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Camelina

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Camelina
Camelina sativa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade : Tracheophytes
Clade : Angiosperms
Clade : Eudicots
Clade : Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Camelina
Crantz
Species

Camelina is a genus within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae . The Camelina species, commonly known as false flax, are native to Mediterranean regions of Europe and Asia . Most species of this genus have been little studied, with the exception of Camelina sativa , historically cultivated as an oil plant . Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz was the first botanist to use the genus Camelina in his classification works in 1762.

As a way to reduce fossil fuel emissions, the US Navy tested a 50-50 mix of jet aviation fuel and biofuel derived from camelina seeds in 2010. [1] A study published in December 2016 explained that the current low price of conventional kerosene -based jet fuel makes it cost-prohibitive for commercial airlines to use camelina-based jet fuel. The study said substantial government intervention would be one way to create a market for camelina, by combining 9 percent government subsidy on camelina crop production, with 9 percent tax on conventional fuel. [2]

Etymology [ edit ]

The name Camelina comes from the Greek for "ground" and "flax", alluding to its being a weed which suppresses the vigour of flax crops. [3]

Description [ edit ]

Camelina plants are annual or biennial herbs . Their leaves are simple , lanceolate to narrowly elliptic . The flowers are hermaphroditic actinomorphic , grouped in racemes , and yellowish colored. The seeds are formed in dehiscent siliques . [4]

Genetics [ edit ]

The first full genome sequence for Camelina sativa was released on 1 August 2013, by a Canadian research team. The genome sequence and its annotation are available in a genome viewer format and enabled for sequence searching and alignment. [5] Technical details of Camelina 's genome sequence were published on 23 April 2014 in the academic journal Nature Communications. [6]

In 2013, Rothamsted Research in the UK reported they had developed a genetically modified form of Camelina sativa that produced Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at levels equivalent to fish oil. [7] EPA and DHA are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids which are beneficial for cardiovascular health. The main source of these omega-3 fatty acids is fish but supplies are limited and unsustainable. [8] [9] In October 2023, Yield10 Bioscience acquired an exclusive commercial license for the Rothansted's EPA/DHA Camelina . [10] In January 2024, Yield10 requested a Regulatory Status Review from USDA-APHIS for the modified Camelina . [11]

Species [ edit ]

Four common species are presented below. However, at least two databanks indicate more species may exist. [12]

Biodiesel [ edit ]

Biodiesel made from camelina has a variety of benefits. First, traditional petroleum or diesel fuel is not renewable resources, the production of these resources is finite. Camelina biodiesel, however, is a renewable resource. Camelina based aviation fuel could save 84% of carbon emissions. [14] Camelina biodiesel can be produced in large quantities as feedstocks are enough. Moreover, camelina biodiesel can reduce a country's dependence on fossil resources, which can ensure a country's energy security. In addition, camelina biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, and it is biodegradable. [15] The greenhouse gas emission of camelina biodiesel produced by no-till farming is lower than that of traditional methods. [16]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ "From Seed to Supersonic" (PDF) . Currents . Winter 2011. US Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19 . Retrieved 2016-11-05 .
  2. ^ "Camelina oil could be economically feasible as source of commercial jet fuel, new OSU analysis shows" . Oregon State University Extension and Agricultural Research News. 2017-02-17. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
  3. ^ Attractions, Western Australian Herbarium, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and. "FloraBase?the Western Australian Flora" . florabase.dec.wa.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011-03-28 . Retrieved 2012-12-12 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  4. ^ "Plantes et botanique ? le genre Camelina" . Plantes et botanique . 27 May 2020.
  5. ^ Camelina sativa Genome Project http://www.camelinadb.ca/index.html Archived 1 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Kagale, Sateesh; Koh, Chushin; Nixon, John; Bollina, Venkatesh; Clarke, Wayne E.; Tuteja, Reetu; Spillane, Charles; Robinson, Stephen J.; Links, Matthew G.; Clarke, Carling; Higgins, Erin E.; Huebert, Terry; Sharpe, Andrew G.; Parkin, Isobel A. P. (2014). "The emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa retains a highly undifferentiated hexaploid genome structure" . Nature Communications . 5 : 3706. Bibcode : 2014NatCo...5.3706K . doi : 10.1038/ncomms4706 . PMC   4015329 . PMID   24759634 .
  7. ^ Ruiz-Lopez, N.; Haslam, R. P.; Napier, J. A.; Sayanova, O. (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop" . The Plant Journal . 77 (2): 198?208. doi : 10.1111/tpj.12378 . PMC   4253037 . PMID   24308505 .
  8. ^ Simopoulos, Artemis P. and Cleland, Leslie G. (Editors) "Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio: The Scientific Evidence" (World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics), Publisher: S Karger AG, 19 September 2003, ISBN   978-3805576406 , Page 34
  9. ^ Coghlan, Andy (4 January 2014) "Designed plant oozes vital fish oils"' New Scientist, Page 12, also available on the Internet at [1] Archived 1 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Yield10 Bioscience Exercises Option to Finalize an Exclusive, Global Commercial License to Advanced Omega-3 Camelina Technology from Rothamsted Research" . Yahoo Finance . 18 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Yield10 Bioscience Files Request for Regulatory Status Review with USDA-APHIS for Camelina Designed to Produce the EPA and DHA Components of Omega-3 Oil" . Morningstar, Inc . 8 January 2024.
  12. ^ "Camelina ? The Plant List" . www.theplantlist.org . Archived from the original on 2019-06-10 . Retrieved 2012-12-12 .
  13. ^ Osterreichische botanische Zeitschrift (in German). Springer-Verlag. 1891. p. 123 . Retrieved 18 May 2021 . Die zweite interessante Crucifere ist Camelina rumelica Velen., welche ich schon im Jahre 1887 aus Bulgarien beschrieben und abgebildet habe.
  14. ^ "Camelina jet fuel could cut carbon emissions by 84 percent" . phys.org . Retrieved 2020-05-19 .
  15. ^ Quan, He (2016). "An evaluation of biodiesel production from Camelina sativa grown in Nova Scotia". Industrial Crops & Products . 81 : 162?168. doi : 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.073 .
  16. ^ Dangol, Namrata (2017). "Life-cycle energy, GHG and cost comparison of camelina-based biodiesel and bio jet fuel". Boules . 11 (4): 1?9. doi : 10.1080/17597269.2017.1369632 . S2CID   135275011 .
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