Vehicle with a folding or removable roof
1951 Hudson convertible
[1]
A
convertible
or
cabriolet
(
) is a
passenger car
that can be driven with or without a
roof
in place. The methods of retracting and storing the roof vary among eras and manufacturers.
A convertible car's design allows an open-air driving experience, with the ability to provide a roof when required. A potential drawback of convertibles is their reduced
structural rigidity
(requiring significant engineering and modification to counteract the effects of removing a car's roof).
[2]
[3]
The majority of convertible roofs are of a folding construction framework with the actual top made from cloth or other fabric. Other types of convertible roofs include
retractable hardtops
(often constructed from metal or plastic) and
detachable hardtops
(where a metal or plastic roof is manually removed and often stored in the
trunk
).
Terminology
[
edit
]
Other terms for convertibles include cabriolet, cabrio, drop top, drophead coupe, open two-seater, open top, rag top, soft top, spider, and spyder. Consistency is rare about the current use of cabriolet in preference to convertible.
[4]
The term cabriolet originated from a
carriage cabriolet
: "a light, two-wheeled, one-horse carriage with a folding top, capable of seating two persons"; however, the term is also used to describe other convertibles.
[5]
In the United Kingdom, the historical term for a two-door convertible is drophead coupe, and a four-door convertible was called an
all-weather tourer
.
[6]
History
[
edit
]
Most of the early automobiles were open-air vehicles without any roof or sides.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
As car engines became more powerful by the end of the 19th century, folding textile or leather roofs (as had been used on
victoria
or
landau
carriages) began to appear on cars.
[11]
[12]
Examples of early cars with roofs include the
phaeton
(a two-seat car with a temporary roof), the
brougham
or a
coupe de ville
, having an enclosed passenger compartment at the rear, while the driver sat in front either in the open, or the
landaulet
, where the driver has a fixed roof and the passenger compartment has a folding roof. Less expensive cars, such as the
runabouts
, sporting
roadsters
, or sturdy
touring cars
, remained either completely open air or were fitted with a rudimentary folding top and detachable clear side curtains.
In the 1920s, when steel bodies began to be mass-produced, closed cars became available to the average buyer, and fully open cars began to disappear from the mainstream market.
[13]
By the mid 1930s, the remaining small number of convertibles sold were high-priced luxury models.
[12]
In 1939,
Plymouth
introduced the first mechanically operated convertible roof powered by two vacuum cylinders.
[14]
[15]
Demand for convertibles increased as a result of American soldiers in France and the United Kingdom during World War 2 experiencing the small
roadster
cars that were not available in the United States at the time.
[13]
These roadsters included the
MG Midget
and
Triumph Roadster
. The convertible design was incorporated into the mass market
unibody
by Hudson in 1948.
[16]
[17]
United States automakers manufactured a broad range of convertible models during the 1950s and 1960s ? from economical compact-sized models such as the
Rambler American
[18]
and the
Studebaker Lark
, to the more expensive models, such as the
Packard Caribbean
,
Oldsmobile 98
, and
Imperial
by Chrysler.
[19]
Automakers often included a convertible body style as an available body style in a model range.
[20]
[21]
[22]
Convertibles in the U.S. market reached a sales peak in 1965 and fell in popularity over the next five years.
[23]
Optional air conditioning became more popular and the availability of sunroofs and T-tops limited the appeal of the open body style as well as the noise, leaks, and repairs associated with fabric tops.
[23]
The popularity of convertibles was reduced by the increased travel speeds on roads (resulting in more wind and noise for occupants) and proposed vehicle crash safety standards in the United States.
[13]
[24]
The market share of convertibles fell to two or three percent of total sales and the U.S. automakers discontinued the body style from their lineups.
[23]
American Motors stopped making convertibles after the 1968 model year, Chrysler after 1971, Ford after 1973, and most divisions of General Motors after 1975. Cadillac held out until 1976, when they made about 14,000. The last 200 had a red, white, and blue motif and a dashboard plaque. The very last was offered to the Smithsonian Institution, whose trustees turned it down as it was not at that moment a historic artifact, "Though it might well be in three generations ... or at the Tricentennial."
