Type of point-defense weapon system
A
close-in weapon system
(
CIWS
SEE
-wiz
)
[1]
is a
point-defense
weapon system
for detecting and destroying short-range incoming
missiles
and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on a
naval
ship. Nearly all classes of larger modern
warships
are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.
There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of
radars
, computers, and rapid-firing
multiple-barrel
rotary cannons
placed on a rotating
turret
. Missile-based CIWSs use either
infra-red
,
passive radar
/
ESM
, or
semi-active radar
terminal guidance
to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.
Gun systems
[
edit
]
A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and
rotary
or
revolver
cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:
Limitations of gun systems
[
edit
]
Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft); systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500 m (1,600 ft) or less,
[4]
still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian
Kashtan
and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range
surface-to-air missiles
on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.
Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires
kinetic-energy
-only projectiles.
[5]
Comparison table
[
edit
]
Comparison
|
DARDO
[6]
|
Goalkeeper
|
Kashtan
[7]
|
Millennium
[
citation needed
]
|
Phalanx
[8]
|
Type 730
[9]
|
Gokdeniz
[10]
[11]
|
Origin
|
Italy
|
Netherlands
|
Russia
|
Switzerland
|
United States
|
China
|
Turkey
|
Image
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight
|
5,500 kg (12,100 lb)
|
9,902 kg (21,830 lb)
|
15,500 kg (34,200 lb)
|
3,300 kg (7,300 lb)
|
6,200 kg (13,700 lb)
|
9,800 kg (21,600 lb)
|
?
|
Armament
|
40 mm (1.6 in) 2 barreled
Bofors 40 mm
|
30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled
GAU-8
Gatling Gun
|
30 mm (1.2 in) 6 barreled
GSh-6-30
rotary auto cannon
8 ×
9M311K
+ 32 missiles
|
35 mm (1.4 in) 1 barreled
Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System
|
20 mm (0.79 in) 6 barreled
M61 Vulcan
Gatling Gun
|
30 mm (1.2 in) 7 barreled Gatling Gun
|
35 mm (1.4 in) 2 barreled
Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon
|
Rate of fire
|
600/900 rounds per minute
|
4,200 rounds per minute
|
10,000 rounds/min (5,000 per gun)
1?2 (salvo) missiles per 3?4 sec
|
200/1000 rounds per minute
|
4,500 rounds per minute
|
5,800 rounds per minute
|
1,100 rounds per minute
|
(effective/ flat-trajectory) Range
|
4,000 m (13,000 ft)
|
3,500 m (11,500 ft)
|
Missiles: 1,500?10,000 m (4,900?32,800 ft)
Guns: 300?5,000 m (980?16,400 ft)
|
3,500 m (11,500 ft)
|
2,000 m (6,600 ft)
|
3,000 m (9,800 ft)
|
ATOM 35mm:
[12]
4,000 metres (13,000 ft)
|
Ammunition storage
|
736 rounds
|
1,190 rounds
|
2 x 2,000 rounds
|
252 rounds
|
1,550 rounds
|
640 or 2 x 500 rounds (depending on model)
|
?
|
Muzzle velocity
|
1,000 m (3,300 ft) per second
|
1,109 m (3,638 ft) per second
|
960?1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s)
|
1,050 m (3,440 ft) per second / 1,175 m (3,855 ft) per second
|
1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second
|
1,100 m (3,600 ft) per second
|
1,020 m/s (3,300 ft/s)
|
Elevation
|
?13 to +85 degrees
|
?25 to +85 degrees
|
?
|
?15 to +85 degrees
|
?25 to +85 degrees
|
?25 to +85 degrees
|
?
|
Speed in elevation
|
60 degrees per second
|
100 degrees per second
|
50 degrees per second
|
70 degrees per second
|
115 degrees per second
|
100 degrees per second
|
?
|
Traverse
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
360 °
|
Speed in traverse
|
90 degrees per second
|
100 degrees per second
|
70 degrees per second
|
120 degrees per second
|
115 degrees per second
|
100 degrees per second
|
?
|
In service
|
?
|
1980
|
1989
|
2003
|
1980
|
2007
|
2019
|
Missile systems
[
edit
]
A missile-based CIWS comprises a combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount or
vertical launching system
. Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are:
Land-based
[
edit
]
CIWS are also used on land in the form of
Pantsir
and
C-RAM
.
