French sculptor and graphic artist
Camille Rosalie Claudel
(
French pronunciation:
[kamij
klod?l]
ⓘ
; 8 December 1864 – 19 October 1943) was a French sculptor known for her figurative works in bronze and marble. She died in relative obscurity, but later gained recognition for the originality and quality of her work.
[1]
[2]
The subject of several biographies and films, Claudel is well known for her sculptures including
The Waltz
and
The Mature Age
.
[3]
The national
Camille Claudel Museum
in
Nogent-sur-Seine
opened in 2017. Claudel was a longtime associate of sculptor
Auguste Rodin
, and the
Musee Rodin
in Paris has a room dedicated to her works.
Sculptures created by Claudel are also held in the collections of several major museums including the
Musee d'Orsay
in Paris, the
Courtauld Institute of Art
in London, the
National Museum of Women in the Arts
in Washington, D.C., the
Philadelphia Museum of Art
,
[4]
and the
J. Paul Getty Museum
in Los Angeles.
[5]
Early years
[
edit
]
Camille Claudel was born in
Fere-en-Tardenois
,
Aisne
,
[6]
in northern France, the first child of a family of farmers and
gentry
. Her father, Louis-Prosper Claudel, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. Her mother, the former Louise-Athanaise Cecile Cerveaux, came from a
Champagne
family of
Catholic
farmers and
priests
. The family moved to
Villeneuve-sur-Fere
while Camille was still a baby. Her younger brother
Paul Claudel
was born there in 1868. Subsequently, they moved to
Bar-le-Duc
(1870),
Nogent-sur-Seine
(1876), and
Wassy-sur-Blaise
(1879), although they continued to spend summers in Villeneuve-sur-Fere, and the stark landscape of that region made a deep impression on the children.
From the ages of 5 to 12, Claudel was educated by the
Sisters of Christian Doctrine
.
[7]
While living in Nogent-sur-Seine at age 12, Claudel began working with the local clay, regularly sculpting the human form.
[3]
[8]
As Camille grew older, she enriched her artistic education with literature and old engravings.
[9]
Her mother Louise did not approve of Claudel's "unladylike desire to become an artist."
[3]
Her father was more supportive and took examples of her artwork to their artist neighbor Alfred Boucher, to assess her abilities.
[8]
Boucher confirmed that Claudel was a capable, talented artist and encouraged her family to support her study of sculpture.
[10]
[8]
Camille moved with her mother, brother, and younger sister to the
Montparnasse
area of
Paris
in 1881. Her father remained behind, working to support them.
[10]
Creative period
[
edit
]
Study with Alfred Boucher
[
edit
]
Claudel was fascinated with stone and soil as a child, and as a young woman she studied at the
Academie Colarossi
, one of the few places open to female students.
[11]
Once in Paris, she studied with sculptor
Alfred Boucher
.
[12]
The Academie Colarossi was more progressive than other arts institutions in that it not only allowed female students at the school but also permitted them to work from nude male models.
[10]
At the time, the
Ecole des Beaux-Arts
barred women from enrolling to study.
In 1882, Claudel rented a studio workshop on rue Notre-Dame des Champs in Paris that she shared with three British sculptors:
Jessie Lipscomb
, Emily Fawcett and Amy Singer (daughter of
John Webb Singer
, whose foundry in Frome, Somerset, made large-scale bronze statues.) Several prominent Frome works are in London, including the Boadicea group on the Embankment, Cromwell, which graces the lawn in front of the Houses of Parliament, and the figure of Justice atop the Old Bailey. General Gordon on his camel at Chatham Barracks was also cast in Frome, as were the eight lions that form part of the Rhodes Memorial in Cape Town. Claudel visited Frome and the families of her fellow sculptors. All of these English friends had studied at the South Kensington Schools ? that would become the Royal College of Art ? before moving to Paris to be at the Academie Colarossi, where they had all met. Claudel prolonged her stay with Singer's family in Frome.
