British learned society
The
British Science Association
(
BSA
) is a
charity
and
learned society
founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science.
[1]
Until 2009 it was known as the
British Association for the Advancement of Science
(
BA
).
[3]
The current Chief Executive is
Katherine Mathieson
. The BSA's mission is to get more people engaged in the field of science by coordinating, delivering, and overseeing different projects that are suited to achieve these goals.
[4]
The BSA "envisions a society in which a diverse group of people can learn and apply the sciences in which they learn."
[5]
and is managed by a professional staff located at their Head Office in the Wellcome Wolfson Building.
[5]
The BSA offers a wide variety of activities and events that both recognize and encourage people to be involved in science.
[6]
These include the British Science Festival, British Science Week, the CREST Awards, Huxley Summit, Media Fellowships Scheme, along with regional and local events.
[6]
History
[
edit
]
Foundation
[
edit
]
The Association was founded in 1831
[7]
and modelled on the German
Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte
.
[8]
It was founded during post-war reconstruction after the Peninsula war to improve the advancement of science in England.
[9]
The prime mover (who is regarded as the main founder) was Reverend
William Vernon Harcourt
, following a suggestion by Sir
David Brewster
, who was disillusioned with the elitist and conservative attitude of the
Royal Society
.
Charles Babbage
,
William Whewell
and
J. F. W. Johnston
[10]
are also considered to be founding members. The first meeting was held in
York
(at the
Yorkshire Museum
) on Tuesday 27 September 1831 with various scientific papers being presented on the following days. It was chaired by
Viscount Milton
, president of the
Yorkshire Philosophical Society
, and "upwards of 300 gentlemen" attended the meeting.
[11]
The
Preston Mercury
recorded that those gathered consisted of "persons of distinction from various parts of the kingdom, together with several of the gentry of Yorkshire and the members of philosopher societies in this country". The newspaper published the names of over a hundred of those attending and these included, amongst others, eighteen clergymen, eleven doctors, four knights, two Viscounts and one Lord.
[12]
From that date onwards a meeting was held annually at a place chosen at a previous meeting. In 1832, for example, the meeting was held in Oxford, chaired by Reverend Dr
William Buckland
. By this stage the Association had four sections: Physics (including Mathematics and Mechanical Arts), Chemistry (including
Mineralogy
and Chemical Arts), Geology (including Geography) and Natural History.
[13]
[14]
During this second meeting, the first objects and rules of the Association were published. Objects included systematically directing the acquisition of scientific knowledge, spreading this knowledge as well as discussion between scientists across the world, and to focus on furthering science by removing obstacles to progress.
[14]
The rules established included what constituted a member of the Association, the fee to remain a member, and the process for future meetings. They also include dividing the members into different committees. These committees separated members into their preferred subject matter, and were to recommend investigations into areas of interest, then report on these findings, as well as progress in their science at the annual meetings.
[14]
Additional sections were added throughout the years by either splitting off part of an original section, like making Geography and Ethnology its own section apart from Geology in 1851, or by defining a new subject area of discussion, such as Anthropology in 1869.
[15]
[16]
A very important decision in the Association's history was made in 1842 when it was resolved to create a "physical observatory". A building that became well known as the
Kew Observatory
was taken on for the purpose and
Francis Ronalds
was chosen as the inaugural Honorary Director. Kew Observatory quickly became one of the most renowned
meteorological
and
geomagnetic
observatories in the world.
[17]
[18]
The Association relinquished control of the Kew Observatory in 1871 to the management of the Royal Society, after a large donation to grant the observatory its independence.
[19]
In 1872, the Association purchased its first central office in London, acquiring four rooms at 22 Albemarle Street. This office was intended to be a resource for members of the Association.
[19]
One of the most famous events linked to the Association Meeting was an exchange between
Thomas Henry Huxley
and Bishop
Samuel Wilberforce
in 1860 (see the
1860 Oxford evolution debate
). Although it is often described as a "debate", the exchange occurred after the presentation of a paper by Prof Draper of New York, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week) and the subsequent discussion involved a number of other participants (although Wilberforce and Huxley were the most prominent).
[20]
Although a number of newspapers made passing references to the exchange,
[21]
it was not until later that it was accorded greater significance in the
evolution debate
.
