Programming language
C#
|
Paradigm
| Multi-paradigm
:
structured
,
imperative
,
object-oriented
,
event-driven
,
task-driven
,
functional
,
generic
,
reflective
,
concurrent
|
---|
Family
| C
|
---|
Designed by
| Anders Hejlsberg
(
Microsoft
)
|
---|
Developer
| Mads Torgersen (
Microsoft
)
|
---|
First appeared
| 2000
; 24 years ago
(
2000
)
[1]
|
---|
|
Stable release
| 12.0
[2]
/ 14 November 2023
; 6 months ago
(
14 November 2023
)
|
---|
|
Typing discipline
| Static
,
dynamic
,
[3]
strong
,
safe
,
nominative
,
partly inferred
|
---|
Memory management
| automatic memory management
|
---|
Platform
| Common Language Infrastructure
|
---|
License
| |
---|
Filename extensions
| .cs
,
.csx
|
---|
Website
| learn
.microsoft
.com
/en-us
/dotnet
/csharp
/
|
---|
|
Visual C#
,
.NET
,
Mono
,
Universal Windows Platform
Discontinued
:
.NET Framework
,
DotGNU
|
|
Cω
,
Polyphonic C#
,
Enhanced C#
|
|
C++
,
[6]
Cω
,
Eiffel
,
F#
,
[a]
Haskell
,
Scala
,
Icon
,
J#
,
J++
,
Java
,
[6]
ML
,
Modula-3
,
Object Pascal
,
[7]
VB
|
|
Chapel
,
[8]
Clojure
,
[9]
Crystal
,
[10]
D
,
J#
,
Dart
,
[11]
F#
,
Hack
,
Java
,
[12]
[13]
Kotlin
,
Nemerle
,
Oxygene
,
Rust
,
[14]
Swift
,
[15]
Vala
,
TypeScript
|
|
C#
(
see
SHARP
)
[b]
is a
general-purpose
high-level
programming language
supporting multiple
paradigms
. C# encompasses static typing,
: 4
strong typing
,
lexically scoped
,
imperative
,
declarative
,
functional
,
generic
,
: 22
object-oriented
(
class
-based), and
component-oriented
programming disciplines.
[17]
The C# programming language was designed by
Anders Hejlsberg
from
Microsoft
in 2000 and was later approved as an
international standard
by
Ecma
(ECMA-334) in 2002 and
ISO
/
IEC
(ISO/IEC 23270 and 20619
[c]
) in 2003. Microsoft introduced C# along with
.NET Framework
and
Visual Studio
, both of which were
closed-source
. At the time, Microsoft had no open-source products. Four years later, in 2004, a
free and open-source
project called
Mono
began, providing a
cross-platform
compiler
and
runtime environment
for the C# programming language. A decade later, Microsoft released
Visual Studio Code
(code editor),
Roslyn
(compiler), and
the unified .NET platform
(software framework), all of which support C# and are free, open-source, and cross-platform. Mono also joined Microsoft but was not merged into .NET.
As of November 2023,
[update]
the most recent stable version of the language is C# 12.0, which was released in 2023 in .NET 8.0.
[18]
[19]
Design goals
[
edit
]
The Ecma standard lists these design goals for C#:
[17]
- The language is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose,
object-oriented
programming language.
- The language, and implementations thereof, should provide support for software engineering principles such as
strong type
checking, array
bounds checking
,
: 58?59
detection of attempts to use
uninitialized variables
, and automatic
garbage collection
.
: 563
Software robustness, durability, and programmer productivity are important.
- The language is intended for use in developing
software components
suitable for
deployment
in distributed environments.
- Portability
is very important for
source code
and
programmers
, especially those already familiar with
C
and
C++
.
- Support for
internationalization
: 314
is very important.
- C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and
embedded systems
, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated
operating systems
, down to the very small having dedicated functions.
- Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regard to memory and
processing power
requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language.
[21]
History
[
edit
]
During the development of the
.NET Framework
, the
class libraries
were originally written using a
managed code
compiler system named
Simple Managed C
(SMC).
[22]
[23]
In January 1999,
Anders Hejlsberg
formed a team to build a new language at the time called Cool, which stood for "
C-like
Object Oriented Language".
