Genus of flowering plants in the tea family Theaceae
Camellia
|
|
Camellia sasanqua
is used as a garden plant, its leaves are used for tea, and its seeds for oil
|
Scientific classification
|
Kingdom:
|
Plantae
|
Clade
:
|
Tracheophytes
|
Clade
:
|
Angiosperms
|
Clade
:
|
Eudicots
|
Clade
:
|
Asterids
|
Order:
|
Ericales
|
Family:
|
Theaceae
|
Genus:
|
Camellia
L.
|
Species
|
About 187, see
text
|
Synonyms
[1]
|
- Calpandria
Blume (1825)
- Camelliastrum
Nakai (1940)
- Dankia
Gagnep. (1939)
- Desmitus
Raf. (1838)
- Drupifera
Raf. (1838)
- Piquetia
Hallier f. (1921)
- Salceda
Blanco (1845)
- Sasanqua
Nees (1834)
- Stereocarpus
Hallier f. (1921)
- Thea
L. (1753)
- Theaphylla
Raf. (1830), nom. superfl.
- Theopsis
Nakai (1940)
- Tsia
Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.
- Tsubaki
Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.
- Yunnanea
Hu (1956)
|
Camellia
(pronounced
[2]
or
[3]
) is a
genus
of flowering plants in the family
Theaceae
.
[1]
They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in
eastern
and
southern Asia
, from the
Himalayas
east to
Japan
and
Indonesia
. There are more than 220 described
species
.
[1]
Camellias are popular ornamental, tea and woody-oil plants that have been cultivated throughout the world for centuries. To date, over 26,000 cultivars, with more than 51,000 cultivar names including synonyms, have been registered or published.
[4]
[5]
Of economic importance in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, leaves of
C. sinensis
are processed to create the popular beverage
tea
. The ornamental
C. japonica
,
C. sasanqua
and their
hybrids
are the source of hundreds of garden
cultivars
.
C. oleifera
produces
tea seed oil
, used in cooking and cosmetics.
Taxonomy
[
edit
]
The genus was named by
Linnaeus
after the Jesuit botanist
Georg Joseph Kamel
, who worked in the Philippines and described one of its species (although Linnaeus did not refer to Kamel's account when discussing the genus).
[6]
: 246, 255
Botany
[
edit
]
Camellias are
evergreen
shrubs
or small
trees
up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Their leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, and usually glossy.
Flowers and fruit
[
edit
]
Their flowers are usually large and conspicuous, one to 12 cm in diameter, with five to nine petals in naturally occurring species of camellias. The colors of the flowers vary from white through pink colors to red; truly yellow flowers are found only in South China and Vietnam. Tea varieties are always white-flowered. Camellia flowers throughout the genus are characterized by a dense bouquet of conspicuous yellow stamens, often contrasting with the petal colors.
[7]
[8]
The
fruit
of camellia plants is a dry
capsule
, sometimes subdivided in up to five compartments, each compartment containing up to eight
seeds
.
Growth
[
edit
]
The various species of camellia plants are generally well-adapted to
acid soils
rich in
humus
, and most species do not grow well on
chalky
soil or other
calcium
-rich soils. Most species of camellias also require a large amount of water, either from natural rainfall or from
irrigation
, and the plants will not tolerate
droughts
. However, some of the more unusual camellias – typically species from
karst
soils in
Vietnam
– can grow without too much water.
Camellia plants usually have a rapid growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 cm per year until mature – though this does vary depending on their variety and geographical location.
Ecology
[
edit
]
Camellia plants are used as food plants by the
larvae
of a number of
Lepidoptera
species. Leaves of
Camellia japonica
are susceptible to the
fungal
parasite
Mycelia sterile
(see
below
for the significance),
mycelia sterile PF1022
produces a
metabolite
named PF1022A that is used to produce
emodepside
, an
anthelmintic
drug
.
[9]
Mainly due to
habitat destruction
, several camellias have become quite rare in their natural range. One of these is the aforementioned
C. reticulata
, grown commercially in thousands for horticulture and oil production, but rare enough in its natural range to be considered a
threatened species
.
