Ancient Roman family
This article is about a Roman family. For the order of limbless amphibians, see
Caecilia
and
Caecilian
.
The
gens Caecilia
was a
plebeian
[i]
family at
ancient Rome
. Members of this
gens
are mentioned in history as early as the fifth century BC, but the first of the Caecilii who obtained the
consulship
was
Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter
, in 284 BC.
[1]
[2]
The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most powerful families of the late
Republic
, from the decades before the
First Punic War
down to the time of
Augustus
.
Origin
[
edit
]
Like other Roman families in the later times of the
Republic
, the Caecilii traced their origin to a mythical personage,
Caeculus
, the founder of
Praeneste
. He was said to be the son of
Vulcan
, and engendered by a spark; a similar story was told of
Servius Tullius
. He was exposed as an infant, but preserved by his divine father, and raised by maidens. He grew up amongst the shepherds, and became a highwayman. Coming of age, he called upon the people of the countryside to build a new town, convincing them with the aid of a miracle. An alternative tradition claimed that the Caecilii were descended from Caecas, one of the companions of
Aeneas
, who came with him to Italy after the
sack of Troy
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[1]
[6]
[7]
Praenomina
[
edit
]
The
praenomina
used by the Caecilii during the Republic are
Lucius
,
Quintus
,
Gaius
, and
Marcus
.
Titus
appears only towards the very end of the Republic, and is not known to have been used by the great house of the Caecilii Metelli.
Branches and cognomina
[
edit
]
The
cognomina
of this gens under the Republic are
Bassus
,
Denter, Cornutus
,
Metellus
,
Niger
, and
Rufus
, of which the Metelli are the best known. From the consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, the family of the Metelli became one of the most distinguished at Rome. In the latter half of the second century BC, it obtained an extraordinary number of the highest offices of the state. Quintus Metellus, who was consul in 143 BC, had four sons, who were raised to the consulship in succession; and his brother, Lucius Metellus, who was consul in 142, had two sons, who were likewise elevated to the same dignity.
The Metelli were distinguished as a family for their unwavering support of the party of the
Optimates
. The etymology of their name is quite uncertain.
Festus
connects it, probably from mere similarity of sound, with
mercenarii
. The history of the family is very difficult to trace, and in many parts conjectural. It is treated at length by Drumann.
[8]
[9]
[10]
The victory of the consul
L. Caecilius Metellus
against
Hasdrubal
's
elephants
at
Panormus
in 251 seems to have left a durable impression on the Caecili Metelli, as many of them featured an elephant on the coins they minted. In fact, elephants are so often used on their coins that it might have become their emblem.
[11]
Members
[
edit
]
- This list includes abbreviated
praenomina
. For an explanation of this practice, see
filiation
.
Caecilii Metelli
[
edit
]
- Gaius Caecilius (Metellus), grandfather of Lucius Caecilius Metellus, the consul of 251 BC, and perhaps the father of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, consul in 284.
- Lucius Caecilius (C. f.) Metellus Denter
,
consul
in 284 and
praetor
in 283 BC, slain in battle against the
Senones
.
- Lucius Caecilius L. f. C. n. Metellus
, consul in 251 and 247 BC, during the
First Punic War
, and afterward
Pontifex Maximus
.
[14]
- Lucius Caecilius L. f. L. n. Metellus
,
quaestor
in 214 BC, was degraded to an
aerarius
by the
censors
for proposing to abandon Italy and establish a new colony after the
Battle of Cannae
. Nevertheless, he was elected
tribune of the plebs
for 213, and prosecuted the censors.
[15]
[16]
[17]
- Quintus Caecilius L. f. L. n. Metellus
, consul in 206 BC, during the
Second Punic War
.
- Marcus Caecilius L. f. L. n. Metellus
, praetor
urbanus
in 206 BC.
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. L. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Macedonicus
,
triumphed
over
Andriscus
, and became consul in 143 BC, and censor in 131.
- Lucius Caecilius Q. f. L. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Calvus
, consul in 142 BC.
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus
, consul in 123 and censor in 120 BC, conquered the
Balearic Islands
, receiving the surname
Balearicus
, and founded several cities there.
- Lucius Caecilius L. f. Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Delmaticus
, consul in 119, triumphed over the
Dalmati
, and later became Pontifex Maximus.
- Lucius Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Diadematus
, consul in 117 BC and censor in 115 BC.