[22]
Electrical standards
[
edit
]
One of the most important contributions of the British Association was the establishment of standards for electrical usage: the
ohm
as the unit of
electrical resistance
, the
volt
as the unit of
electrical potential
, and the
ampere
as the unit of
electrical current
.
[23]
A need for standards arose with the
submarine telegraph
industry. Practitioners came to use their own standards established by wire coils: "By the late 1850s, Clark,
Varley
,
Bright
,
Smith
and other leading British cable engineers were using calibrated resistance coils on a regular basis and were beginning to use calibrated condensers as well."
[23]
: 52
The undertaking was suggested to the BA by
William Thomson
, and its success was due to the use of Thomson's
mirror galvanometer
.
Josiah Latimer Clark
and
Fleeming Jenkin
made preparations. Thomson, with his students, found that impure
copper
, contaminated with
arsenic
, introduced significant extra resistance. The chemist
Augustus Matthiessen
contributed an appendix (A) to the final 1873 report
[24]
that showed temperature-dependence of alloys.
- The natural relation between these units are clearly, that a unit of electromotive force between two points of a conductor separated by a unit of resistance shall produce unit current, and that this current in a unit of time convey a unit quantity of electricity.
The unit system was "absolute" since it agreed with previously accepted units of work, or energy:
- The unit current of electricity, in passing through a conductor of unit resistance, does a unit of work or its equivalent in a unit of time.
Other
[
edit
]
The Association introduced the
British Association (usually termed "BA") screw threads
, a series of screw thread standards in sizes from 0.25 mm up to 6 mm, in 1882.
[25]
The standards were based on the
metric system
, although they had to be re-defined in imperial terms for use by UK industry. The standard was modified in 1884 to restrict significant figures for the metric counterpart of diameter and pitch of the screw in the published table, as well as not designating screws by their number of threads per inch, and instead giving an approximation due to considerable actual differences in manufactured screws.
[26]
In 1878 a committee of the Association recommended against constructing
Charles Babbage
's
analytical engine
, due to concerns about the current state of the machine's lack of complete working drawings, the machine's potential cost to produce, the machine's durability during repeated use, how and what the machine will actually be utilized for, and that more work would need to be done to bring the design up to a standard at which it is guaranteed to work.
[27]
The Association was parodied by English novelist
Charles Dickens
as 'The Mudfog Society for the Advancement of Everything' in
The Mudfog Papers
(1837?38).
[28]
[29]
In 1903, microscopist and astronomer
Washington Teasdale
died whilst attending the annual meeting.
[30]
Perception of science in the UK
[
edit
]
The Association's main aim is to improve the perception of science and scientists in the UK. Membership is open to all.
[
citation needed
]
At the beginning of the
Great Depression
, the Association's focus began to shift their purpose to account for not only scientific progress, but the social aspects of such progress. In the Association's 1931 meeting, the president
General Jan Christiaan Smuts
ended his address by the proposal of linking science and ethics together but provided no means to actuate his ideas.
[31]
[32]
In the following years, debate began as to whom the responsibilities of scientists fell upon. The Association adopted a resolution in 1934 that dedicated efforts to better balance scientific advancement with social progress.
[32]
J.D. Bernal
, a member of the
Royal Society
and the British Association, wrote The Social Function of Science in 1939, describing a need to correctly utilize science for society and the importance of its public perception.
[33]
[34]
The idea of the public perception of science was furthered in 1985 when the Royal Society published a report titled The Public Understanding of Science.
[35]
In the report, a committee of the Royal Society determined that it was scientists' duty to communicate to and educate the public.
[36]
Lord George Porter, then president of the Royal Society, British Association, and director of the Royal Institution, created the
Committee on the Public Understanding of Science
, or COPUS, to promote public understanding of science.
[36]
Professor Sir
George Porter
became the president in September 1985. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 along with Manfred Eigen, and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.
[37]
When asked about the scientific literacy of
Britain
, he stated that Britain was the least educated country compared to all the other advanced countries. His idea to solve this problem would be to start scientific education for children at the age of 4. He says his reason for such an early age is because that is the age when children are the most curious, and implementing science at that age will help them gain curiosity towards all disciplines of science.