Use by humans
[
edit
]
Camellia sinensis
, the tea plant, is of major commercial importance because
tea
is made from its leaves. The species
C. sinensis
is the product of many generations of
selective breeding
in order to bring out qualities considered desirable for tea. However, many other camellias can be used to produce a similar beverage. For example, in some parts of Japan, tea made from
C. sasanqua
leaves is popular.
Tea Seed oil
is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of
C. oleifera
,
C. japonica
, and to a lesser extent other species such as
C. crapnelliana
,
C. reticulata
,
C. sasanqua
and
C. sinensis
. Relatively little-known outside East Asia, it is the most important
cooking oil
for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in southern China.
Camellia oil is commonly used to clean and protect the blades of cutting instruments.
Camellia oil pressed from seeds of
C. japonica
, also called tsubaki oil or tsubaki-abura (椿油) in Japanese, has been traditionally used in Japan for hair care.
[10]
C. japonica
plant is used to prepare traditional antiinflammatory medicines.
[11]
History
[
edit
]
Fossil record
[
edit
]
The earliest
fossil
record of
Camellia
are the leaves of †
C. abensis
from the upper
Eocene
of
Japan
, †
C. abchasica
from the lower
Oligocene
of
Bulgaria
and
†
C. multiforma
from the lower
Oligocene
of
Washington
,
United States
.
[12]
Garden history
[
edit
]
Camellias were cultivated in the gardens of China for centuries before they were seen in Europe. The German botanist
Engelbert Kaempfer
reported
[13]
that the "Japan Rose", as he called it, grew wild in woodland and hedgerow, but that many superior varieties had been selected for gardens. Europeans' earliest views of camellias must have been their representations in Chinese painted wallpapers, where they were often represented growing in porcelain pots.
The first living camellias seen in England were a single red and a single white, grown and flowered in his garden at
Thorndon Hall
, Essex, by
Robert James, Lord Petre
, among the keenest gardeners of his generation, in 1739. His gardener
James Gordon
was the first to introduce camellias to commerce, from the nurseries he established after Lord Petre's untimely death in 1743, at Mile End, Essex, near London.
[14]
With the expansion of the
tea trade
in the later 18th century, new varieties began to be seen in England, imported through the
British East India Company
. The Company's John Slater was responsible for the first of the new camellias, double ones, in white and a striped red, imported in 1792. Further camellias imported in the East Indiamen were associated with the patrons whose gardeners grew them: a double red for Sir Robert Preston in 1794 and the pale pink named "Lady Hume's Blush" for Amelia, the lady of
Sir Abraham Hume
of
Wormleybury
, Hertfordshire (1806). The camellia was imported from England to America in 1797 when
Colonel John Stevens
brought the flower as part of an effort to grow attractions within
Elysian Fields
in
Hoboken
,
New Jersey
.
[15]
By 1819, twenty-five camellias had bloomed in England; that year the first monograph appeared, Samuel Curtis's,
A Monograph on the Genus Camellia
, whose five handsome folio colored illustrations have usually been removed from the slender text and framed. Camellias that set seed, though they did not flower for more than a decade, rewarded their growers with a wealth of new varieties. By the 1840s, the camellia was at the height of its fashion as
the
luxury flower. The Parisian courtesan
Marie Duplessis
, who died young in 1847, inspired Dumas'
La Dame aux camelias
and Verdi's
La Traviata
.
The fashionable imbricated formality of prized camellias was an element in their decline, replaced by the new hothouse
orchid
. Their revival after World War I as woodland shrubs for mild climates has been paralleled by the rise in popularity of
Camellia sasanqua
.
Modern cultivars
[
edit
]
The tea camellia,
C. sinensis
, has
many commercial cultivars
selected for the taste of their leaves once processed into tea leaves.
Today camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000
cultivars
and
hybrids
have been selected, many with
double
or semi-double flowers.
C. japonica
is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars. Next are
C. reticulata
with over 400 named cultivars, and
C. sasanqua
with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include
C. × hiemalis
(
C. japonica
×
C. sasanqua
) and
C. × williamsii
(
C. japonica
×
C. saluenensis
). Some varieties can grow to a considerable size, up to
100
m
2
, though more compact cultivars are available. They are frequently planted in woodland settings, alongside other
calcifuges
such as
rhododendrons
, and are particularly associated with areas of high soil acidity, such as Cornwall and Devon in the UK. They are highly valued for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late
frosts
can damage the flower buds, resulting in misshapen flowers.
