Cat with a three colored coat
A
calico cat
(
US English
) is a
domestic cat
of any breed with a tri-color coat. The calico cat is most commonly thought of as being 25% to 75% white with large orange and black patches; however, they may have other colors in their patterns. Calicoes are almost exclusively female except under rare genetic conditions.
A calico cat is not to be confused with a
tortoiseshell
, who has a black undercoat and a mostly mottled coat of black/red or blue/cream with relatively few to no white markings. However, outside North America, the calico pattern is more commonly called
tortoiseshell and white
.
[1]
Calicoes with
diluted
coloration (blue tortoiseshell and white) have been called
calimanco
or
clouded tiger
.
[2]
Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a
tabby
patterning, called
tortoiseshell tabby with white.
A calico-patched tabby cat may be referred to as
caliby
[3]
or
torbico
.
Derived from a colorful printed
Calico
fabric, when the term "calico" is applied to cats, it refers only to a color pattern of the fur, not to a cat breed or any reference to any other traits, such as their eyes.
[4]
Formal standards set by professional and show animal breeders limit the breeds among which they permit registration of cats with calico coloration; those breeds are the
Manx cat
,
American Shorthair
,
Maine Coon
,
British Shorthair
,
Persian cat
,
Arabian Mau
,
Japanese Bobtail
,
Exotic Shorthair
,
Siberian
,
Turkish Van
,
Turkish Angora
, and the
Norwegian Forest cat
.
Because the genetic determination of coat colors in calico cats is linked to the
X chromosome
, calicoes are nearly always female,
[5]
with one color linked to the maternal X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal
X chromosome
.
[4]
[6]
In most cases, males are only one color (for instance, black) as they have only one X chromosome. Male calicoes can happen when a male cat has two X chromosomes (
Klinefelter syndrome
, with XXY sex chromosomes and generally they are sterile); the condition is a
chimera
, with two different cell types.
[7]
Some calico cats, called "dilute calicoes", may be lighter in color overall. Dilutes are distinguished by having grey (known as blue), cream, and gold colors instead of the typical colors along with the white.
History
[
edit
]
The tri-color coat characteristic of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats who express a range of color patterns; accordingly, the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa.
[8]
The proportion of cats having the orange
mutant gene
found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France, Spain, and Italy, originating from Egypt.
[9]
The calico has been Maryland's state cat since 1 October 2001. Calico cats were chosen as the state cat because their white, black, and orange coloring is in harmony with the coloring of the
Baltimore oriole
(the state bird) and the
Baltimore checkerspot butterfly
(the state insect).
[10]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The fabric called "
calico
" was originally from the city of
Calicut
in southwestern India.
[11]
Printed calico was imported into the United States from Lancashire, England, in the 1780s, and a linguistic separation occurred there. While Europe maintained the word calico for the fabric, in the US it was used to refer to the printed design or pattern. These colorful, small-patterned printed fabrics gave rise to the use of the word calico to describe a cat coat of tri-color; "calico" as an adjective being synonymous to "mottled" or "resembling printed calico".
[12]
[13]
Genetics
[
edit
]
In genetic terms, calico cats resemble
tortoiseshells
in most ways, except the tortoiseshell has a black undercoat and the calico has a white undercoat. One anomaly is that, as a rule of thumb the larger the areas of white, the fewer and larger the patches of ginger and dark or
tabby
coat.
[14]
In contrast, a non-white-spotted tortoiseshell usually has small patches of color or even something resembling a salt-and-pepper sprinkling. This reflects the genetic effects on relative speeds of migration of melanocytes and
X-inactivation
in the embryo.
[15]
Serious study of calico cats apparently began in 1948 when
Murray Barr
and his graduate student E. G. Bertram noticed dark,
drumstick
-shaped masses inside the nuclei of nerve cells of female cats, but not in male cats. These dark masses became known as
Barr bodies
.