[13]
On a smaller scale,
active protection systems
are used in some
tanks
(to destroy
rocket propelled grenades
(RPGs), and several are in development. The
Drozd
system was deployed on
Soviet Naval Infantry
tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by
explosive reactive armour
. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian
Arena
, Israeli
Trophy
, American
Quick Kill
and South African-Swedish
LEDS-150
.
Laser systems
[
edit
]
Laser-based CIWS
systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard
USS
Ponce
.
[14]
The
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(
Turkish
:
Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara?tırma Kurumu
, TUB?TAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the
TF-2000 class frigate
and on Turkish airborne systems.
[15]
[16]
[17]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Friedman, Norman (1991).
The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1991/92
. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
0870212885
.
Archived
from the original on 14 February 2017
. Retrieved
13 February
2017
.
- ^
"Archived copy - Rm-general-news-2008"
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-09-23
. Retrieved
2008-08-16
.
- ^
"Millennium, 35 mm Naval Gun System (GDM-008)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-09-27
. Retrieved
2007-09-27
.
- ^
Wachsberger, Christian; Lucas, Michael; Krstic, Alexander (June 2004),
Limitations of Guns as a Defence against Manoeuvring Air Weapons
(PDF)
, DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory, p. 36, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2012-03-23
, retrieved
2012-07-04
- ^
Discovery Channel Discovery Channel Science Top 10 Weapon: Fire Power
- ^
Tony DiGiulian.
"Italy 40 mm/70 (1.57") Breda"
. Navweaps.com.
Archived
from the original on 2015-01-02
. Retrieved
2013-05-18
.
- ^
"Kashtan Kashtan-M Kashtan Кортик экспортное наименование "Каштан" CADS-N-1 Palma Palash Пальма close in weapon system CIWS Russian Navy Technology datasheet pictures photos video specifications"
.
www.navyrecognition.com
. Retrieved
2020-07-10
.
- ^
Dan Petty.
"The US Navy - Fact File"
. Navy.mil.
Archived
from the original on 2014-11-04
. Retrieved
2013-05-18
.
- ^
偶?航母上的蜂?制造者是??11管近防?,射速可?每分?1万?......偶早在2009年就知道? - ???事 - 信息?? - ?事主? - ??蹈海
.
兄弟
(in Chinese). May 18, 2011. Archived from
the original
on 12 November 2013
. Retrieved
13 February
2017
.
- ^
"GOKDENIZ CIWS"
(PDF)
.
- ^
"Presidency of Defence Industries"
. Archived from
the original
on 2019-11-22
. Retrieved
2022-07-08
.
- ^
"ATOM 35mm Airbusrt Ammunition"
.
- ^
"Home - a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-03-05
. Retrieved
2009-12-02
.
- ^
U.S. Navy Deploys Its First Laser Weapon in the Persian Gulf
Archived
2014-11-29 at the
Wayback Machine
- Bloomberg.com, 14 November 2014
- ^
Insinna, Valerie (2015-02-14).
"turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test"
. Defensenews.com
. Retrieved
2016-12-03
.
- ^
"Turkey creates laser weapon"
. Times.am. 19 January 2015.
Archived
from the original on 2016-12-20
. Retrieved
2016-12-03
.
- ^
"Turkey aims to second US in using laser as military weapon | General | Worldbulletin News"
. Worldbulletin.net. 2015-01-19.
Archived
from the original on 2016-12-13
. Retrieved
2016-12-03
.