[16]
There is great variety of flower forms:
- single (flat, bowl- or cup-shaped)
- semi-double (rows of large outer petals, with the centre comprising mixed petals and stamens)
- double:
- paeony form (convex mass of irregular petals and petaloids with hidden stamens)
- anemone form (one or more rows of outer petals, with mixed petaloids and stamens in the centre)
- rose form (overlapping petals showing stamens in a concave centre when open)
- formal double (rows of overlapping petals with hidden stamens)
AGM cultivars
[
edit
]
The following hybrid cultivars have gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
's
Award of Garden Merit
:
Name
|
Parentage
|
Height
|
Spread
|
Flower colour
|
Flower type
|
Ref.
|
Cornish Snow
|
cuspidata
×
saluenensis
|
2.5
|
1.5
|
white
|
single
|
[17]
|
Cornish Spring
|
cuspidata
×
japonica
|
2.5
|
1.5
|
pink
|
single
|
[18]
|
Francie L
|
|
8.0
|
8.0
|
rose-pink
|
double
|
[19]
|
Freedom Bell
|
×
williamsii
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
red
|
semi-double
|
[20]
|
Inspiration
|
reticulata
×
saluenensis
|
4.0
|
2.5
|
rose-pink
|
semi-double
|
[21]
|
Leonard Messel
|
reticulata
× ×
williamsii
|
4.0
|
4.0
|
rose-pink
|
semi-double
|
[22]
|
Royalty
|
japonica
×
reticulata
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
light red
|
semi-double
|
[23]
|
Spring Festival
|
×
williamsii
,
cuspidata
|
4.0
|
2.5
|
pink
|
semi-double
|
[24]
|
Tom Knudsen
|
japonica
×
reticulata
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
deep red
|
double paeony
|
[25]
|
Tristrem Carlyon
|
reticulata
|
4.0
|
2.5
|
rose pink
|
double paeony
|
[26]
|
-
Simple-flowered
Camellia × williamsii
cv. 'Brigadoon'
-
Semi-double-flowered camellia cultivar
-
Double-flowered camellia cultivar
-
Double-flowered hybrid cv. 'Jury's Yellow'
Species
[
edit
]
Plants of the World Online
currently includes:
[1]
- Camellia albata
Orel & Curry
- Camellia amplexicaulis
(Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia amplexifolia
Merr. & Chun
- Camellia anlungensis
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia assimiloides
Sealy
- Camellia aurea
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia azalea
C.F.Wei
- Camellia brevistyla
(Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia bugiamapensis
Orel, Curry, Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
- Camellia campanulata
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia candida
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia capitata
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia cattienensis
Orel
- Camellia caudata
Wall.
- Camellia chekiangoleosa
Hu
- Camellia cherryana
Orel
- Camellia chinmeiae
S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
- Camellia chrysanthoides
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia concinna
Orel & Curry
- Camellia connata
(Craib) Craib
- Camellia corallina
(Gagnep.) Sealy
- Camellia cordifolia
(F.P.Metcalf) Nakai
- Camellia costata
S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
- Camellia costei
H.Lev.
- Camellia crapnelliana
Tutcher
– Crapnell's camellia
- Camellia crassicolumna
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia crassipes
Sealy
- Camellia crassiphylla
Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia cuongiana
Orel & Curry
- Camellia cupiformis
T.L.Ming
- Camellia curryana
Orel & Luu
- Camellia cuspidata
(Kochs) Bean
- Camellia dalatensis
V.D.Luong, Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia debaoensis
R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liufu
- Camellia decora
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia dilinhensis
Ninh & V.D.Luong
- Camellia dongnaicensis
Orel
- Camellia dormoyana
(Pierre ex Laness.) Sealy
- Camellia drupifera
Lour.
- Camellia duyana
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia edithae
Hance
- Camellia elizabethae
Orel & Curry
- Camellia elongata
(Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Rehder
- Camellia erubescens
Orel & Curry
- Camellia euphlebia
Merr. ex Sealy
- Camellia euryoides
Lindl.