[38]
When asked why public ignorance to science matters, his response was
It matters because among those who are scientifically illiterate are some of those who are in power, people who lead us in politics, in civil service, in the media, in the church, often in industry and sometimes even in education. Think, for example, about the enormous influence of scientific knowledge on one's whole philosophy of life, even one's religion. It is no more permissible for the archbishops of today, who advise their flocks on how to interpret the Scriptures, to ignore the findings of Watson and Crick, than it was right for clerics of the last century to ignore the work of Darwin. Science today is all-pervasive. Without some scientific and technical education, it is becoming impossible even to vote responsibly on matters of health, energy, defense or education. So unless things change, we shall soon live in a country that is backward not only in its technology and standard of living but in its cultural vitality too. It is wrong to suppose that by foregoing technological and scientific education we shall somehow become a nation of artists, writers or philosophers instead. These two aspects of culture have never been divorced from each other throughout our history. Every renaissance, every period that showed a flowering of civilization, advanced simultaneously in the arts and sciences, and in technology too.
[38]
Sir Kenneth Durham, former director of research at
Unilever
, on becoming president in August 1987 followed on from Sir George Porter saying that science teachers needed extra pay to overcome the scarcity of mathematics and physics teachers in secondary schools, and that "unless we deal with this as matter of urgency, the outlook for our manufacturing future is bleak".
[
This quote needs a citation
]
He regretted that headmasters and careers masters had for many years followed 'the cult of
Oxbridge
' because "it carried more prestige to read classics at Oxbridge and go into the
Civil Service
or banking, than to read engineering at, say,
Salford
, and go into
manufacturing industry
".
[
This quote needs a citation
]
He said that reporting of sciences gave good coverage to medical science, but that "nevertheless, editors ought to be sensitive to developments in areas such as solid state physics, astro-physics, colloid science, molecular biology, transmission of stimuli along nerve fibres, and so on,
[
This quote needs a citation
]
and that newspaper editors were in danger of waiting for disasters before the scientific factors involved in the incidents were explained.
[
citation needed
]
In September 2001 Sir William Stewart, as outgoing president, warned that universities faced "
dumbing down
" and that
we can deliver social inclusiveness, and the best universities, but not both from a limited amount of money. We run the risk of doing neither well. Universities are underfunded, and must not be seen simply as a substitute for
National Service
to keep youngsters off the
dole queue
... [Adding,] scientists have to be careful and consider the full implications of what they are seeking to achieve. The problem with some clever people is that they find cleverer ways of being stupid.
[
This quote needs a citation
]
In the year 2000, Sir Peter Williams had put together a panel to discuss the shortage of physics majors. A physicist called Derek Raine had stated that he has had multiple firms call him up asking for physics majors. The report they made stated that it is critical that they increase the number of physics teachers, or it will have a detrimental effect on the number of future engineers and scientists.
[39]
British Science Festival
[
edit
]
The Association's major emphasis in recent decades has been on
public engagement in science
. Its annual meeting, now called the British Science Festival, is the largest public showcase for science in the UK and attracts a great deal of media attention. It is held at UK universities in early September for one week, with visits to science-related local cultural attractions.
The 2010 Festival, held in Birmingham with
Aston University
as lead University partner, featured a prank event: the unveiling of
Dulcis foetidus
, a fictional plant purported to emit a pungent odour. An experiment in herd mentality, some audience members were induced into believing they could smell it.
[40]
The Festival has also been the home to protest and debate. In 1970 there were protestors over the use of science for weapons.
Science Communication Conference
[
edit
]
The Association organised and held the annual
Science Communication Conference
for over ten years. It was the largest conference of its kind in the UK, and addressed the key issues facing science communicators. In 2015, the BSA introduced a new series of smaller events for science communicators, designed to address the same issues as the Science Communication Conference but for a more targeted audience.
[41]
British Science Week
[
edit
]
In addition to the British Science Festival, the British Science Association organises the
British Science Week
(formerly National Science & Engineering Week), an opportunity for people of all ages to get involved in science, engineering, technology and maths activities, originating as the National Week of Science, Engineering and Technology.
[42]
The Association also has a young people's programme, the
CREST Awards
which seeks to involve school students in science beyond the school curriculum, and to encourage them to consider higher education and careers in science.