[25]
After the last
Cadillac Eldorado
convertible was made in 1976, the only factory convertibles sold in the United States were imported. Making convertibles on the assembly line was both expensive and time-consuming, thus not worth the problems needed to sell the limited number of cars.
[23]
Specialized coachbuilders were contracted to make dealer-available cars such as the
Targa top
versions of the
AMC Concord
and
Eagle
"Sundancer" as well as the
Toyota Celica
"Sunchaser" as specialty models.
[26]
[27]
American Sunroof Company (ASC), which was responsible for popularizing the sunroof option for regular body styles, converted a
Buick Riviera
into a full convertible that compelled General Motors to market it as part of the 1982 Buick models.
[23]
Chrysler Corporation
also introduced a convertible body style in its 1982 lines based on the
K-Car
. These were the
LeBaron
, and for
Dodge
, the
400
.
[28]
[29]
Ford reintroduced a convertible
Mustang
for 1983 while
American Motors Corporation
(AMC) added a convertible version of the
Renault Alliance
in 1984.
[30]
[31]
In 1989, Mazda released the first generation
Mazda MX-5
(called "Miata" in North America), which has become the best-selling convertible with over 1 million cars sold.
[32]
Also in 1989, Toyota released the
Toyota Soarer
Aerocabin, which uses an electrically operated
retractable hardtop
roof.
[33]
A total of 500 were produced.
[34]
Models dedicated to the convertible body style include the
Mazda MX-5
,
Porsche Boxster
, and
Opel Cascada
.
[35]
Roof types
[
edit
]
Textile
[
edit
]
A "soft top" is made from a flexible textile material:
- Early convertibles used cotton
canvas
woven so tightly that it was waterproof. Automakers had problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II, including canvas in various shades for convertible tops, therefore limiting their manufacture.
[36]
- A cloth-based material has become more common in recent years.
[37]
Other materials are also used in the convertible top. By 1955, the most popular materials were
latex
and
butyl rubber
fabrics that each accounted for around 35% of the convertible top's weight, with others included
vinyl
(12%),
jute
(8%), along with
rayon
and
acrylic fibers
(Orlon), amounting to about 1% each in the compositions.
[38]
Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) material was used for many convertible tops. The material consists of two layers: a top layer made of PVC, which has a specific structure depending on the vehicle model, and a lower layer made of fabric (usually cotton).
The collapsible textile roof section over an articulated folding frame may include linings such as a sound-deadening layer and/or an interior cosmetic lining, to hide the frame.
The folded convertible mechanism with the top is called the stack.
[39]
Designs that fold down to a lower stack height offer a smoother silhouette for the car with the top down while concealed side rails allow room for three passengers in the back seat such as on the
1967 Rambler Rebel
convertible.
[40]
Detachable hardtop
[
edit
]
Rigid removable hardtops, many of which can be stored in a car's trunk/boot, have been available at least since the 1950s.
[41]
[42]
These usually provide greater weatherproofing, soundproofing, and durability compared to fabric-based tops; some are available with integrated rear-window defrosters and windscreens. Examples include the
Ford Thunderbird
(1st-generation and 11th-generation),
Mercedes SL
(2nd-generation and 3rd-generation),
Porsche Boxster
,
Jeep Wrangler
,
Ford Mustang Cobra
(1995 Only), and
Mazda MX-5
.
During the 1950s and 1960s, detachable hard-material roofs were offered for various
convertible
sports cars
and
roadsters
, including the 1955?1957
Ford Thunderbird
and
Chevrolet Corvette
, as well as the 1963?1971
Mercedes-Benz W113
series of two-seaters. Because the convertible top mechanism is itself expensive, the hard roof was customarily offered as an additional, extra-cost option. On early Thunderbirds (and Corvettes through 1967), buyers could choose between a detachable hardtop and a folding canvas top at no additional cost, but paid extra for both.