- Camellia fangchengensis
S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
- Camellia fansipanensis
J.M.H.Shaw, Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
- Camellia fascicularis
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia flava
(Pit.) Sealy
- Camellia flavida
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia fleuryi
(A.Chev.) Sealy
- Camellia fluviatilis
Hand.-Mazz.
- Camellia forrestii
(Diels) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia fraterna
Hance
- Camellia furfuracea
(Merr.) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia gaudichaudii
(Gagnep.) Sealy
- Camellia gilbertii
(A.Chev.) Sealy
- Camellia glabricostata
T.L.Ming
- Camellia gracilipes
Merr. ex Sealy
- Camellia grandibracteata
Hung T.Chang, Y.J.Tan, F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
- Camellia granthamiana
Sealy
– Grantham's camellia
- Camellia grijsii
Hance
- Camellia gymnogyna
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia harlandii
Orel & Curry
- Camellia hatinhensis
V.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
- Camellia hekouensis
C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
- Camellia hiemalis
Nakai
- Camellia honbaensis
Luu, Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
- Camellia hongiaoensis
Orel & Curry
- Camellia hongkongensis
Seem.
- Camellia hsinpeiensis
S.S.Ying
- Camellia huana
T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
- Camellia ilicifolia
Y.K.Li
- Camellia impressinervis
Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
- Camellia indochinensis
Merr.
- Camellia ingens
Orel & Curry
- Camellia insularis
Orel & Curry
- Camellia × intermedia
(Tuyama) Nagam.
- Camellia inusitata
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia japonica
L.
– East Asian camellia
synonym
Camellia rusticana
– snow camellia
- Camellia kissii
Wall.
- Camellia krempfii
(Gagnep.) Sealy
- Camellia kwangsiensis
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia lanceolata
(Blume) Seem.
- Camellia langbianensis
(Gagnep.) P.H.Ho
- Camellia laotica
(Gagnep.) T.L.Ming
- Camellia lawii
Sealy
- Camellia leptophylla
S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
- Camellia ligustrina
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia longicalyx
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia longii
Orel & Luu
- Camellia longipedicellata
(Hu) Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
- Camellia longissima
Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
- Camellia lucii
Orel & Curry
- Camellia lutchuensis
T.Ito
- Camellia luteocerata
Orel
- Camellia luteoflora
Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
- Camellia luteopallida
V.D.Luong, T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
- Camellia luuana
Orel & Curry
- Camellia maiana
Orel
- Camellia mairei
(H.Lev.) Melch.
- Camellia maoniushanensis
J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
- Camellia megasepala
Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
- Camellia melliana
Hand.-Mazz.
- Camellia micrantha
S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
- Camellia mileensis
T.L.Ming
- Camellia mingii
S.X.Yang
- Camellia minima
Orel & Curry
- Camellia mollis
Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia montana
(Blanco) Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia murauchii
Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia namkadingensis
Soulad. & Tagane
- Camellia nematodea
(Gagnep.) Sealy
- Camellia nervosa
(Gagnep.) Hung T.Chang
- Camellia oconoriana
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia oleifera
C.Abel
– oil-seed camellia, tea oil camellia
- Camellia pachyandra
Hu
- Camellia parviflora
Merr. & Chun ex Sealy
- Camellia parvimuricata
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia paucipunctata
(Merr. & Chun) Chun
- Camellia petelotii
(Merr.) Sealy
synonyms:
C. chrysantha
,
C. nitidissima
– yellow camellia
- Camellia philippinensis
Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia pilosperma
S.Yun Liang
- Camellia pingguoensis
D.Fang
- Camellia piquetiana
(Pierre) Sealy
- Camellia pitardii
Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia pleurocarpa
(Gagnep.) Sealy
- Camellia polyodonta
F.C.How ex Hu
- Camellia psilocarpa
X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
- Camellia ptilophylla
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia pubicosta
Merr.
- Camellia pubifurfuracea
Y.C.Zhong
- Camellia pubipetala
Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
- Camellia pukhangensis
N.D.Do, V.D.Luong, S.T.Hoang & T.H.Le
- Camellia punctata
(Kochs) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia pyriparva
Orel & Curry
- Camellia pyxidiacea
Z.R.Xu, F.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
- Camellia quangcuongii
L.V.Dung, S.T. Hoang & Nhan
- Camellia reflexa
Orel & Curry
- Camellia renshanxiangiae
C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
- Camellia reticulata
Lindl.