Huxley Summit
Named after Thomas Huxley, the Huxley Summit is a leadership event run by the British Science Association, where 250 of the most influential people in the UK are brought together to discuss scientific and social challenges that the UK faces in the 21st century and to develop a link between scientists and non-scientists to ensure that science can be understood by society as a whole.
[43]
On 8 November 2016, the British Science Association held the very first Huxley Summit at BAFTA, London.
[43]
The theme of the summit was "Trust in the 21st Century" and how that would affect the future of science, innovation, and business.
[44]
Media Fellowship Schemes
The British Science Association's Media Fellowship provides the opportunity for practicing scientists, clinicians, and engineers to spend a period of time working at media outlets such as the Guardian, BBC Breakfast or The Londonist.
[45]
After their time with the media placement, the fellows attend the British Science Festival which will offer these practitioners valuable working experience with a range of media organizations along with learning from a wide range of public engagement activities and be able to network with academics, journalists and science communicators.
[45]
CREST Awards
[
edit
]
CREST Awards is the British Science Association's scheme to encourage students aged 5?19 to get involved with STEM projects and encourage scientific thinking. Awards range from Star Awards (targeted at those aged 5?7) to Gold Awards (targeted to those aged 16?19). Overall, 30,000 awards are undertaken annually.
[46]
Many students who do CREST Awards, especially Silver and Gold Awards which require 30 and 70 hours of work respectively, enter competitions like the UK
Big Bang Fair
.
Patrons and Presidents of the British Science Association
[
edit
]
Traditionally the president is elected at the meeting usually held in August/September for a one-year term and gives a presidential address upon retiring. The honour of the presidency is traditionally bestowed only once per individual. Written sources that give the year of presidency as a single year generally mean the year in which the presidential address is given. In 1926/1927 the association's patron was
King George V
and the president was his son
Edward, Prince of Wales
. The vice-presidents for the
Leeds
meeting at this time included City of Leeds
Alderman Charles Lupton
and his brother,
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of Leeds Hugh Lupton
. The husband of the brothers' first cousin once removed -
Lord Airedale
of
Gledhow
- was also a vice-president at the Leeds meeting.
[47]
[48]
Presidents 1831?1849
- 1831:
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam
, statistician.
[49]
[50]
- 1832: Rev.
William Buckland
, palaeontologist
- 1833: Rev.
Adam Sedgwick
, geologist
- 1834: Sir
Thomas Makdougall Brisbane
, astronomer
[49]
- 1835: Rev.
Humphrey Lloyd
, physicist
[49]
- 1836:
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne
, statistician
[49]
- 1837:
William Cavendish
, 2nd Earl of Burlington, Chancellor of the University of London
[49]
- 1838:
Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland
, Naval officer
[49]
- 1839: Canon
William Vernon Harcourt
, FRS
- 1840:
John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane
, F.R.S.
[49]
- 1841: Rev.
William Whewell
, polymath and philosopher of science
- 1842: Lord
Francis Egerton
[49]
- 1843:
William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse
, astronomer
[49]
- 1844: Rev.
George Peacock
, mathematician
[49]
- 1845: Sir
John F. W. Herschel
, astronomer & polymath
[49]
- 1846: Sir
Roderick Impey Murchison
, geologist
[49]
- 1847: Sir
Robert Harry Inglis
[49]
- 1848:
Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton
, geologist
[49]
- 1849: Rev.
Thomas Romney Robinson
, astronomer
[49]
Presidents 1850?1899
- 1850:
Sir David Brewster
, physicist
- 1851: Sir
George Biddell Airy
, Astronomer Royal
[49]
- 1852: Colonel
Edward Sabine
, Vice-president of the Royal Society
[49]
- 1853:
William Hopkins
FGS, mathematician and geologist
- 1854:
Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby
FRS
- 1855:
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
FRS, FRSE, FGS
- 1856:
Charles D. B. Daubeny
MD, FRS, botanist
- 1857: Rev.
Humphrey Lloyd
FRS, FRSE, physicist
- 1858: Sir
Richard Owen
MD, FLS, FGS, naturalist
- 1859:
Albert, Prince Consort
- 1860:
John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley
FRAS, astronomer
- 1861: Sir
William Fairbairn
, civil engineer
- 1862: Rev.