[24]
Microsoft had considered keeping the name "Cool" as the final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. By the time the .NET project was publicly announced at the July 2000
Professional Developers Conference
, the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and
ASP.NET
runtime had been ported to C#.
Hejlsberg is C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft, and was previously involved with the design of
Turbo Pascal
,
Embarcadero
Delphi
(formerly
CodeGear
Delphi,
Inprise
Delphi and
Borland
Delphi), and
Visual J++
. In interviews and technical papers, he has stated that flaws
[25]
in most major programming languages (e.g.
C++
,
Java
,
Delphi
, and
Smalltalk
) drove the fundamentals of the
Common Language Runtime
(CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C# language.
James Gosling
, who created the
Java
programming language in 1994, and
Bill Joy
, a co-founder of
Sun Microsystems
, the originator of Java, called C# an "imitation" of Java; Gosling further said that "[C# is] sort of Java with reliability, productivity and security deleted."
[26]
[27]
In July 2000, Hejlsberg said that C# is "not a Java clone" and is "much closer to C++" in its design.
[28]
Since the release of C# 2.0 in November 2005, the C# and Java languages have evolved on increasingly divergent trajectories, becoming two quite different languages. One of the first major departures came with the addition of
generics
to both languages, with vastly different implementations. C# makes use of
reification
to provide "first-class" generic objects that can be used like any other class, with
code generation
performed at class-load time.
[29]
Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in the
LINQ
extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of
lambda expressions
,
extension methods
, and
anonymous types
.
[30]
These features enable C# programmers to use functional programming techniques, such as
closures
, when it is advantageous to their application. The LINQ extensions and the functional imports help developers reduce the amount of
boilerplate code
that is included in common tasks like querying a database, parsing an xml file, or searching through a data structure, shifting the emphasis onto the actual program logic to help improve readability and maintainability.
[31]
C# used to have a
mascot
called Andy (named after
Anders Hejlsberg
). It was retired on January 29, 2004.
[32]
C# was originally submitted to the ISO/IEC JTC 1 subcommittee
SC 22
for review,
[33]
under ISO/IEC 23270:2003,
[34]
was withdrawn and was then approved under ISO/IEC 23270:2006.
[35]
The 23270:2006 is withdrawn under 23270:2018 and approved with this version.
[36]
Name
[
edit
]
Microsoft first used the name C# in 1988 for a variant of the C language designed for incremental compilation.
[37]
That project was not completed, and the name was later reused.
The name "C sharp" was inspired by the musical notation whereby a
sharp symbol
indicates that the written note should be made a
semitone
higher in
pitch
.
[38]
This is similar to the language name of
C++
, where "++" indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1 after being evaluated. The sharp symbol also resembles a
ligature
of four "+" symbols (in a two-by-two grid), further implying that the language is an increment of C++.
[39]
Due to technical limits of display (standard fonts, browsers, etc.), and most
keyboard layouts
lacking a sharp symbol (
U+266F
♯
MUSIC SHARP SIGN
(
♯
)), the
number sign
(
U+0023
#
NUMBER SIGN
(
#
)) was chosen to approximate the sharp symbol in the written name of the programming language.
[40]
This convention is reflected in the ECMA-334 C# Language Specification.
[17]
The "sharp" suffix has been used by a number of other .NET languages that are variants of existing languages, including
J#
(a .NET language also designed by Microsoft that is derived from Java 1.1),
A#
(from
Ada
), and the
functional programming
language
F#
.
[41]
The original implementation of
Eiffel for .NET
was called Eiffel#,
[42]
a name retired since the full
Eiffel
language is now supported. The suffix has also been used for
libraries
, such as
Gtk#
(a .NET
wrapper
for
GTK
and other
GNOME
libraries) and
Cocoa#
(a wrapper for
Cocoa
).