[13]
Alfred Boucher had become Claudel's mentor, and provided inspiration and encouragement to the next generation of sculptors such as
Laure Coutan
. Claudel was depicted by Boucher in
Camille Claudel lisant
,
[14]
and later she sculpted a bust of her mentor.
After teaching Claudel and the other sculptors for over three years, Boucher moved to Florence following an award for the Grand Prix du Salon. Before he left he asked
Auguste Rodin
to take over the instruction of his pupils. Rodin and Claudel met, and their artistic association and the tumultuous and passionate relationship soon began.
Auguste Rodin
[
edit
]
Claudel started working in Rodin's workshop in 1883
[10]
and became a source of inspiration for him. She acted as his model, his confidante, and his lover. She never lived with Rodin, who was reluctant to end his 20-year relationship with
Rose Beuret
.
Knowledge of the affair agitated her family, especially her mother, who already detested her for not being a boy and never approved of Claudel's involvement in the arts.
[15]
[16]
[17]
As a consequence, Claudel was forced to leave the family home.
[10]
In 1891, Claudel served as a jurist at the National Society of Fine Arts, reported to be "something of a boys' club at the time."
[18]
In 1892, after an abortion, Claudel ended the intimate aspect of her relationship with Rodin, although they saw each other regularly until 1898.
[19]
Le Cornec and Pollock state that after the sculptors' physical relationship ended, she was not able to get the funding to realise many of her daring ideas ? because of sex-based censorship and the sexual element of her work. Claudel thus had to either depend on Rodin, or to collaborate with him and see him get the credit as the lionised figure of French sculpture. She also depended on him financially, especially after her loving and wealthy father's death, which allowed her mother and brother, who disapproved of her lifestyle, to maintain control of the family fortune and leave her to wander the streets dressed in beggars' clothing.
[20]
Claudel's reputation survived not because of her once notorious association with Rodin, but because of her work. The novelist and art critic
Octave Mirbeau
described her as "A revolt against nature: a woman genius."
[21]
Her early work is similar to Rodin's in spirit but shows imagination and lyricism quite her own, particularly in the famous
The Waltz
(1893).
The contemporary French critic Louis Vauxcelles stated that Claudel was the only sculptress on whose forehead shone the sign of genius like
Berthe Morisot
, the only well-known female painter of the century, and that Claudel's style was more virile than many of her male colleagues'. Others, like Morhardt and Caranfa, concurred, saying that their styles had become so different, with Rodin being more soft and delicate and Claudel being vehement with vigorous contrasts, which might have been one reason for their break up, with her becoming ultimately his rival.
[24]
As historian Farah Peterson describes, Claudel's
Clotho,
exhibited at the 1893 Salon of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts, serves as an "important example of how sharply Claudel’s vision diverged from Rodin’s."
[25]
Claudel depicted Clotho, one of the Three Fates in Greco-Roman mythology responsible for deciding human destiny, as a very elderly woman. Unlike Rodin and other male artists of the time, Claudel "did not shy away from exploring the female grotesque;" indeed, "she could find power in grotesquerie." In this way,
Clotho
can be seen as exemplifying something rare and exhilarating: an "utter indifference to the male gaze."
[26]
Claudel's
onyx
and bronze small-scale
La Vague (The Wave)
(1897) was also conscious break in style from her Rodin period. It has a decorative quality quite different from the "heroic" feeling of her earlier work.
The Mature Age
and other works
[
edit
]
After Rodin saw Claudel's
The Mature Age
for the first time, in 1899, he reacted with shock and anger. He suddenly and completely stopped his support for Claudel. According to Ayral-Clause, Rodin might have put pressure on the ministry of fine arts to cancel the funding for the bronze commission.
The Mature Age
(1900) is usually interpreted as an allegory of the three stages of life: the man who represents Maturity is drawn into the hands of the old woman who represents Old Age and Death, while the young woman who represents Youth tries to save him.