- Camellia rhytidocarpa
Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
- Camellia rosacea
Tagane, Soulad. & Yahara
- Camellia rosiflora
Hook.
- Camellia rosmannii
Ninh
- Camellia rosthorniana
Hand.-Mazz.
- Camellia rubriflora
Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia salicifolia
Champ.
- Camellia saluenensis
Stapf ex Bean
- Camellia sasanqua
Thunb.
- Camellia scabrosa
Orel & Curry
- Camellia sealyana
T.L.Ming
- Camellia semiserrata
C.W.Chi
- Camellia septempetala
Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
- Camellia siangensis
T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
- Camellia sinensis
(L.) Kuntze
? tea plant
- Camellia sonthaiensis
Luu, V.D.Luong, Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
- Camellia stuartiana
Sealy
- Camellia subintegra
P.C.Huang
- Camellia synaptica
Sealy
- Camellia szechuanensis
C.W.Chi
- Camellia szemaoensis
Hung T.Chang
- Camellia tachangensis
F.S.Zhang
- Camellia tadungensis
Orel, Curry & Luu
- Camellia taliensis
(W.W.Sm.) Melch.
? also used to make tea like
C. sinensis
- Camellia tenii
Sealy
- Camellia thailandica
Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia thanxaensa
Hakoda & Kirino
- Camellia tienyenensis
Orel & Curry
- Camellia tomentosa
Orel & Curry
- Camellia tonkinensis
(Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia transarisanensis
(Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia trichoclada
(Rehder) S.S.Chien
- Camellia tsaii
Hu
- Camellia tsingpienensis
Hu
- Camellia tuberculata
S.S.Chien
- Camellia tuyenquangensis
V.D.Luong, Le & Ninh
- Camellia uraku
Kitam.
- Camellia villicarpa
S.S.Chien
- Camellia viridicalyx
Hung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
- Camellia viscosa
Orel & Curry
- Camellia vuquangensis
V.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
- Camellia wardii
Kobuski
- Camellia xanthochroma
K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
- Camellia yokdonensis
Dung bis & Hakoda
- Camellia yunkiangica
Hung T.Chang, H.S.Wang & B.H.Chen
- Camellia yunnanensis
(Pit. ex Diels) Cohen-Stuart
Cultural significance
[
edit
]
The Camellia family of plants in popular culture.
- The following cities are nicknamed the "Camellia City" of each state:
Greenville, Alabama
;
Sacramento, California
;
Fort Walton Beach, Florida
;
Slidell, Louisiana
;
McComb, Mississippi
;
Newberg, Oregon
; and,
Thomson, Georgia
is nicknamed the "Camellia City of the South".
- The camellia is the
state flower
of
Alabama
.
[27]
- The
Camellia Bowl
is a post-season college football game played in
Montgomery, Alabama
, hosted by the
NCAA
.
- Alexandre Dumas fils
wrote the novel and stage adaptation
The Lady of the Camellias
, wherein the flower is a symbol of a courtesan's sexual availability.
- Augusta National Golf Club
's 10th hole is named "Camellia", one of many references to the plant nursery originally on the site of the course.
- Rabindranath Tagore
wrote a poem entitled "Camellia" about a youth's longing for a young woman he sees on the train.
- In the book
To Kill a Mockingbird
, Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose's camellia bushes after she insults his family, yet he later receives a camellia bud from the dying woman.
- A white camellia flower is an iconic symbol of
Chanel
haute couture
, a tradition started by
Coco Chanel
herself who identified with the heroine of Dumas' work.
- Camellias have major significance in the
Akira Kurosawa
film
Sanjuro
, likely due to their association with the concept of "a noble death" in samurai culture.
- White camellias became a symbol of the women's
suffrage
movement in New Zealand and appears on the country's
ten-dollar note
.
- The
Knights of the White Camelia
was an organization similar to the
Ku Klux Klan
.
- Temple City, California
's slogan since 1944 has been "Temple City, Home of Camellias", and the city has become well-known for its Camellia Festival.
