during the Second World War, becomes
frozen in ice
, and is revived decades later to face Red Skull again.
While originally planned for a wide theatrical release,
Captain America
received only a brief theatrical release in the United Kingdom in 1990, and was later released in the United States as a
direct-to-video
film in 1992.
Marvel Cinematic Universe films
[
edit
]
Title roles
[
edit
]
Captain America: The First Avenger
(2011)
[
edit
]
Marvel began developing a Captain America film in 1997, with
Mark Gordon
and
Gary Levinsohn
as producers and Larry Wilson and
Leslie Bohem
as scriptwriters.
[13]
Artisan Entertainment
were brought on as financers in 2000,
[14]
but production was stalled by a lawsuit between Marvel and Captain America co-creator
Joe Simon
over the ownership of Captain America copyrights that was settled in 2003.
[15]
Marvel began to produce films independently in 2005, planning a
shared universe
of superhero films referred to as the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
(MCU),
[16]
and hired screenwriter
David Self
in 2006 to write the screenplay for what would become
Captain America: The First Avenger
.
[17]
Joe Johnston
was brought on to direct the film in 2008,
[18]
who hired
Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely
to rewrite the script.
[19]
Actor
Chris Evans
was cast as Steve Rogers in 2010, signing a six-picture deal with Marvel to appear in three
Captain America
films and three
Avengers
films.
[20]
[21]
The film focuses on Rogers as he confronts the Red Skull (
Hugo Weaving
) during the Second World War.
The First Avenger
with was filmed from 2010 to 2011,
[22]
[23]
and released in July 2011.
[24]
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
(2014)
[
edit
]
Markus and McFeely were hired to write a sequel to
The First Avenger
in mid-2011,
[25]
which was publicly confirmed by Marvel to be in production in April 2012.
[26]
George Nolfi
,
F. Gary Gray
, and brothers
Anthony and Joseph Russo
were among those considered by Marvel to direct the film,
[27]
with the Russo brothers ultimately signed to direct in June 2012.
[28]
The plot of the film is broadly inspired by the
Winter Soldier story arc
in the
Captain America
comics written by
Ed Brubaker
, which sees Steve Rogers uncover a conspiracy involving his former partner
Bucky Barnes
(
Sebastian Stan
, reprising his role from
The First Avenger
), now a brainwashed assassin known as the Winter Soldier.
[29]
Filming took place in 2013 and 2014,
[30]
[31]
and the film premiered in March 2014.
[32]
At the 2014
Academy Awards
,
The Winter Soldier
was nominated for
Best Visual Effects
.
[33]
Captain America: Civil War
(2016)
[
edit
]
Markus and McFeely began writing a sequel to
The Winter Soldier
in late 2013,
[34]
and the Russo brothers, Markus, McFeely, and Evans were publicly confirmed to be returning for the film in March 2014.
[35]
In October 2014 it was announced that
Robert Downey Jr.
had been cast in the film, reprising the role of
Iron Man / Tony Stark
that he played in the 2008 film
Iron Man
.
[36]
With the announcement of Downey's casting, Marvel confirmed that the film would adapt the comic book series
Civil War
by
Mark Millar
and
Steve McNiven
, which sees Captain America and Iron Man lead competing factions who respectively oppose and support efforts to regulate the actions of superheroes.
[36]
Filming for
Civil War
occurred in 2015,
[37]
and the film was released in April 2016.
[38]
Civil War
was the
highest-grossing film of 2016
, grossing over $1.1
billion worldwide.
[39]
Captain America: Brave New World
(2025)
[
edit
]
Civil War
was Evans' final contracted standalone film as Captain America, and concluded the trilogy of Captain America films starring the actor.
[40]
In 2021, Marvel released the television miniseries
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
on the streaming service
Disney+
, which depicts the mantle of Captain America being assumed by
Sam Wilson
(
Anthony Mackie
, who first appeared as the
Falcon
in 2014's
The Winter Soldier
).
[41]
Falcon and the Winter Soldier
head writer
Malcolm Spellman
and series writer
Dalan Musson
were confirmed to be writing a fourth
Captain America
film in April 2021,
[42]
which was formally announced in July 2022 with Mackie as star and
Julius Onah
as director. Announced under the title
Captain America: New World Order
,
[43]
the film was retitled
Captain America: Brave New World
in June 2023.