[28]
Her brother interpreted it as an allegory of her break with Rodin. Angelo Caranfa comments that "The life that was, is, and will be in
Maturity
contains within its movement both the relentless movement of
Clotho
and the rhythmic, graceful, whirling movement of
Fortune
, generating a single and sustaining movement or image out of the differences within" .
According to Caranfa,
Clotho
(1893) and
Fortune
(1905) represent the two ideas of life: life in
Clotho
is portrayed as closed, hopeless existence and "consummated in an unending death"; life in
Fortune
is celebrated as the madness of eternal present with ups and downs, its "rapture or total harmony" (
Fortune
itself is a variation of the dancing woman in
The Waltz
).
[30]
One of Claudel's figures,
The Implorer
, was produced as an edition of its own and has been interpreted not as purely autobiographical but as an even more powerful representation of change and purpose in the human condition.
[31]
Modelled for in 1898 and cast in 1905, Claudel didn't actually cast her own bronze for this work, but instead
The Implorer
was cast in Paris by Eugene Blot.
[32]
Claudel's masterful study of a young girl,
La Petite Chatelaine,
was completed in marble in 1895. Successive versions of
La Petite Chatelaine
demonstrate Claudel's talent for carving in marble, a skill Rodin himself did not have.
[33]
La Petite Chatelaine
stands alone as a portrayal of young girlhood in 19th-century sculpture; "there is no trace here of the pubescent figure with noticeable nipples or of the decorative, soft-cheeked cherub," Peterson observes.
[34]
In 1902 Claudel completed a large sculpture of
Perseus and the Gorgon
. Beginning in 1903, she exhibited her works at the
Salon des Artistes francais
or at the
Salon d'Automne
.
Sakuntala
, 1888, is described by Angelo Caranfa as expressing Claudel's desire to reach the sacred, the fruit of the lifelong search of her artistic identity, free from Rodin's constraints. Caranfa suggests that Claudel's impressions of Rodin's deceptions and exploitation of her, as someone who could not become obedient as he wanted her to be and who was expected to conform to society's expectation of what women should be, were not false. Thus
Sakuntala
could be called a clear expression of her solitary existence and her inner search, her journey within.
In
The Chatterboxes,
Claudel depicted subject matter that was exceedingly rare in European sculpture at that time: "platonic female intimacy, not as an excuse to display a breast or a hip for the onlooker, but as women actually experience it."
[36]
The sculpture shows a group of three women listening to a story told by a fourth companion. Tellingly, in an 1893 letter to her brother Paul, Claudel emphasized that
The Chatterboxes
was "no longer anything like Rodin.”
[37]
Ayral-Clause says that even though Rodin clearly signed some of her works, he was not treating her as different because of her gender; artists at this time generally signed their apprentices' work.
Others also criticise Rodin for not giving her the acknowledgment or support she deserved.
[39]
[40]
Walker argues that most historians believe Rodin did what he could to help her after their separation, and that her destruction of her own oeuvre was partly responsible for the long-time neglect the art world showed her. Walker also says that what truly defeated Camille, who was already recognised as a leading sculptor by many, were the sheer difficulties of the medium and the market: sculpting was an expensive art, and she did not receive many official commissions because her style was highly unusual for the contemporary conservative tastes.
[41]
Despite this, Le Cornec and Pollock believe she changed the history of arts.
Other authors write that it is still unclear how much Rodin influenced Claudel ? and vice versa, how much credit has been taken away from her, or how much he was responsible for her woes. Most modern authors agree that she was an outstanding genius who, starting with wealth, beauty, iron will and a brilliant future even before meeting Rodin, was never rewarded and died in loneliness, poverty, and obscurity.
[1]
[2]
[42]
[43]
[
self-published source?
]
[44]
Others like Elsen, Matthews and Flemming suggest it was not Rodin, but her brother Paul who was jealous of her genius, and that he conspired with her mother, who never forgave her for her supposed immorality, to later ruin her and keep her confined to a mental hospital.