Versions
[
edit
]
C#
version
|
Language specification
|
Date
|
.NET
|
Visual Studio
|
Ecma
|
ISO/IEC
|
Microsoft
|
1.0
|
ECMA-334:2003,
December 2002
|
ISO/IEC 23270:2003,
April 2003
|
January 2002
|
January 2002
|
.NET Framework 1.0
|
Visual Studio .NET 2002
|
1.1
1.2
|
October 2003
|
April 2003
|
|
Visual Studio .NET 2003
|
2.0
[43]
|
ECMA-334:2006,
June 2006
|
ISO/IEC 23270:2006,
September 2006
|
September 2005
[d]
|
November 2005
|
|
Visual Studio 2005
Visual Studio 2008
|
3.0
[44]
|
None
|
August 2007
|
November 2007
|
|
Visual Studio 2008
|
4.0
[46]
|
April 2010
|
April 2010
|
|
Visual Studio 2010
|
5.0
[47]
|
ECMA-334:2017,
December 2017
|
ISO/IEC 23270:2018,
December 2018
|
June 2013
|
August 2012
|
|
Visual Studio 2012
Visual Studio 2013
|
6.0
[48]
|
ECMA-334:2022,
June 2022
|
None
|
Draft
|
July 2015
|
|
Visual Studio 2015
|
7.0
[49]
[50]
|
ECMA-334:2023,
December 2023
|
ISO/IEC 20619:2023,
September 2023
|
Specification proposal
|
March 2017
|
|
Visual Studio 2017
version 15.0
[51]
|
7.1
[52]
|
None
|
Specification proposal
|
August 2017
|
|
Visual Studio 2017
version 15.3
[53]
|
7.2
[54]
|
Specification proposal
|
November 2017
|
|
Visual Studio 2017
version 15.5
[55]
|
7.3
[56]
|
Specification proposal
Archived
March 7, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
|
May 2018
|
|
Visual Studio 2017
version 15.7
[57]
|
8.0
[58]
|
Specification proposal
|
September 2019
|
- .NET Core 3.0
- .NET Core 3.1
|
Visual Studio 2019
version 16.3
[59]
|
9.0
[60]
|
Specification proposal
|
November 2020
|
|
Visual Studio 2019
version 16.8
[61]
|
10.0
[62]
|
Specification proposal
|
November 2021
|
|
Visual Studio 2022
version 17.0
[63]
|
11.0
[64]
|
Specification proposal
|
November 2022
|
|
Visual Studio 2022
version 17.4
[65]
|
12.0
[66]
|
Specification proposal
|
November 2023
|
|
Visual Studio 2022
version 17.8
[67]
|
Syntax
[
edit
]
The core syntax of the C# language is similar to that of other C-style languages such as C, C++ and Java, particularly:
Distinguishing features
[
edit
]
Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C, C++, and Java where noted, are:
Portability
[
edit
]
By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying
Common Language Infrastructure
(CLI).
Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate
Common Intermediate Language
(CIL), or generate any other specific format. Some C# compilers can also generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or
Fortran
.
[69]
[70]
Typing
[
edit
]
C# supports strongly, implicitly typed variable declarations with the keyword
var
,
: 470
and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword
new[]
followed by a collection initializer.
: 80
: 58
Its type system is split into two families: Value types, like the built-in numeric types and user-defined structs, which are automatically handed over as copies when used as parameters, and reference types, including arrays, instances of classes, and strings, which only hand over a pointer to the respective object. Due to their special handling of the equality operator, strings will nevertheless behave as if they were values, for all practical purposes. You can even use them as
case
labels. Where necessary, value types will be
boxed
automatically.
[71]
C# supports a strict
Boolean data type
,
bool
. Statements that take conditions, such as
while
and
if
, require an expression of a type that implements the
true
operator, such as the Boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as
if (a)
require only that
a
is convertible to bool, allowing
a
to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly
bool
can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as
if (a = b)
(use of assignment
=
instead of equality
==
).
C# is more
type safe
than C++. The only
implicit conversions
by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during
JIT
, and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++
copy constructors
and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default.
C# has explicit support for
covariance and contravariance
in generic types,
: 144
: 23
unlike C++ which has some degree of support for contravariance simply through the semantics of return types on virtual methods.
Enumeration
members are placed in their own
scope
.
The C# language does not allow for global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions.
Local variables cannot
shadow
variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++.
Metaprogramming
[
edit
]
Metaprogramming
can be achieved in several ways:
- Reflection
is supported through .NET APIs, which enable scenarios such as type metadata inspection and dynamic method invocation.
- Expression trees
[72]
represent code as an
abstract syntax tree
, where each node is an expression that can be inspected or executed. This enables dynamic modification of executable code at runtime. Expression trees introduce some
homoiconicity
to the language.