The metal-framed "
Carson top
" was a popular addition for the 1930s Ford convertibles or roadsters because it turned these models into an almost instant hardtop.
[41]
The design mimicked a convertible top, but lacking the bulky folding mechanisms enabled the removable hardtop to have a much lower and more rakish profile.
[43]
Improvements in canvas tops have rendered the detachable hard roof less common in part because the top cannot be stored inside the vehicle when not in use, requiring a garage or other storage facility. Some open cars continue to offer it as an option. For example, the
Mazda MX-5
has an accessory hardtop, which is compulsory for some auto racing series.
Retractable hardtop
[
edit
]
A
retractable hardtop
? also known as "coupe convertible" or "coupe cabriolet" ? is a car with an automatically operated, self-storing
hardtop
(as opposed to the textile-based roof used by traditional convertibles).
The benefits of improved climate control and security are traded off against increased mechanical complexity, cost, weight, and often reduced luggage capacity.
[
citation needed
]
Other design features
[
edit
]
Tonneau cover
[
edit
]
Folding textile convertible tops often fail to completely hide their internal mechanism or can expose their vulnerable underside to sun exposure and fading. A tonneau cover provides a solution.
Rear window
[
edit
]
Rear windows are often part of the roof assembly. Traditionally, the rear window in a soft-top was made from plastic; however, more recently some convertibles have used glass for the rear window.
[44]
Windblocker
[
edit
]
A windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants.
[45]
According to the engineer responsible for the 2008
Chrysler Sebring
, its windblocker reduces wind noise by approximately 11 to 12
dB
.
[46]
Several convertibles are available with a heating duct to the neck area of the seat, which is often called an "Air Scarf". Examples of cars with this feature include
Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class
,
Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
, and
Audi A5
/
S5
.
Safety
[
edit
]
Modern safety features specifically for convertibles include:
Variations
[
edit
]
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple fabric tops to complex retractable roofs made from hard materials:
Roadster:
A
roadster
(also called
spider
or
spyder
) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially, an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.
Cabrio coach:
A
cabrio coach
(also called
semi-convertible
) has a retractable
textile
roof, similar to a traditional convertible. The difference is that a convertible often has the
B-pillar
,
C-pillar
and other bodywork removed. However, the cabrio-coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin with a retractable fabric panel.
An advantage of a cabrio coach is that retaining more of the car's original structure means that
structural rigidity
is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional cabriolets.
[48]
An example of the cabrio coach is the 2003-10
C3 Pluriel
,
[48]
which has a roof with five possible configurations.
[49]
[50]
Fixed-profile:
In contrast to convertibles where the entire bodywork above the beltline (doors, roof, side pillars, side bodywork) is replaced with a folding or retractable roof, the fixed profile convertible retains portions of fixed bodywork including the doors, side pillars, and side elements of the roof ? while a center fabric portion slides back and accordions at the rear. As an example,
Citroen
's 1948
Citroen 2CV
featured rigid bodysides and two doors on each side, along with a sunroof that rolled back on itself and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate trunk lid. Other fixed-profile convertibles include the 1957
Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile
, 1957
Vespa 400
, 1950
Nash
Rambler Landau Convertible Coupe, the
Nissan Figaro
(1991), the
Jaguar XJ-S
C (1983) as well as the 1957
Fiat 500
and its 2007
Fiat 500
successor. The 1984 Heuliez-designed
Citroen Visa
Decapotable
used elements of a fixed-profile convertible.
Four-door:
Most convertibles have two doors. However, four-door convertibles have been mass-produced. Examples include the 1940-41
Cadillac Series 62
, 1931
Chrysler Imperial Dual Cowl Phaeton
and 1961-67
Lincoln Continental
.
[51]
Current production four-door convertibles include the
Jeep Wrangler
Unlimited.
[52]
[53]
Peugeot presented a
concept
four-door
retractable hardtop
convertible, the
Peugeot 407 Macarena
in 2006.