[45]
[46]
[
full citation needed
]
[48]
Kavaler-Adler notes that her younger sister Louise, who desired Camille's inheritance and was also jealous of her, was delighted at her sister's downfall.
[49]
Less well known than her love affair with Rodin, the nature of her relationship with
Claude Debussy
has also been the object of much speculation. Stephen Barr reports that Debussy pursued her: it was unknown whether they ever became lovers.
[50]
They both admired
Degas
and
Hokusai
, and shared an interest in childhood and death themes.
[51]
When Claudel ended the relationship, Debussy wrote: "I weep for the disappearance of the Dream of this Dream." Debussy admired her as a great artist and kept a copy of
The Waltz
in his studio until his death. By thirty, Claudel's romantic life had ended.
[52]
[53]
Alleged mental illness and confinement
[
edit
]
After 1905, Claudel appeared to be
mentally ill
. She destroyed many of her statues, disappeared for long periods of time, exhibited signs of
paranoia
and was diagnosed as having
schizophrenia
.
[54]
She accused Rodin of stealing her ideas and of leading a conspiracy to kill her.
[55]
After the wedding of her brother in 1906 and his return to China, she lived secluded in her workshop.
[54]
[55]
Claudel's father approved of her career choice, and he tried to help and support her financially. But when he died on 2 March 1913, Claudel was not informed of his death. Instead, eight days later, on 10 March 1913, at the request of her younger brother Paul, she was admitted to the
psychiatric hospital
of Ville-Evrard in
Neuilly-sur-Marne
.
The form read that she had been "voluntarily" committed, although her admission was signed only by a doctor and her brother. There are records to show that, while she did have mental outbursts,
[
clarification needed
]
she was clear-headed while working on her art. Doctors tried to convince Paul and their mother that Claudel did not need to be in the institution, but they still kept her there.
[56]
According to Cecile Bertran, a curator from the
Musee Camille Claudel
, the situation was not easy to judge, because modern experts who have looked at her records say she was indeed ill.
[8]
In 1914, to be safe from advancing German troops, the patients at Ville-Evrard were at first relocated to
Enghien
. On 7 September 1914 Claudel was transferred with a number of other women, to the Montdevergues Asylum, at
Montfavet
, six kilometres from
Avignon
. Her certificate of admittance to Montdevergues was signed on 22 September 1914; it reported that she suffered "from a systematic persecution delirium mostly based upon false interpretations and imagination".
For a while, the press accused her family of committing a sculptor of genius. Her mother forbade her to receive mail from anyone other than her brother. The hospital staff regularly proposed to her family that Claudel be released, but her mother adamantly refused each time.
[56]
On 1 June 1920, physician Dr. Brunet sent a letter advising her mother to try to reintegrate her daughter into the family environment. Nothing came of this. Paul Claudel visited his confined older sister seven times in 30 years, in 1913, 1920, 1925, 1927, 1933, 1936, and 1943. He always referred to her in the past tense. Their sister Louise visited her just one time in 1929. Her mother, who died in June 1929, never visited Claudel.
In 1929 sculptor and Claudel's former friend
Jessie Lipscomb
visited her, and afterwards insisted "it was not true" that Claudel was insane. Rodin's friend, Mathias Morhardt, insisted that Paul was a "simpleton" who had "shut away" his sister of genius.
[59]
Camille Claudel died on 19 October 1943, after having lived 30 years in the asylum at
Montfavet
(known then as the Asile de Montdevergues, now the modern psychiatric hospital Centre hospitalier de Montfavet). Her brother Paul had been informed of his sister's terminal illness in September and, with some difficulty, had crossed Occupied France to see her, although he was not present at her death or funeral.
Her sister did not make the journey to Montfavet.
Claudel was interred in the cemetery of Montfavet, and eventually her remains were buried in a communal grave at the asylum.