[18]
- Marcus Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus
, consul in 115 BC, triumphed over the
Sardinians
.
- Gaius Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Caprarius
, consul in 113 and censor on 102 BC, triumphed over the
Thracians
.
- Caecilia Q. f. Q. n. Metella, married
Gaius Servilius Vatia
.
- Caecilia Q. f. Q. n. Metella, married
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
.
- Quintus Caecilius L. f. Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Numidicus
, consul in 109 and censor in 102 BC, triumphed over
Jugurtha
; expelled from the senate and exiled by
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
, and not recalled for two years.
- Caecilia L. f. Q. n. Metella, wife of
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
, and mother of the younger
Lucullus
, the conqueror of
Mithridates
; she had a reputation for dissoluteness.
[19]
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Nepos
, consul in 98 BC.
- Quintus Caecilius (L.? f.) Q. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Celer
, a mediocre orator, probably
tribune of the plebs
in 90 BC and perhaps
aedile
in 88.
- Caecilia Q. f. Q. n. Metella
, married
Appius Claudius Pulcher
, consul in 79 BC.
- Caecilia L. f. L. n. Metella
, married first
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
, consul in 115 BC, and second
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
, the dictator.
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. L. n. Metellus
, surnamed
Pius
, one of
Sulla
's most successful generals, consul in 80 BC, and later Pontifex Maximus.
- Gaius Caecilius Metellus
, a junior senator
circa
80 BC.
[22]
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus
, surnamed
Creticus
, consul in 69 BC, triumphed over the
Cretans
.
- Lucius Caecilius Metellus
, consul in 68 BC, died at the beginning of his year of office.
- Marcus Caecilius Metellus, praetor in 69 BC.
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus, perhaps quaestor
circa
60 BC, with
Gaius Trebonius
.
[23]
[24]
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. (L.? n.) Metellus Celer
, consul in 60 BC.
- Marcus Caecilius (M. f.) Metellus, mentioned by
Cicero
in 60 BC.
[25]
- Caecilia Q. f. Q. n. Metella
, daughter of Metellus Celer.
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus Nepos
, consul in 57 BC.
- Quintus Caecilius Q. f. Q. n. Metellus Pius Scipio
, the son of
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica
, adopted by Metellus Pius; appointed consul
suffectus
from the kalends of
Sextilis
in 52 BC, and a partisan of
Pompeius
.
- Lucius Caecilius (L. f.) Metellus, tribune of the plebs in 49 BC, opposed
Caesar
's attempt to take possession of the sacred treasury.
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
- Quintus Caecilius (Q. f. Q. n.) Metellus Creticus Silanus
, consul in AD 7.
[32]
[33]
Caecilii Dentri
[
edit
]
- Lucius Caecilius Denter, praetor in 182 BC, obtained
Sicilia
for his province.
[35]
- Marcus Caecilius Denter, one of the ambassadors sent to
Perseus
in 173 BC to inspect the affairs of
Macedonia
, and to
Alexandria
to renew the friendship with
Ptolemaeus
.
[36]
Caecilii Cornuti
[
edit
]
- Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, praetor before 90 BC, then legate in 89 and 88 during the
Marsic War
. He escaped the purges of
Marius
in 87 through a ruse of his slaves, who passed him off for dead, before spiriting him off to Gaul.
[38]
- Gaius Caecilius Cornutus
, tribune of the plebs in 61 BC, praetor in 57, and
promagistrate
the following year in
Bithynia and Pontus
. He helped
Cicero
to return from exile during his praetorship, who affectionately called him a "quasi-
Cato
" for his Optimate ideas. He was probably the historian Cornutus, known from only three fragments, which deal with the
Civil War
between
Caesar
and
Pompey
.
[39]
[40]
[41]
- Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, praetor
urbanus
in 43 BC, committed suicide when
Octavian
seized Rome after the
Battle of Mutina
.
[42]
- Marcus Caecilius M. f. Cornutus, a member of the
College of Arvales
in 21?20 BC, but perhaps as early as 29, when Augustus re-established the college.
[43]
- Marcus Caecilius M. f. M. n. Cornutus, succeeded his father as Arval. He was of
praetorian
rank in the reign of
Tiberius
but, unjustly accused in connection with a plot against the Emperor, put an end to his own life in AD 24.