- In Brazil, the camellia was a symbol of
abolitionist movement
during the Imperial Age. It was common practice for abolitionists to plant camellias in a show of solidarity.
[28]
- An Argentinian military march is called "
Avenida de las Camelias
".
- Camellia flowers are featured on the cover of
The Silent Circus
, the second studio album by American
progressive metal
band
Between the Buried and Me
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"
Camellia
L."
Plants of the World Online
. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021
. Retrieved
23 March
2021
.
- ^
"camellia"
.
Oxford English Dictionary
(Online ed.).
Oxford University Press
.
(Subscription or
participating institution membership
required.)
- ^
"camellia"
.
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
.
- ^
Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang (2021-01-19).
"The Dataset of Camellia Cultivars Names in the World"
.
Biodiversity Data Journal
.
9
: e61646.
doi
:
10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646
.
ISSN
1314-2828
.
PMC
7838149
.
PMID
33519266
.
- ^
"International Camellia Register-Camellia, Cultivars, Species, Photos"
.
camellia.iflora.cn
. Retrieved
2023-02-11
.
- ^
Kroupa, Sebestian (November 2015).
"Ex epistulis Philippinensibus: Georg Joseph Kamel SJ (1661?1706) and His Correspondence Network"
.
Centaurus
.
57
(4): 229?259.
doi
:
10.1111/1600-0498.12099
.
ISSN
1600-0498
.
- ^
Mair and Hoh (2009).
- ^
The International Camellia Society.
Flowers of Camellias
.
- ^
Harder
et al.
(2005)
- ^
How to Use Japanese Camellia (Tsubaki) Oil.
[1]
.
- ^
Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Bhattacharya, Malay (2020-08-27).
"Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome"
.
Bulletin of the National Research Centre
.
44
(1): 141.
doi
:
10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7
.
ISSN
2522-8307
.
- ^
Journal of Plant Research, September 2016, Volume 129, Issue 5, pp 823?831, Camellia nanningensis sp. nov.: the earliest fossil wood record of the genus Camellia (Theaceae) from East Asia by Lu-Liang Huang, Jian-Hua Jin, Cheng Quan and Alexei A.
- ^
Kaemfer,
Amoenitates exoticae
, 1712, noted by Alice M. Coats,
Garden Shrubs and Their Histories
(1964) 1992,
s.v.
"Camellia".
- ^
Coats (1964) 1992.
- ^
The New York Botanical Garden,
Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume X
Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797
- ^
RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
ISBN
978-1405332965
.
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Snow' (cuspidata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Spring' (cuspidata × japonica) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Francie L' AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Freedom Bell' AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Inspiration' (reticulata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Leonard Messel' (reticulata × williamsii) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Royalty' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Spring Festival' (cuspidata hybrid) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2013-04-29
.
- ^
"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Tom Knudsen' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening"
. Apps.rhs.org.uk
. Retrieved
2020-04-17
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"
Camellia
'Tristrem Carlyon'
"
. RHS
. Retrieved
12 April
2020
.
- ^
"State Flower of Alabama"
.
Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama
. Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 6, 2014. Archived from
the original
on 2012-07-28
. Retrieved
2019-05-07
.
- ^
Toni Boornazian (November 23, 2020).
"Camellia: The "Winter's Rose"
"
. Stuyvesant Park Neighborhood Association
. Retrieved
2022-08-10
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Harder, A.; Holden?Dye, L.; Walker, R. & Wunderlich, F.
(2005): Mechanisms of action of emodepside.
Parasitology Research
97
(Supplement 1): S1-S10.
doi
:
10.1007/s00436-005-1438-z
(HTML abstract)
- Mair, V.; Hoh, E.
(2009):
The True History of Tea
. Thames & Hudson.
ISBN
978-0-500-25146-1
.
- F. Camangi, A. Stefani, T. Bracci, A. Minnocci, L. Sebastiani, A. Lippi, G. Cattolica, A.M. Santoro:
Antiche camelie della Lucchesia (Storia, Botanico, Cultura, agronomia novita scientifiche e curiosita;
Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca
).
Edition ETS;
Lucca
, 2012. Italian.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Camellia
.