[56]
From the 2002 book,
Camille Claudel, A Life
: "Ten years after her death, Camille's bones had been transferred to a communal grave, where they were mixed with the bones of the most destitute. Joined forever to the ground she tried to escape for so long, Camille never, ever, returned to her beloved Villeneuve. Paul's neglect regarding his sister's grave is hard to forgive...while Paul decided not to be burdened with his sister's grave, he took great pains, on the contrary, in choosing his own final resting place, naming the exact location ? in Brangues, under a tree, next to his grandchild ? and citing the precise words to be written on the stone. Today his admirers pay homage to his memory at his noble grave; but of Camille there is not a trace. In Villeneuve, a simple plaque reminds the curious visitor that Camille Claudel once lived there, but her remains are still in exile, somewhere, just a few steps away from the place where she was sequestered for thirty years."
Legacy
[
edit
]
Musee Camille Claudel
[
edit
]
The Musee Camille Claudel was opened in March, 2017, as a French national museum dedicated to Claudel's work. It is located in her teenage home town of
Nogent-sur-Seine
.
[62]
The Musee Camille Claudel displays approximately half of Claudel's 90 surviving works.
[63]
[64]
Plans to turn the Claudel family home at
Nogent-sur-Seine
into a museum were announced in 2003, and the museum negotiated with the Claudel family to buy Camille's works. These include 70 pieces, including a bust of Rodin.
[65]
Surviving works
[
edit
]
Though she destroyed much of her work, about 90 statues, sketches and drawings survive. She was at first censored as she portrayed sexuality in her work. Her response was a symbolic, intellectual style as opposed to the "expressive" approach normally attributed to women artists.
[66]
In 1951, Paul Claudel organised an exhibition at the
Musee Rodin
, which continues to display her sculptures. A large exhibition of her works was organised in 1984. In 2005 a large art display featuring the works of Rodin and Claudel was exhibited in
Quebec City
(Canada), and
Detroit, Michigan
, in the US. In 2008, the
Musee Rodin
organised a retrospective exhibition including more than 80 of her works.
[
citation needed
]
In 2005, Sotheby's sold a second edition
La Valse
(1905, Blot, number 21) for $932,500.
[67]
In a 2009 Paris auction, Claudel's
Le Dieu Envole
(1894/1998, foundry Valsuani, signed and numbered 6/8) had a high estimate of $180,000,
[68]
while a comparable Rodin sculpture,
L'eternelle Idole
(1889/1930, Rudier, signed) had a high estimate of $75,000.
[69]
In 2023, The Art Institute of Chicago and the J. Paul Getty Museum co-organized a major retrospective of her work, featuring 60 sculptures from more than 30 institutional and private lenders. The show gathered many of her key compositions in terracotta, plaster, bronze, and stone.
[70]
Commemorations
[
edit
]
In theatre and musicals
[
edit
]
Some authors argue that
Henrik Ibsen
based his last play, 1899's
When We Dead Awaken
, on Rodin's relationship with Claudel.
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
The Seattle playwright S.P. Miskowski's
La Valse
(2000) is a well-researched look at Claudel's life.
[75]
[76]
In 2012, the world premiere of the play
Camille Claudel
took place. Written, performed and directed by Gael Le Cornec, premiered at the Pleasance Courtyard
Edinburgh Festival
, the play looks at the relationship of master and muse from the perspective of Camille at different stages in her life.
[77]
The composer Frank Wildhorn and lyricist Nan Knighton's musical
Camille Claudel
was produced by Goodspeed Musicals at The Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut in 2003.
[78]
In film
[
edit
]
The 1988 film
Camille Claudel
was a dramatisation of her life based largely on historical records. Directed by
Bruno Nuytten
, co-produced by
Isabelle Adjani
, starring Adjani as Claudel and
Gerard Depardieu
as Rodin, the film was nominated for two
Academy Awards
in 1989. Another film,
Camille Claudel 1915
, directed by
Bruno Dumont
and starring
Juliette Binoche
as Claudel, premiered at the
63rd Berlin International Film Festival
in 2013. The 2017 film
Rodin
co-stars
Izia Higelin
as Claudel.