- Attributes
are
metadata
that can be attached to types, members, or entire
assemblies
, equivalent to
annotations in Java
. Attributes are accessible both to the compiler and to code through reflection. Many of native attributes duplicate the functionality of GCC's and VisualC++'s platform-dependent preprocessor directives.
[
citation needed
]
System.Reflection.Emit
namespace,
[73]
which contains classes that emit metadata and
CIL
(types, assemblies, etc.) at
runtime
.
- The .NET Compiler Platform (Roslyn)
provides API access to language compilation services, allowing for the compilation of C# code from within .NET applications. It exposes APIs for syntactic (
lexical
) analysis of code,
semantic analysis
, dynamic compilation to CIL, and code emission.
[74]
- Source generators,
[75]
a feature of the Roslyn C# compiler, enable compile time metaprogramming. During the compilation process, developers can inspect the code being compiled with the compiler's API and pass additional generated C# source code to be compiled.
Methods and functions
[
edit
]
A
method
in C# is a member of a class that can be invoked as a function (a sequence of instructions), rather than the mere value-holding capability of a
field
(i.e.
class
or
instance variable
).
[76]
As in other syntactically similar languages, such as C++ and
ANSI C
, the signature of a method is a declaration comprising in order: any optional accessibility keywords (such as
private
), the explicit specification of its return type (such as
int
, or the keyword
void
if no value is returned), the name of the method, and finally, a parenthesized sequence of comma-separated parameter specifications, each consisting of a parameter's type, its formal name and optionally, a default value to be used whenever none is provided. Different from most other languages,
call-by-reference
parameters have to be marked both at the function definition and at the calling site, and you can choose between
ref
and
out
, the latter allowing handing over an uninitialized variable which will have a definite value on return.
[77]
Additionally, you can specify a
variable-sized argument list
by applying the
params
keyword to the last parameter.
[78]
Certain specific kinds of methods, such as those that simply get or set a field's value by returning or assigning it, do not require an explicitly stated full signature, but in the general case, the definition of a class includes the full signature declaration of its methods.
[79]
Like C++, and unlike Java, C# programmers must use the scope modifier keyword
virtual
to allow methods to be
overridden
by subclasses. Unlike C++, you have to explicitly specify the keyword
override
when doing so.
[80]
This is supposed to avoid confusion between overriding and newly overloading a function (i.e. hiding the former implementation). To do the latter, you have to specify the
new
keyword.
[81]
Extension methods
in C# allow programmers to use static methods as if they were methods from a class's method table, allowing programmers to virtually add instance methods to a class that they feel should exist on that kind of objects (and instances of the respective derived classes).
: 103?105
: 202?203
The type
dynamic
allows for run-time method binding, allowing for JavaScript-like method calls and run-time
object composition
.
: 114?118
C# has support for strongly-typed
function pointers
via the keyword
delegate
. Like the Qt framework's pseudo-C++
signal
and
slot
, C# has semantics specifically surrounding publish-subscribe style events, though C# uses delegates to do so.
C# offers Java-like
synchronized
method calls, via the attribute
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
, and has support for
mutually-exclusive locks
via the keyword
lock
.
Property
[
edit
]
C# supports classes with
properties
. The properties can be simple accessor functions with a backing field, or implement arbitrary getter and setter functions. A property is read-only if there's no setter. Like with fields, there can be class and instance properties. The underlying methods can be
virtual
or
abstract
like any other method.
[79]
Since C# 3.0 the
syntactic sugar
of auto-implemented properties is available,
[82]
where the
accessor (getter) and mutator (setter)
encapsulate operations on a single
attribute
of a class.
Namespace
[
edit
]
A C#
namespace
provides the same level of code isolation as a Java
package
or a C++
namespace
, with very similar rules and features to a
package
. Namespaces can be imported with the "using" syntax.
[83]
Memory access
[
edit
]
In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as
unsafe
,
[84]
and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which always either point to a "live" object or have the well-defined
null
value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a "dead" object (one that has been garbage collected), or to a random block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of an unmanaged value type that does not contain any references to objects subject to garbage collections such as class instances, arrays or strings. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the
System.IntPtr
type, but it cannot dereference them.
Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of
memory leaks
by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed in most cases. Code that retains references to objects longer than is required can still experience higher memory usage than necessary, however once the final reference to an object is released the memory is available for garbage collection.