[44]
[45]
Others
[
edit
]
- Gaia Caecilia, the legendary personification of Roman domesticity, frequently equated with
Tanaquil
, the wife of
Tarquinius Priscus
, the fifth King of Rome.
[46]
- Quintus Caecilius,
tribune of the plebs
in 439 BC.
[47]
- Statius Caecilius
, a comic poet of the early 2nd century BC.
- Quintus Caecilius Niger, a Sicilian, and quaestor of
Verres
during his administration of Sicily. He contended with Cicero for the prosecution of Verres, pretending to be the enemy of his former master, but in reality desiring to deprive the Sicilians of Cicero's advocacy. Cicero's oration
Divinatio in Caecilium
was delivered against this Caecilius when the
judices
had to decide which should be given the prosecution.
[48]
- Lucius Caecilius Rufus
, half-brother of
Publius Cornelius Sulla
, was tribune of the plebs in 63 BC, and proposed that both Sulla and
Publius Autronius Paetus
, who had been elected consuls for 66, but been convicted of bribery and condemned, should again be allowed to stand for office; however, Sulla convinced him to withdraw the proposal. Rufus was a supporter of Cicero and the aristocratic party, and opposed agrarian reform. He was praetor in 57, and proposed the recall of Cicero from banishment, incurring the wrath of
Publius Clodius Pulcher
.
[49]
[50]
- Quintus Caecilius
, an
eques
, slain by his brother-in-law,
Catiline
, in the time of Sulla.
[51]
[52]
- Quintus Caecilius
, an
eques
, who became wealthy as a moneylender, died in 57 BC, leaving his fortune to his nephew,
Titus Pomponius Atticus
.
[53]
[54]
- Quintus Caecilius Bassus
, an
eques
, and partisan of
Pompeius
, was praetor in 46 BC.
- Titus Caecilius,
primus pilus
in the army of
Lucius Afranius
, killed at the
Battle of Ilerda
in 49 BC.
[55]
- Caecilia, wife of the younger
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
, who divorced her in 45 BC.
[56]
- (Caecilius) Bucilianus, a friend of
Brutus
and
Cassius
, was, together with his brother, Caecilius, recruited to the conspiracy against
Caesar
. On the fateful day, Bucilianus wounded Caesar in the back. He was probably a Bucilius adopted by a Caecilius.
[57]
[58]
[59]
- Caecilius, one of the conspirators against Caesar, along with his brother, Bucilianus.
[57]
- Caecilia
, the daughter of Titus Pomponius Atticus, married
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
.
- Quintus Caecilius Epirota
, a grammarian, and
freedman
of Titus Pomponius Atticus.
- Titus Caecilius Eutychides, a freedman of Titus Pomponius Atticus, afterwards adopted by Quintus Caecilius.
[61]
- Caecilius Calactinus
, a Jewish Greek rhetorician at Rome in the time of
Augustus
.
- Caecilius Bion, a writer on the properties of medicinal plants, used by
Pliny the Elder
.
[62]
- Lucius Caecilius Jucundus
, a banker at
Pompeii
during the first century AD, selected as the fictionalized subject of the
Cambridge Latin Course
.
- Quintus Caecilius L. f. Jucundus
, elder son of the Pompeiian banker.
- Sextus Caecilius L. f. Jucundus Metellus, younger son of the Pompeiian banker.
- Caecilius of Elvira
, or Saint Caecilius, traditional founder of the
Archdiocese of Granada
circa
AD 64.
- Gnaeus Caecilius Simplex
, appointed consul
suffectus Ex Kal. Nov.
by the emperor
Vitellius
in AD 69.
[63]
[64]
- Caecilius Rufinus, expelled from the
senate
by
Domitian
because he danced.
[65]
[66]
- Caecilius Clemens, a notary in Egypt mentioned between AD 86 and 100 in four papyri, notably
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 241
and
581
.
- Caecilius Classicus, proconsul of
Hispania Baetica
from AD 97 to 98, was prosecuted for corruption, but died before he could be tried.
[67]
- Aulus Caecilius Faustinus
, consul
suffectus
in AD 99.
- Gaius Caecilius, grandfather of the writer and statesman "Pliny the Younger".
- Lucius Caecilius Cilo, father of the writer and statesman "Pliny the Younger".
- Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus
, or "Pliny the Younger", a writer and statesman during the late first and early second century. He was a member of gens Caecilia from birth, but was adopted by his maternal uncle, the scholar
Gaius Plinius Secundus
, or "Pliny the Elder", and changed his name accordingly.