[79]
In music
[
edit
]
The composer
Jeremy Beck
's
Death of a Little Girl with Doves
(1998), an operatic soliloquy for soprano and orchestra, is based on the life and letters of Camille Claudel. This composition has been recorded by Rayanne Dupuis, soprano, with the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra.
[80]
Beck's composition has been described as "a deeply attractive and touching piece of writing ... [demonstrating] imperious melodic confidence, fluent emotional command and yielding tenderness."
[81]
In dance and ballet
[
edit
]
In 2011, the world premiere of
Boris Eifman
's new ballet
Rodin
took place in St Petersburg, Russia. The ballet is dedicated to the life and creative work of sculptor
Auguste Rodin
and his apprentice, lover and muse, Camille Claudel.
[82]
In 2014, the Columbus Dance Theatre and the
Carpe Diem String Quartet
performed the premiere of
Claudel
in Columbus, Ohio, with music by Korine Fujiwara, original poetry by Kathleen Kirk, and choreography by Tim Veach.
[83]
In literature
[
edit
]
In 1982, the publication of the fictionalized biography
Une femme
, by author Anne Delbee, sparked a resurgence of interest in her work.
[84]
A 2015 novel by
Carol Bruneau
,
These Good Hands
, imagines the end of Claudel's life in 1943, through the relationship with her caregiving nurse.
[
citation needed
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Flemming, Laraine E. (1 January 2016).
Reading for Results
. Cengage Learning. p. 721.
ISBN
9781305500525
.
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a
b
Montagu, Ashley (1999).
The Natural Superiority of Women
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ISBN
9780761989820
.
- ^
a
b
c
McGee, Celia (17 December 1989).
"FILM; Camille Claudel: Passion Reborn"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
17 April
2020
.
- ^
"Camille Claudel | artnet"
.
artnet.com
. Retrieved
17 April
2020
.
- ^
"Torso of a Crouching Woman (Getty Museum)"
.
The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
. Retrieved
24 April
2020
.
- ^
Great women artists
. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 101.
ISBN
978-0714878775
.
- ^
Castro, Danilo (8 December 2019).
"Camille Claudel: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know"
.
Heavy.com
. Retrieved
17 April
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Kennedy, Maev (25 March 2017).
"Museum rescues sculptor Camille Claudel from decades of obscurity"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
3 April
2019
.
- ^
Odile Ayral-Clause (2002).
Camille Claudel
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Camille Claudel Biography, Life & Quotes"
.
The Art Story
. Retrieved
1 December
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.
- ^
Heller, Nancy (2000).
Women Artists: Works from the National Museum of Women in the Arts
. Rizzoli Intntl. p. 64.
ISBN
0-8478-2290-7
.
...one of the few art academies in France open to female students.
- ^
Christiane., Weidemann (2008).
50 women artists you should know
. Larass, Petra., Klier, Melanie, 1970?. Munich: Prestel.
ISBN
9783791339566
.
OCLC
195744889
.
- ^
Sue Bucklow (8 August 2017).
"Camille Claudel and the Singer's Foundry: A Rodin Connection in Frome"
. Retrieved
8 December
2019
.
- ^
"Camille Claudel revelee"
.
Exporevue.com
. Retrieved
8 December
2019
.
- ^
Runco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R. (20 May 2011).
Encyclopedia of Creativity
. Academic Press. p. 763.
ISBN
9780123750389
.
- ^
Mahon, Elizabeth Kerri (2011).
Memories of Our Lost Hands: Searching for Feminine Spirituality And Creativity
. Penguin. pp. 37?38.
ISBN
9781101478813
.
- ^
Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth, J. Adolf (1994).
Auguste Rodin and Camille Claudel
. Prestel. p.
109
.
ISBN
9783791313825
.
- ^
Sheerin, Mark (25 April 2017).