Robert Willis
FRS, civil engineer
- 1863:
William Armstrong
, engineer and inventor
- 1864: Sir
Charles Lyell
, geologist
- 1865:
John Phillips
FRS, geologist
- 1866:
William Robert Grove
FRS
- 1867:
Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch
FRS
- 1868:
Joseph Dalton Hooker
MD, FRS, botanist
- 1869: Sir
George Stokes, 1st Baronet
FRS, mathematical physicist
- 1870:
Thomas Henry Huxley
FRS, biologist
- 1871: Sir
William Thomson
FRS, FRSE, physicist
- 1872:
William Benjamin Carpenter
MD, FRS
- 1873:
Alexander William Williamson
FRS, chemist
- 1874:
John Tyndall
FRS, physicist
- 1875: Sir
John Hawkshaw
FRS, civil engineer
- 1876:
Thomas Andrews
MD, FRS, chemist
- 1877:
Allen Thomson
MD, FRS, FRSE
- 1878:
William Spottiswoode
FRS, mathematician
- 1879:
George James Allman
FRS, naturalist
- 1880: Sir
Andrew Crombie Ramsay
FRS, geologist
- 1881:
John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
MP, FRS
- 1882:
C. W. Siemens
FRS, FRSA, engineer
- 1883:
Arthur Cayley
, mathematician
[51]
- 1884:
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
FRS, FRAS, FGS, physicist
- 1885:
Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair
MP, FRS, FRSE
- 1886: Sir
John William Dawson
CMG, geologist
- 1887: Sir
Henry Enfield Roscoe
, chemist
- 1888: Sir
Frederick Bramwell
, civil engineer
- 1889: Sir
William Henry Flower
CB, anatomist
- 1890: Sir
William Huggins
FRS, FRAS, FBAS, astronomer
- 1891: Sir
Frederick August Abel
FRS
- 1892: Sir
Archibald Geikie
, geologist
- 1893: Sir
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson
, medical doctor
- 1894:
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
FRS
- 1895: Captain Sir
Douglas Strutt Galton
FRS, civil engineer
- 1896:
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister
- 1897:
John Evans
, archaeologist
- 1898: Sir
William Crookes
FRS, chemist and physicist
- 1899: Sir
Michael Foster
, physiologist
Presidents 1900?1949
- 1900: Sir
William Turner
, anatomist and vice-chancellor from 1903 to 1916 of the
University of Edinburgh
- 1901:
Arthur William Rucker
FRS, physicist
- 1902: Sir
James Dewar
FRS, chemist and physicist
- 1903: Sir
Norman Lockyer
FRS, astronomer and physicist
- 1904:
Arthur James Balfour
MP, FRS
- 1905: Sir
George Darwin
, older brother of Francis
- 1906: Sir
Ray Lankester
, zoologist
[52]
- 1907: Sir
David Gill
CB, astronomer
- 1908: Sir
Francis Darwin
, son of Charles
- 1909: Sir
J. J. Thomson
, physicist
- 1910: Rev. Professor
Thomas George Bonney
, geologist
- 1911: Sir
William Ramsay
, chemist
- 1912:
Edward Albert Schafer
, physiologist
- 1913: Sir
Oliver Lodge
, physicist
- 1914:
William Bateson
, geneticist
- 1915: Sir
Arthur Schuster
, physicist
- 1916?1919: Sir
Charles Algernon Parsons
, engineer
- 1916: Sir
Arthur Evans
, archaeologist
- 1920:
William Abbott Herdman
, oceanographer
- 1921: Sir
T. Edward Thorpe
, chemist
- 1922: Professor Sir
Charles Scott Sherrington
, neuroscientist
- 1923: Professor Sir
Ernest Rutherford
, physicist
- 1924: Major-General Sir
David Bruce
, microbiologist
- 1925: Sir
Horace Lamb
, physicist
- 1926:
Edward, Prince of Wales
- 1927: Prof Sir
Arthur Keith
, anatomist and anthropologist
- 1928: Sir
William Henry Bragg
, physicist
- 1929: Sir
Thomas Henry Holland
, geologist
- 1930:
Frederick Orpen Bower
, botanist
- 1931: General
Jan Christiaan Smuts
FRS
- 1932: Sir
James Alfred Ewing
, physicist and vice-chancellor from 1916 to 1929 of the University of Edinburgh
- 1933: Sir
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1929) biochemist who discovered vitamins
- 1934: Sir
James Hopwood Jeans
, astronomer
- 1935:
William Whitehead Watts
, geologist
- 1936:
Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp
, statistician
- 1937: Sir
Edward Bagnall Poulton
, evolutionary biologist
- 1938:
Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh
, physicist and son of Nobel Prize?winning