- Quintus Caecilius Redditus
, an
eques
, was governor of
Mauretania Tingitana
from AD 120 to 122, and later of
Noricum
.
- Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus
, consul
suffectus
around AD 150.
[68]
- Caecilius Juventianus, governor of Noricum during the reign of Antoninus Pius.
[69]
- Gaius Caecilius Salvianus, vice prefect of
Roman Egypt
, who became governor in 176 following the execution of the rebel
Gaius Calvisius Statianus
.
- Sextus Caecilius
, a jurist, who may or may not be identical with Sextus Caecilius Africanus.
- Sextus Caecilius Africanus
, a jurist during the latter half of the second century
- Caecilius, a writer of Argos on the art of fishing.
[70]
- Caecilia, or
Saint Cecilia
, a semi-legendary matron of Rome, and Christian martyr under
Alexander Severus
,
circa
AD 230. Modern historians suspect that she was executed during the reign of
Marcus Aurelius
.
- Caecilia Paulina
, Roman empress during the
Crisis of the Third Century
. She was the wife of
Maximinus Thrax
, and mother of
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus
. She probably died in 236, as Maximinus had her deified that year. Almost nothing is known about her, as most of the works dealing with the reign of Maximinus have been lost.
- Caecilius Natalis, the person who maintains the cause of paganism in the dialogue of
Marcus Minucius Felix
, entitled
Octavius
.
[71]
[72]
- Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus
, a Christian philosopher, who became Bishop of
Carthage
, was martyred, and sanctified as Saint Cyprian.
- Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius
, a Christian author and advisor to Emperor
Constantine the Great
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
, vol. I, p. 526 ("
Caecilia Gens
").
- ^
Livy, iv. 7.
- ^
Festus,
s. v. Caeculus
.
- ^
Servius, vii. 678.
- ^
Solinus, ii. 9.
- ^
Hartung,
Die Religion der Romer
, vol. i, pp. 88
ff.
- ^
Klausen,
Aeneas und die Penaten
, pp. 761
ff.
- ^
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
, vol. II, pp. 1055, 1056 ("
Metellus
").
- ^
Festus, p. 146 (ed. Muller).
- ^
Drumann,
Geschichte Roms
, vol. ii, pp. 17?58.
- ^
Crawford,
Roman Republican Coinage
, pp. 287, 288, 292, 293, 387, 388, 390, 471.
- ^
Crawford,
Roman Republican Coinage
, p. 390.
- ^
Crawford,
Roman Republican Coinage
, p. 471.
- ^
Polybius, i. 39, 40.
- ^
Livy, xxiv. 18, 43.
- ^
Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 7.
- ^
Broughton, vol. I, pp. 260, 261 (note 2), 264.
- ^
Broughton, vol. I, pp. 531?533 (note 1).
- ^
RE
III.1 (1897), col. 1234 ('
Caecilius 132
')
- ^
Waterfield,
Plutarch: Roman Lives
, p. 481.
- ^
Drumann,
Geschichte Roms
, ii. 57.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Familiares
, xv. 21. § 2.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, ii. 1. § 1.
- ^
Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 35, "The Life of Pompeius", 62.
- ^
Cassius Dio, xli. 17.
- ^
Appian,
Bellum Civile
, ii. 41.
- ^
Caesar,
De Bello Civili
, i. 33.
- ^
Lucan, iii. 114
ff.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, x. 4, 8.
- ^
Cassius Dio, lv. 30.
- ^
Fasti Capitolini
,
AE
1927, 101
; 1940, 59, 60.
- ^
Crawford,
Roman Republican Coinage
, pp. 292, 293.
- ^
Livy, xxxix. 56, xl. 1.
- ^
Livy, xlii. 6.
- ^
Broughton, vol. II, pp. 26, 30 (note 2), 31 (note 13), 36, 43, 45 (note 11).
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
,
i. 14
.
- ^
Broughton, vol. II, pp. 179, 200, 210.
- ^
B. M. Levick
in
Cornell,
Fragments
, vol. I, pp. 426?428; vol. II, pp. 848?851; vol. III, p. 519. Levick writes that Marcus Caecilius Cornutus, the Arval of 21 BC is another, but less likely possibility.
- ^
Broughton, vol. II, p. 338.
- ^
Rupke,
Fasti Sacerdotum
, pp. 578, 579.