"Sculptor Camille Claudel Finally Gets Her Own Museum"
.
Hyperallergic
. Retrieved
17 April
2020
.
- ^
Mahon, Elizabeth K.
Scandalous Women: The Lives and Loves of History's Most Notorious Women
. New York: Penguin Group, 2011. Print.
- ^
Akbar, Arifa (2012).
"How Rodin's tragic lover shaped the history of sculpture"
.
The Independent
. London.
- ^
"Camille Claudel, une icone au destin tragique"
.
Connaissance des Arts
(in French). 2 July 2020
. Retrieved
29 September
2020
.
- ^
Rodin, Auguste; Crone, Rainer; Salzmann, Siegfried (1997).
Rodin: Eros and creativity
. Prestel. p. 41.
ISBN
9783791318097
.
- ^
Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
The Atlantic
. New York.
- ^
Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
The Atlantic
. New York.
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Souter, Janet (2011).
Camille Claudel
. Parkstone International. pp. 82?83.
ISBN
9781781607008
.
- ^
Gindhart, Maria P. (Autumn 2017).
"Exhibition review of "Camille Claudel Museum"
"
.
Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide
. Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 16, no. 2 (Autumn 2017)
. Retrieved
5 April
2019
.
- ^
The different scales, the different modes of plasticity, and gender-representation, of the three figures which make up this important group, enable a more universal thematic and metaphoric stylistics related to the ages of existence, childhood, maturity, and the perspective of the transcendent (v. Angela Ryan, "Camille Claudel: the Artist as Heroinic Rhetorician."
Irish Women's Studies Review
vol 8: Making a Difference: Women and the Creative Arts. (December 2002): 13?28).
- ^
"Met Museum"
.
- ^
Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
The Atlantic
. New York.
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Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
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. New York.
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Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
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. New York.
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Peterson, Farah (2023).
"Camille Claudel's 'Revolt Against Nature'
"
.
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. New York.
- ^
Axelrod, Mark (2004).
Borges' Travel, Hemingway's Garage: Secret Histories
. University of Alabama Press. p. 129.
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9781573661140
.
- ^
Maisel, Eric; Gregory, Danny; Hellmuth, Claudine (5 October 2005).
A Writer's Paris
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Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Ayral-Clause, Odile (2002).
Camille Claudel : a life
. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers.
ISBN
9780810940772
.
OCLC
47756244
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- Caranfa, Angelo (1999).
Camille Claudel : a sculpture of interior solitude
. Lewisburg London: Bucknell University Press Associated University Presses.
ISBN
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OCLC
39380244
.
- Elsen, Albert E.; Jamison, Rosalyn Frankel (13 March 2003).
Rodin's Art: The Rodin Collection of Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center of Visual Arts at Stanford University
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
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.
- Lenormand-Romain, Antoinette et al.
Camille Claudel and Rodin: Fateful Encounter
. New York: Gingko Press, 2005.
- Mitchell, Claudine. "Intellectuality and Sexuality: Camille Claudel, The Fin de Siecle Sculptress,"
Art History
12#4 (1989): 419?447.
- Riviere, Anne & Bruno Gaudichon.
Camille Claudel: Catalogue raisonne
. Paris: Adam Biro, 2001.
- Vollmer, Ulrike (2007).
Seeing film and reading feminist theology : a dialogue
. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN
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OCLC
247474486
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Miller, Joan Vita (1986).
Rodin: the B. Gerald Cantor Collection
. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
ISBN
978-0-87099-443-2
.
(which contains material on Claudel)
- Van Vliet, Marie-Josephe (2000).
Camille Claudel : a sociocultural study
(Thesis/Dissertation ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University.
- Wilson, Susannah. "Gender, Genius, and the Artist's Double Bind: The Letters of Camille Claudel, 1880?1910."
Modern Language Review
112.2 (2017): 362?380.
online
- Michele Desbordes
(2007).
La Robe Bleue
. Verdier.
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