[16]
In 1959, Japanese cell biologist
Susumu Ohno
determined the Barr bodies were
X chromosomes
.
[16]
In 1961,
Mary Lyon
proposed the concept of X-inactivation: when one of the two X chromosomes inside a
female mammal
shuts off.
[16]
She observed this in the coat color patterns of mice.
[17]
There are two different alleles in Calico cats, one received from each parent, that can determine their fur coloration: each allele is responsible for either orange or black fur. Typically, each allele received would create a solid coat of black and orange fur, but, with Calico cats, Lyonization (commonly known as X-inactivation), occurs at random, which makes for the very distinct fur coat.
[18]
Calico cats are almost always female because the
locus
of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome.
[19]
In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the
alleles
present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female
placental mammals
, normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome.
[4]
[16]
[20]
Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene, it is not possible for a normal XY male cat to have both orange and non-orange genes together, which is what typically results in
tortoiseshell
or calico coloring.
[18]
[21]
One rare genetic exception resulting in a male calico is when faulty cell division leaves an extra X chromosome in one of the
gametes
that produced the male cat. That extra X then is reproduced in each of his cells, a condition referred to as XXY, or
Klinefelter syndrome
. Such a combination of chromosomes could produce tortoiseshell or calico markings in the affected male, in the same way as XX chromosomes produce them in the female.
[21]
[22]
All but approximately one in three thousand of the rare calico or tortoiseshell male cats are
sterile
because of the chromosome abnormality and breeders reject any exceptions for stud purposes because they generally are of poor physical quality and fertility. Even in the rare cases where a male calico is healthy and fertile, most cat registries will not accept them as show animals.
[23]
As Sue Hubble stated in her book
Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering Before We Knew About Genes
,
The mutation that gives male cats a ginger-colored coat and females ginger, tortoiseshell, or calico coats produced a particularly telling map. The orange mutant gene is found only on the X, or female, chromosome. As with humans, female cats have paired sex chromosomes, XX, and male cats have XY sex chromosomes. The female cat, therefore, can have the orange mutant gene on one X chromosome and the gene for a black coat on the other. The piebald gene is on a different chromosome. If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (
i.e.
orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats. If that is the case, those several genes will be expressed in a blotchy coat of the tortoiseshell or calico kind. But the male, with his single X chromosome, has only one of that particular coat-color gene: he can be not-ginger or he can be ginger (although some
modifier genes
can add a bit of white here and there), but unless he has a chromosomal abnormality he cannot be a calico cat.
[9]
Currently, it has been very difficult to reproduce the fur patterns of calico cats by
cloning
. Penelope Tsernoglou wrote that this "...is due to an effect called x-linked inactivation which involves the random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes. Since all female mammals have two X chromosomes, one might wonder if this phenomenon could have a more widespread impact on cloning in the future."
[24]
The study of Calico cats may have provided significant findings relating to physiological differences between female and male mammals.
[16]
[20]
[25]
Folklore
[
edit
]
Cats with calico coloration are believed to bring
good luck
in the folklore of many cultures.
[26]
In Germany, the word for a cat with calico coloring is "Gluckskatze" or "lucky cat". In the United States, calicoes sometimes are referred to as
money cats
.
[27]
In Japan,
Maneki-neko
figures depict calico cats, bringing good luck. Japanese sailors often kept a calico as their
ship's cat
to protect against misfortune at sea.
[28]
Literature
[
edit
]
In the late nineteenth century,
Eugene Field
published "
The Duel
", a poem for children also known as "The Gingham Dog and the Calico Cat".
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Sayer, Angela 1996.
Encyclopedia of the Cat
. London: Chancellor Press, p219.
ISBN
1-85152-923-3
- ^
Bojo, Amy (9 June 2020).
"How To Tell Difference Between Calico, Tortie, Torbie, Tabby Cats and Kittens"
. lovemeow.com.