[54]
Produced by French coachbuilding specialist
Heuliez
, the Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,
[54]
with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember.
[54]
Off-road:
Several off-road vehicles have been produced with removable soft tops.
[55]
Examples include the
Jeep Wrangler
,
Suzuki Vitara
,
Suzuki Jimny
,
[56]
Ford Bronco
,
Land Rover Defender
,
Mercedes-Benz G-Class
[57]
as well as early models of the
Toyota Land Cruiser
and
Land Rover Defender
. Typically, the soft tops attach to the roll cage or to the installation points on the vehicle's body.
Landaulet:
A
landaulet
(also known as
landaulette
) is where the rear passengers are covered by a
convertible
top.
[58]
[59]
[60]
Often the driver is separated from the rear passengers with a partition,
[59]
as per a
limousine
.
In the second half of the 20th century, landaulets were used by public figures (such as heads of state) in formal processions. They are now rarely used, for fear of terrorist attacks.
Victoria-Cabriolet:
reminiscent of the
victoria carriage style
, a three-position convertible. No rear side windows and equipped with a soft top that can be raised partway, leaving the area above the front seats folded back.
[61]
This body style had a short period of popularity, mainly in the 1930s. Other names include Cabriolet/Coupe Milord (or just Milord), Calash (from
Caleche
), Folding Head DHC, three-position Drop-head Coupe, or
Cabriolet toit de 3 positions
.
[62]
Gallery
[
edit
]
Open car and roadster
[
edit
]
Convertibles
[
edit
]
-
1936
Packard One-Twenty
Convertible Victoria with the top in the semi-open (second) position
-
-
-
Mercedes-Benz 300d
landaulet in operation
-
-
Lincoln Continental
circa
1962, four-door with automatic, self-storing tonneau
-
Jaguar E-type
1963, with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap-secured
-
Mercedes SL
1964, available with a detachable hardtop
-
-
Cadillac Eldorado
1972, with detachable, two-part, fully rigid "parade boot" tonneau cover
-
Citroen 2CV
fixed profile convertible
circa
1975, with roll-back roof and rigid doors
-
ZIL-410441
parading on Victory Day 2011.
-
Rolls Royce Corniche
circa
1986, with a manually installed tonneau cover
-
Cadillac Allante
circa
1993, with detachable, rigid plastic tonneau cover
-
Volkswagen New Beetle
circa
2003, with raised textile top
-
Porsche Boxster
circa
2004, with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top
[64]
-
Citroen C3 Pluriel
circa
2007 with roll-back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars
[49]
-
A
Fiat 500 (2007)
fixed-profile convertible
-
Jaguar XK
circa
2008, with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top
Retractable hardtop
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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.
LCCN
91029965
. Retrieved
25 June
2022
.
The motor landaulet was essentially an enclosed sedan or coupe with a folding top at the extreme rear quarter, over the rear seat.
- ^
Haajanen, Lennart W. (2017),
Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles
(Second ed.), McFarland, p. 34,
ISBN
9780786499182
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25 June
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Haajanen
, p. 35
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.
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"2007 Porsche Boxster"
.
conceptcarz.com
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Vaughn, Mark (10 September 2006).
"2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Power Retractable Hardtop"
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the original
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.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Adler, Dennis (2011).
Convertibles
. First Gear series. Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks.
ISBN
9780760340202
.
- Hirsch, Jay; Weith, Warren (1979).
The Last American Convertibles
. New York: Collier Books; London: Collier Macmillan.
ISBN
0-02-080010-X
.
- Holmes, Mark (2007).
Ultimate Convertibles: Roofless Beauty
. London: Kandour.
ISBN
978-1-905741-62-5
.
- Langworth, Richard M (1988).
The Great American Convertible
. New York: Beekman House.
ISBN
0-517-65581-0
.
- Wieder, Robert; Hall, George (1977).
The Great American Convertible: An Affectionate Guide
. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
ISBN
0-385-13123-2
.