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
- 1939?1946: Sir
Albert Seward
, geologist
- 1946?1947: Sir
Henry Dale
, physiologist
- 1947?48: Sir
Henry Tizard
, chemist and inventor
- 1948?49: Sir
E. John Russell
, agriculturalist
- 1949?50: Sir
Harold Hartley
, physical chemist
Presidents 1950?1999
- 1950?51:
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
- 1951?52:
Archibald Vivian Hill
, physiologist
- 1952?53: Sir
Edward Victor Appleton
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1947) physicist
- 1953?54:
Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian
, neuroscientist
- 1954?55: Sir
Robert Robinson
, chemist
- 1955?56: Sir
Raymond Priestley
, geologist and vice-chancellor from 1938 to 1952 of the
University of Birmingham
- 1956?57:
Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett
, physicist
- 1957?58:
Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck
, industrial chemist
- 1958?59: Sir
James Gray
, zoologist
- 1959?60: Sir
George Paget Thomson
, physicist
- 1960?61: Sir
Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
, primatologist and palaeoanthropologist
- 1961?62: Sir
John Cockcroft
CBE,
Nobel Prize
winning (1951) physicist
- 1962?63:
Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby
,
llVice-chancellor
from 1950 to 1959 of
Queen's University Belfast
- 1963?64:
Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain
, neurologist
- 1964?65: Sir
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1956) chemist
- 1965?66: Sir
Joseph Hutchinson
, biologist
- 1966?67:
Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley
, technologist and electrical engineer
- 1967?68: Dame
Kathleen Lonsdale
, physicist who discovered the cyclic nature of
benzene
in 1929
- 1968?69: Sir
Peter Medawar
, zoologist and immunologist
- 1969?70:
Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1957) biochemist known for
nucleotides
and
coenzymes
- 1970?71: Sir
Alexander Cairncross
, economist
- 1971?72: Sir
Vivian Fuchs
FRS, explorer
- 1972?73: Sir
Kingsley Charles Dunham
, geologist and mineralogist
- 1973?74: Sir
John Kendrew
CBE,
Nobel Prize
winning (1962) biochemist who discovered the structure of
myoglobin
- 1974?75: Sir
Bernard Lovell
, astronomer
- 1975?76:
John Baker, Baron Baker
OBE, structural engineer known for
limit state design
- 1976?77: Sir
Andrew Huxley
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1963) physiologist, known for discovering nerve
action potentials
- 1977?78: Prof
Dorothy Hodgkin
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1964) chemist
- 1978?79:
Frank Kearton, Baron Kearton
OBE,
- 1979?80:
Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton
- 1980?81:
HRH the Duke of Kent
- 1981?82: Prof Sir
Charles Frederick Carter
, economist
- 1982?83: Sir
Basil John Mason
CB, general from 1965 to 1983 of the Met Office
- 1983?84: Sir
Alastair Pilkington
, inventor
- 1984?85: Prof Sir
Hans Kornberg
, biochemist
- 1985?86: Prof
George Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham
,
Nobel Prize
winning (1967) chemist
- 1986?87 Sir
Kenneth Durham
, Chairman from 1982 to 1986 of
Unilever
- 1987?88: Sir
Walter Bodmer
, geneticist
- 1988?89: Sir
Samuel Edwards
, physicist
- 1989?90:
Claus Moser, Baron Moser
, director from 1967 to 1978 of the
Central Statistical Office
- 1990?91: Sir
Denis Rooke
- 1991?92 Sir
David Attenborough
- 1992?93: Sir
David Weatherall
,
haemotologist
- 1993?94: Dame
Anne McLaren
, IVF biologist
- 1994?95: Sir
Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow
FRS, astrophysicist
- 1995?96:
Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh
, geologist and
Rector of Imperial College London
from 1993 to 2000
- 1996?97: Sir
Derek Roberts
CBE, electronics engineer, and Provost of
UCL
from 1989 to 1999
- 1997?98 Prof
Colin Blakemore
,
neuroscientist
- 1998?99: Sir
Richard Sykes
, biochemist and chief executive from 1993 to 1997 of