Exception
[
edit
]
A range of standard exceptions are available to programmers. Methods in standard libraries regularly throw system exceptions in some circumstances and the range of exceptions thrown is normally documented. Custom exception classes can be defined for classes allowing handling to be put in place for particular circumstances as needed.
[85]
Checked exceptions
are not present in C# (in contrast to Java). This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability.
[86]
Polymorphism
[
edit
]
Unlike
C++
, C# does not support
multiple inheritance
, although a class can implement any number of "
interfaces
" (fully abstract classes). This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complications and to simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.
When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order (i.e. the same
signature
), similar to
Java
, C# allows both a single method to cover all interfaces and if necessary specific methods for each interface.
However, unlike Java, C# supports
operator overloading
.
[87]
C# also offers
function overloading
(a.k.a. ad-hoc-polymorphism).
[88]
Since version 2.0, C# offers
parametric polymorphism
, i.e. classes with arbitrary or constrained type parameters, e.g.
List<T>
, a variable-sized array which only can contain elements of type
T
. There are certain kinds of constraints you can specify for the type parameters: Has to be type X (
or one derived from it
), has to implement a certain interface, has to be a reference type, has to be a value type, has to implement a public parameterless
constructor
. Most of them can be combined, and you can specify any number of interfaces.
[89]
[90]
Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
[
edit
]
C# has the ability to utilize
LINQ
through the .NET Framework. A developer can query a variety of data sources, provided the
IEnumerable<T>
interface is implemented on the object. This includes XML documents, an
ADO.NET
dataset, and SQL databases.
[91]
Using LINQ in C# brings advantages like
IntelliSense
support, strong filtering capabilities, type safety with compile error checking ability, and consistency for querying data over a variety of sources.
[92]
There are several different language structures that can be utilized with C# and LINQ and they are query expressions, lambda expressions, anonymous types, implicitly typed variables, extension methods, and object initializers.
[93]
LINQ has two syntaxes: query syntax and method syntax. However, the compiler always converts the query syntax to method syntax at compile time.
[94]
using
System.Linq
;
var
numbers
=
new
int
[]
{
5
,
10
,
8
,
3
,
6
,
12
};
// Query syntax (SELECT num FROM numbers WHERE num % 2 = 0 ORDER BY num)
var
numQuery1
=
from
num
in
numbers
where
num
%
2
==
0
orderby
num
select
num
;
// Method syntax
var
numQuery2
=
numbers
.
Where
(
num
=>
num
%
2
==
0
)
.
OrderBy
(
n
=>
n
);
Functional programming
[
edit
]
Though primarily an imperative language, C# always adds functional features over time,
[95]
[96]
for example:
Common type system
[
edit
]
C# has a
unified type system
. This unified type system is called
Common Type System
(CTS).
: Part 2, Chapter 4: The Type System
A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the
System
.
Object
class. For example, every type inherits a
ToString
()
method.
Categories of data types
[
edit
]
CTS separates data types into two categories:
- Reference types
- Value types
Instances of value types neither have referential identity nor referential comparison semantics. Equality and inequality comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from
System
.
ValueType
, always have a default value, and can always be created and copied. Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but can implement interfaces) and cannot have an explicit default (parameterless) constructor because they already have an implicit one which initializes all contained data to the type-dependent default value (0, null, or alike). Examples of value types are all primitive types, such as
int
(a signed 32-bit integer),
float
(a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number),
char
(a 16-bit Unicode code unit),
decimal
(fixed-point numbers useful for handling currency amounts), and
System
.
DateTime
(identifies a specific point in time with nanosecond precision). Other examples are
enum
(enumerations) and
struct
(user defined structures).
In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity, meaning that each instance of a reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within both instances is the same. This is reflected in default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded (such as the case for
System
.
String
). Some operations are not always possible, such as creating an instance of a reference type, copying an existing instance, or performing a value comparison on two existing instances. Though specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface (such as
ICloneable
or
IComparable
). Examples of reference types are
object
(the ultimate base class for all other C# classes),
System
.
String
(a string of Unicode characters), and
System
.
Array
(a base class for all C# arrays).
Both type categories are extensible with user-defined types.
Boxing and unboxing
[
edit
]
Boxing
is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type.
Boxing in C# is implicit.
Unboxing
is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type.
Unboxing in C# requires an explicit
type cast
. A boxed object of type T can only be unboxed to a T (or a nullable T).