[44]
Filming occurred from March to June 2023,
[45]
[46]
and
Brave New World
is slated for release in February 2025.
[43]
Ensemble and supporting roles
[
edit
]
The Avengers
(2012)
[
edit
]
Marvel conceived of a film based on the superhero team the
Avengers
in 2003, conceptualized as a
crossover
film featuring an ensemble cast of characters who were to be established in their own individual films.
[47]
[48]
Casting for what would become the 2012 film
The Avengers
began in 2008,
[49]
with filming commencing in 2011.
[50]
The film focuses on a group of superheroes, including Evans as Steve Rogers, who are recruited by the espionage agency
S.H.I.E.L.D.
to thwart the Asgardian god
Loki
's (
Tom Hiddleston
) plans for global domination.
Avengers: Age of Ultron
(2015)
[
edit
]
Evans reprised the role of Captain America in the 2015 sequel to
The Avengers
,
Avengers: Age of Ultron
.
[51]
The film follows the Avengers as they face
Ultron
(
James Spader
), an artificial intelligence created by Avengers members Tony Stark and
Bruce Banner
(
Mark Ruffalo
) who plans to bring about world peace by causing human extinction.
Avengers: Infinity War
(2018) and
Avengers: Endgame
(2019)
[
edit
]
Captain America is portrayed by Evans in the sequels to
Age of Ultron
,
Avengers: Infinity War
(2018), and
Avengers: Endgame
(2019).
[52]
Winter Soldier
and
Civil War
directors Anthony and Joseph Russo and screenwriters Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely respectively directed and wrote the films, taking over from
Avengers
and
Age of Ultron
writer-director
Joss Whedon
.
[53]
[54]
Infinity War
and
Endgame
were originally planned as a
two-part film
,
[55]
but were later separated into two distinct films that were shot
back-to-back
in 2017;
[56]
as this arrangement exceeded Evans' original six-picture deal with Marvel, the actor renegotiated his contract with the company to appear in
Endgame
.
[21]
The films follow the Avengers as they attempt to thwart the plans of
Thanos
(
Josh Brolin
) to use the
Infinity Stones
to exterminate half of all life in the universe.
Cameo appearances
[
edit
]
Captain America is portrayed by Evans in
cameo appearances
made in the MCU films
Thor: The Dark World
(2013),
[57]
Ant-Man
(2015),
[58]
Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017),
[59]
and
Captain Marvel
(2019).
[60]
Animated films
[
edit
]
Captain America has appeared in the following animated films:
Personnel
[
edit
]
Cast and characters
[
edit
]
Crew
[
edit
]
Home media release
[
edit
]
Title
|
Format
|
Release date
|
Ref.
|
Captain America
(1979)
|
VHS
|
April 13, 1994
|
[68]
|
Captain America II: Death Too Soon
|
VHS
|
April 13, 1994
|
[69]
|
Captain America / Captain America II: Death Too Soon Double Feature
|
DVD
|
October 18, 2011
|
[70]
|
Captain America
(1990)
|
LaserDisc
|
February 9, 1992
|
[71]
|
VHS
|
June 23, 1994
|
[72]
|
Blu-ray
|
May 21, 2013
|
[73]
|
Captain America: The First Avenger
|
DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D
|
October 25, 2011
|
[74]
|
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
|
DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D
|
September 9, 2014
|
[75]
|
Captain America: Civil War
|
DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D
|
September 2, 2016
|
[76]
|
Reception
[
edit
]
Box office performance
[
edit
]
Film
|
U.S. release date
|
Box office gross
|
Production budget
|
Ref.
|
North America
|
Other territories
|
Worldwide
|
Captain America: The First Avenger
|
July 22, 2011
|
$176,654,505
|
$193,915,269
|
$370,569,774
|
$140 million
|
[77]
|
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
|
March 26, 2014
|
$259,766,572
|
$454,654,931
|
$714,421,503
|
$170 million
|
[78]
|
Captain America: Civil War
|
April 27, 2016
|
$408,084,349
|
$745,253,147
|
$1,153,337,496
|
$250 million
|
[79]
|
Totals
|
$
844,505,426
|
$
1,393,823,347
|
$
2,238,328,773
|
$560 million
|
|
Critical and public response
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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Bibliography
[
edit
]