Glaxo
- 1999?2000:
Anne, Princess Royal
Presidents 2010?2019
- 2010?11:
David Sainsbury, Lord Sainsbury of Turville
- 2011?12: Professor Dame
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
FRS, FRSE
- 2012?13:
John Krebs, Baron Krebs
FRS
- 2013?14:
Lisa Jardine
CBE, historian
- 2014?15: Sir
Paul Nurse
FRS,
President
from 2010 to 2015 of the Royal Society, and joint winner of the 2001
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
(for work on
cell cycle
division)
- 2015?16 Dame
Athene Donald
FRS, physicist and master since 2014 of
Churchill College, Cambridge
- 2016?17: Dame
Nancy Rothwell
DBE DL FRS FMedSci FBPhS, physiologist and president and vice-chancellor of the
University of Manchester
- 2017?18: Dame
Uta Frith
FRS,
developmental psychologist
- 2018?19: Professor
Jim Al-Khalili
FRS, physicist and broadcaster
- 2019?20: Professor
Alice Roberts
anatomist and broadcaster
List of annual meetings
[
edit
]
- 1831 (1st meeting)
York
, England.
- 1832 (2nd meeting)
Oxford
, England.
Meetings from 1833 to 2012
- 1833 (3rd meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
[56]
- 1834 (4th meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
[57]
- 1835 (5th meeting) Dublin, Ireland.
[49]
- 1836 (6th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
[58]
- 1837 (7th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
[59]
- 1838 (8th meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
[60]
- 1839 (9th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
[61]
- 1840 (10th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
[62]
- 1841 (11th meeting)
Plymouth
, England.
[63]
- 1842 (12th meeting)
Manchester
.
[64]
- 1843 (13th meeting)
Cork
, Ireland.
[65]
- 1844 (14th meeting)
York
, England.
[66]
- 1845 (15th meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
[67]
- 1846 (16th meeting)
Southampton
, England.
- 1847 (17th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
- 1848 (18th meeting)
Swansea
, Wales.
- 1849 (19th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 1850 (20th meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
- 1851 (21st meeting)
Ipswich
, England.
- 1852 (22nd meeting)
Belfast
, Northern Ireland.
- 1853 (23rd meeting)
Hull
, England.
- 1854 (24th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
- 1855 (25th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
- 1856 (26th meeting)
Cheltenham
, England.
- 1857 (27th meeting)
Dublin
, Ireland.
- 1858 (28th meeting)
Leeds
, England.
- 1859 (29th meeting)
Aberdeen
, Scotland.
[68]
- 1860 (30th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
[69]
- 1861 (31st meeting)
Manchester
, England.
[70]
- 1862 (32nd meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
[71]
- 1863 (33rd meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
[72]
- 1864 (34th meeting)
Bath
, England.
[73]
- 1865 (35th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
[74]
- 1866 (36th meeting)
Nottingham
, England.
[75]
- 1867 (37th meeting)
Dundee
, Scotland.
[76]
- 1868 (38th meeting)
Norwich
, England.
[77]
- 1869 (39th meeting)
Exeter
, England.
[78]
- 1870 (40th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
[79]
- 1871 (41st meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
[80]
- 1872 (42nd meeting)
Brighton
, England.
[81]
- 1873 (43rd meeting)
Bradford
, England.
[82]
- 1874 (44th meeting)
Belfast
, Northern Ireland.
[83]
- 1875 (45th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
[84]
- 1876 (46th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
[85]
- 1877 (47th meeting)
Plymouth
, England.
[86]
- 1878 (48th meeting)
Dublin
, Ireland.
[87]
- 1879 (49th meeting)
Sheffield
, England.
[88]
- 1880 (50th meeting)
Swansea
, Wales.
[89]
- 1881 (51st meeting)
York
, England.
[90]
- 1882 (52nd meeting)
Southampton
, England.
[91]
- 1883 (53rd meeting)
Southport
, England.
[92]
- 1884 (54th meeting)
Montreal, Quebec
, Canada.