[104]
Example:
int
foo
=
42
;
// Value type.
object
bar
=
foo
;
// foo is boxed to bar.
int
foo2
=
(
int
)
bar
;
// Unboxed back to value type.
Libraries
[
edit
]
The C# specification details a minimum set of types and class libraries that the compiler expects to have available. In practice, C# is most often used with some implementation of the
Common Language Infrastructure
(CLI), which is standardized as ECMA-335
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
.
In addition to the standard CLI specifications, there are many commercial and community class libraries that build on top of the .NET framework libraries to provide additional functionality.
[105]
C# can make calls to any library included in the
List of .NET libraries and frameworks
.
Examples
[
edit
]
Hello World
[
edit
]
The following is a very simple C# program, a version of the classic "
Hello world
" example using the
top-level statements
feature introduced in C# 9:
[106]
using
System
;
Console
.
WriteLine
(
"Hello, world!"
);
For code written as C# 8 or lower, the entry point logic of a program must be written in a Main method inside a type:
using
System
;
class
Program
{
static
void
Main
()
{
Console
.
WriteLine
(
"Hello, world!"
);
}
}
This code will display this text in the console window:
Hello, world!
Each line has a purpose:
The above line imports all types in the
System
namespace. For example, the
Console
class used later in the source code is defined in the
System
namespace, meaning it can be used without supplying the full name of the type (which includes the namespace).
// A version of the classic "Hello World" program
This line is a comment; it describes and documents the code for the programmer(s).
Above is a
class
definition for the
Program
class. Everything that follows between the pair of braces describes that class.
The curly brackets demarcate the boundaries of a code block. In this first instance, they are marking the start and end of the
Program
class.
This declares the class member method where the program begins execution. The .NET runtime calls the
Main
method. Unlike in
Java
, the
Main
method does not need the
public
keyword, which tells the compiler that the method can be called from anywhere by any class.
[107]
Writing
static
void
Main
(
string
[]
args
)
is equivalent to writing
private
static
void
Main
(
string
[]
args
)
. The
static keyword
makes the method accessible without an instance of
Program
. Each console application's
Main
entry point must be declared
static
otherwise the program would require an instance of
Program
, but any instance would require a program. To avoid that irresolvable
circular dependency
, C# compilers processing
console applications
(like that above) report an error if there is no
static
Main
method. The
void
keyword declares that
Main
has no
return value
. (Note, however, that short programs can be written using
Top Level Statements
introduced in C# 9, as mentioned earlier.)
Console
.
WriteLine
(
"Hello, world!"
);
This line writes the output.
Console
is a static class in the
System
namespace. It provides an interface to the standard
input/output
, and error streams for console applications. The program calls the
Console
method
WriteLine
, which displays on the console a line with the argument, the string
"Hello, world!"
.
Generics
[
edit
]
With .NET 2.0 and C# 2.0, the community requested more flexible collections than those in .NET 1.x. In the absence of generics, developers had to use collections such as ArrayList to store elements as objects, which incurred performance overhead when boxing/unboxing operations.
Generics introduced a massive new feature in .NET that allowed developers to create type-safe data structures. This shift is particularly important in the context of converting legacy systems, where updating to generics can significantly enhance performance and maintainability by replacing outdated data structures with more efficient, type-safe alternatives.
[108]
Example
public
class
DataStore
<
T
>
{
private
T
[]
items
=
new
T
[
10
];
private
int
count
=
0
;
public
void
Add
(
T
item
)
{
items
[
count
++
]
=
item
;
}
public
T
Get
(
int
index
)
{
return
items
[
index
];
}
}
A Windows
GUI
example:
using
System
;
using
System.Windows.Forms
;
class
Program
{
static
void
Main
()
{
MessageBox
.
Show
(
"Hello, World!"
);
Console
.
WriteLine
(
"Is almost the same argument!"
);
}
}
This example is similar to the previous example, except that it generates a
dialog box
that contains the message "Hello, World!" instead of writing it to the console.
Images
[
edit
]
Another useful library is the
System.Drawing
library, which is used to programmatically draw images. For example:
using
System
;
using
System.Drawing
;
public
class
Example
{
public
static
Image
img
;
static
void
Main
()
{
img
=
Image
.