- ^
Tacitus,
Annales
, iv. 28.
- ^
Rupke,
Fasti Sacerdotum
, p. 579.
- ^
Pliny the Elder, vii. 74.
- ^
Livy, iv. 16.
- ^
Cicero,
Divinatio in Caecilium
.
- ^
Cicero,
Pro Sulla
, 22, 23;
Post Reditum in Senatu
, 9;
Pro Milone
14;
Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
, iii. 3. § 2.
- ^
Asconius Pedianus,
In Ciceronis Pro Milone
, p. 48 (ed.
Orelli
).
- ^
Quintus Tullius Cicero,
De Petitione Consulatus
, 2.
- ^
Asconius Pedianus,
In Ciceronis In Toga Candida
, 84 (ed. Orelli).
- ^
Cornelius Nepos,
The Life of Atticus
, 5.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, i. 1, 12, ii. 19, 20, iii. 20.
- ^
Caesar,
De Bello Civili
, i. 46.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, xi. 23, xii. 52, xiii. 7.
- ^
a
b
Appian,
Bellum Civile
, ii. 113, 117.
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, xv. 17, xvi. 4.
- ^
Drumann,
Geschichte Roms
, vol. iii, 2nd ed. (ed. P. Groebe, 1906), pp. 632, 633
- ^
Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
, iv. 15.
- ^
Pliny the Elder, xxviii. 57.
- ^
Tacitus,
Historiae
, ii. 60, iii. 68.
- ^
Cassius Dio, lxv. 17.
- ^
Cassius Dio, lxvii. 13.
- ^
Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 8.
- ^
Pliny the Younger,
Epistulae
, iii. 8.
- ^
Alfoldy,
Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen
, pp. 202
ff
.
- ^
CIL
III, 5182
- ^
Athenaeus,
Deipnosophistae
, i. 13.
- ^
Minucius Felix,
Octavius
.
- ^
Bahr,
Die Christlich-Romische Theologie
, § 19.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Polybius
,
Historiae
(The Histories).
- Marcus Tullius Cicero
,
Divinatio in Quintum Caecilium
,
Epistulae ad Atticum
,
Epistulae ad Familiares
,
Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
,
Post Reditum in Senatu
,
Pro Milone
,
Pro Sulla
.
- Quintus Tullius Cicero
,
De Petitione Consulatus
(attributed).
- Gaius Julius Caesar
,
Commentarii de Bello Civili
(Commentaries on the Civil War).
- Cornelius Nepos
,
De Viris Illustribus
(On the Lives of Famous Men).
- Titus Livius (
Livy
),
History of Rome
.
- Valerius Maximus
,
Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium
(Memorable Facts and Sayings).
- Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (
Lucan
),
Pharsalia
.
- Quintus Asconius Pedianus
,
Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis
In Toga Candida
(Commentary on Cicero's Oration
In Toga Candida
),
Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone
(Commentary on Cicero's Oration
Pro Milone
).
- Gaius Plinius Secundus (
Pliny the Elder
),
Historia Naturalis
(Natural History).
- Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (
Pliny the Younger
),
Epistulae
(Letters).
- Publius Cornelius Tacitus
,
Annales
,
Historiae
.
- Plutarchus
,
Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
.
- Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
,
De Vita Caesarum
(Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
- Appianus Alexandrinus (
Appian
),
Bellum Civile
(The Civil War).
- Sextus Pompeius Festus
,
Epitome de M. Verrio Flacco de Verborum Significatu
(Epitome of
Marcus Verrius Flaccus
'
On the Meaning of Words
).
- Athenaeus
,
Deipnosophistae
(The Banquet of the Learned).
- Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (
Cassius Dio
),
Roman History
.
- Gaius Julius Solinus
,
De Mirabilis Mundi
(On the Wonders of the World).
- Marcus Minucius Felix
,
Octavius
.
- Maurus Servius Honoratus (
Servius
),
Ad Virgilii Aeneidem Commentarii
(Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid).
- Johann Adam Hartung,
Die Religion der Romer
(The Religion of the Romans), Palm und Enke, Erlangen (1836).
- Johann Christian Felix Bahr
,
Die Christlich-Romische Theologie
, Christian Friedrich Muller, Karlsruhe (1837).
- Rudolf Heinrich Klausen,
Aeneas und die Penaten
, Friedrich and Andreas Perthes, Hamburg and Gotha (1839).
- Wilhelm Drumann
,
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