- ^
Cat Colors FAQ: Common Colors - Torties, Patched Tabbies and Calicos
:
Archived
5 October 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
c
Robinson, Richard. "Mosaicism".
Genetics
. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 76-80.
- ^
Trent, Courtney (16 March 2022).
"Are All Calico Cats Female"
.
Wind Haven Ocicats
. Retrieved
10 April
2022
.
- ^
"Calico cat"
. Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
5 December
2014
.
- ^
Malouf, Najla; Benirschke, K.; Hoefnagel, D. (1967).
"XX/XY Chimerism in a Tricolored Male Cat"
.
Cytogenetic and Genome Research
.
6
(3?4). Cytogenetics: 228?241.
doi
:
10.1159/000129944
.
PMID
6035565
. Retrieved
22 June
2020
.
- ^
Todd, Neil B. (November 1977) Cats and Commerce.
Scientific American
.
- ^
a
b
Hubbell, Sue.
Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering Before We Knew About Genes
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
- ^
"Calico Cat, Maryland State Cat"
.
msa.maryland.gov
.
- ^
Encyclopædia Britannica
(2008).
"calico"
.
- ^
"You searched for calico, Muslin, gauze"
.
- ^
"Calico definition and meaning"
.
Collins English Dictionary
. Retrieved
10 February
2023
.
- ^
"The Science Behind the Calico Cat's Colors"
. Lets talk science. 17 March 2020
. Retrieved
16 March
2022
.
- ^
Robinson, Roy.
Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians
, Butterworth-Heinemann Medical, 1991.
ISBN
978-0750635400
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Travis, John. "Silence of the Xs".
Science News
.
158
(6): 92?94. 5 August 2000.
- ^
Gilbert, Scott F. "Transcriptional Regulation of an Entire Chromosome: Dosage Compensation."
Developmental Biology
, Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2000.
- ^
a
b
"The Genetics of Calico Cats - QPS Clinical Research"
.
QPS
. 16 December 2020
. Retrieved
18 March
2022
.
- ^
"Calico Cats: Guide & Facts"
. 22 December 2020.
- ^
a
b
Gunter, Chris. "She Moves in Mysterious Ways".
Nature
17 March 2005.
- ^
a
b
"Are All Orange Cats are Male, and Calico Cats are Female?"
.
PussMeow
. Archived from
the original
on 30 June 2020
. Retrieved
4 May
2020
.
- ^
Centerwall, W. R.; Benirschke, K. (September 1975).
"An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: tortoiseshell and calico male cats"
.
American Journal of Veterinary Research
.
36
(9): 1275?1280.
ISSN
0002-9645
.
PMID
1163864
.
- ^
"What's A Chimera? Thanks To A Genetic Anomaly, An Extremely Rare Fertile Male Calico Is Born"
. Cat Gazette. 6 April 2018
. Retrieved
24 June
2020
.
- ^
Tsernoglou, Penelope Ann. "To Clone or Not to Clone: A Look at Why Cloning Fluffy and Fido Might Not Be in the Best Interests of Society and May Inevitably Pave the Way for Human Cloning." 25 April 2004. Web. 24 April 2010. <
http://www.law.msu.edu
>.
- ^
Pearson-White, Sonia. "
Mammalian Genetics: X/imprinting
Archived
17 June 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
". The University of Virginia. 2004. Accessed 23 May 2010.
- ^
Hartwell, Sarah (1995).
"Feline Folktails - Cats in Folklore and Superstition"
. Retrieved
22 January
2009
.
- ^
Finegan, Edward;
Rickford, John
(2004).
"Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century"
.
Cambridge University Press
. Archived from
the original
on 12 January 2013
. Retrieved
22 January
2009
.
- ^
Finlay, Katie (25 November 2017).
"4 Things You Didn't Know About Calico Cats"
. iHeartCats.com.
Iheartcats.com
. HomeLife Media
. Retrieved
17 January
2018
.
External links
[
edit
]