FromFile
(
"Image.png"
);
}
}
This will create an image that is identical to that stored in "Image.png".
Standardization and licensing
[
edit
]
In August 2001,
Microsoft
,
Hewlett-Packard
and
Intel
co-sponsored the submission of specifications for C# as well as the
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
to the standards organization
Ecma International
. In December 2001, ECMA released ECMA-334
C# Language Specification
. C# became an
ISO
/
IEC
standard in 2003 (ISO/IEC 23270:2003 -
Information technology ? Programming languages ? C#
). ECMA had previously adopted equivalent specifications as the 2nd edition of C#, in December 2002. In June 2005, ECMA approved edition 3 of the C# specification, and updated ECMA-334. Additions included partial classes, anonymous methods, nullable types, and
generics
(somewhat similar to C++
templates
). In July 2005, ECMA submitted to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22, via the latter's Fast-Track process, the standards and related TRs. This process usually takes 6?9 months.
The C# language definition and the
CLI
are standardized under
ISO
/
IEC
and
Ecma
standards that provide
reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing
protection from patent claims.
Microsoft initially agreed not to sue open-source developers for violating patents in non-profit projects for the part of the framework that is covered by the
Open Specification Promise
.
[109]
Microsoft has also agreed not to enforce patents relating to
Novell
products against Novell's paying customers
[110]
with the exception of a list of products that do not explicitly mention C#, .NET or Novell's implementation of .NET (
The Mono Project
).
[111]
However, Novell maintained that Mono does not infringe any Microsoft patents.
[112]
Microsoft also made a specific agreement not to enforce patent rights related to the
Moonlight browser plugin
, which depends on Mono, provided it is obtained through Novell.
[113]
A decade later, Microsoft began developing free, open-source, and cross-platform tooling for C#, namely
Visual Studio Code
,
.NET Core
, and
Roslyn
. Mono joined Microsoft as a project of
Xamarin
, a Microsoft subsidiary.
Implementations
[
edit
]
Microsoft is leading the development of the
open-source
reference C# compilers and set of tools. The first compiler,
Roslyn
, compiles into intermediate language (IL), and the second one, RyuJIT,
[114]
is a JIT (just-in-time) compiler, which is dynamic and does on-the-fly optimization and compiles the IL into native code for the front-end of the CPU.
[115]
RyuJIT is open source and written in C++.
[116]
Roslyn is entirely written in
managed code
(C#), has been opened up and functionality surfaced as APIs. It is thus enabling developers to create refactoring and diagnostics tools.
[4]
[117]
Two branches of official implementation are .NET Framework (closed-source, Windows-only) and .NET Core (open-source, cross-platform); they eventually converged into one open-source implementation: .NET 5.0.
[118]
At .NET Framework 4.6, a new JIT compiler replaced the former.
[114]
[119]
Other C# compilers (some of which include an implementation of the
Common Language Infrastructure
and .NET class libraries):
- Mono
, a Microsoft-sponsored project provides an open-source C# compiler, a complete open-source implementation of the CLI (including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification,) and a nearly complete implementation of the NET class libraries up to .NET Framework 3.5.
- The
Elements
tool chain from
RemObjects
includes RemObjects C#, which compiles C# code to .NET's
Common Intermediate Language
,
Java bytecode
,
Cocoa
,
Android bytecode
,
WebAssembly
, and native machine code for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
- The
DotGNU
project (now discontinued) also provided an open-source C# compiler, a nearly complete implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and subset of some of the remaining Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0 (those not documented or included in the ECMA specification, but included in Microsoft's standard .NET Framework distribution).
The
Unity game engine
uses C# as its primary scripting language. The
Godot game engine
has implemented an optional C# module thanks to a donation of $24,000 from Microsoft.
[120]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
for async
- ^
By convention, a
number sign
is used for the second character in normal text; in artistic representations, sometimes a true
sharp sign
is used: C?. However the
ECMA
334 standard states: "The name C# is written as the LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C (U+0043) followed by the NUMBER SIGN # (U+0023)."
- ^
Language versions 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 are available as ISO/IEC 23270. Beginning with version 7.0, the specification is available as ISO/IEC 20619
- ^
The Microsoft C# 2.0 specification document only contains the new 2.0 features. For older features, use the 1.2 specification above.
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
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b
c
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{{
cite web
}}
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link
)
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Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
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