[93]
- 1885 (55th meeting)
Aberdeen
, Scotland.
[94]
- 1886 (56th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
[95]
- 1887 (57th meeting)
Manchester
, England.
[96]
- 1888 (58th meeting)
Bath
, England.
[97]
- 1889 (59th meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
[98]
- 1890 (60th meeting)
Leeds
, England.
[99]
- 1891 (61st meeting)
Cardiff
, Wales.
[100]
- 1892 (62nd meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
[101]
- 1893 (63rd meeting)
Nottingham
, England.
[102]
- 1894 (64th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
[103]
- 1895 (65th meeting)
Ipswich
, England.
[104]
- 1896 (66th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
[105]
- 1897 (67th meeting)
Toronto, Ontario
, Canada.
[106]
- 1898 (68th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
[107]
- 1899 (69th meeting)
Dover
, England.
[108]
- 1900 (70th meeting)
Bradford
, England.
[109]
- 1901 (71st meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
[110]
- 1902 (72nd meeting)
Belfast
, Northern Ireland.
[111]
- 1903 (73rd meeting)
Southport
, England.
[112]
- 1904 (74th meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
- 1905 (75th meeting) Various, South Africa.
- 1906 (76th meeting)
York
, England.
- 1907 (77th meeting)
Leicester
, England.
- 1908 (78th meeting)
Dublin
, Ireland.
- 1909 (79th meeting)
Winnipeg, Manitoba
, Canada.
- 1910 (80th meeting)
Sheffield
, England.
- 1911 (81st meeting)
Portsmouth
, England.
- 1912 (82nd meeting)
Dundee
, Scotland.
- 1913 (83rd meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 1914 (84th meeting) Various, Australia.
- 1915 (85th meeting)
Manchester
, England.
- 1916 (86th meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
- 1917 No meeting
- 1918 No meeting
- 1919 (87th meeting)
Bournemouth
, England.
- 1920 (88th meeting)
Cardiff
, Wales.
- 1921 (89th meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
- 1922 (90th meeting)
Hull
, England.
- 1923 (91st meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
- 1924 (92nd meeting)
Toronto, Ontario
, Canada.
- 1925 (93rd meeting)
Southampton
, England.
- 1926 (94th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
- 1927 (95th meeting)
Leeds
, England.
- 1928 (96th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
- 1929 (97th meeting) Various, South Africa.
- 1930 (98th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
- 1931 (99th meeting) London, England.
- 1932 (100th meeting)
York
, England.
- 1933 (101st meeting)
Leicester
, England.
- 1934 (102nd meeting)
Aberdeen
, Scotland.
- 1935 (103rd meeting)
Norwich
, England.
- 1936 (104th meeting)
Blackpool
, England.
- 1937 (105th meeting)
Nottingham
, England.
- 1938 (106th meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
- 1939 (107th meeting)
Dundee
, Scotland.
- 1940 No meeting
- 1941 No meeting
- 1942 No meeting
- 1943 No meeting
- 1944 No meeting
- 1945 No meeting
- 1946 No full meeting (An abbreviated one-day meeting was held in London on 20 July 1946; Sir Henry Dale was elected the new president.)
[113]
- 1947 (109th meeting)
Dundee
, Scotland.
[114]
- 1948 (110th meeting)
Brighton
, England.
[115]
- 1949 (111th meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
- 1950 (112th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 1951 (113th meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
- 1952 (114th meeting)
Belfast
, Northern Ireland.
- 1953 (115th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
- 1954 (116th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
- 1955 (117th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
[116]
- 1956 (118th meeting)
Sheffield
, England.
- 1957 (119th meeting)
Dublin
, Ireland.
- 1958 (120th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
- 1959 (121st meeting)
York
, England.
- 1960 (122nd meeting)
Cardiff
, England.
- 1961 (123rd meeting)
Norwich
, England.
- 1962 (124th meeting)
Manchester
, England.
- 1963 (125th meeting)
Aberdeen
, Scotland.
- 1964 (126th meeting)
Southampton
, England.
- 1965 (127th meeting)
Cambridge
, England.
- 1966 (128th meeting)
Nottingham
, England.
- 1967 (129th meeting)
Leeds
, England.
- 1968 (130th meeting)
Dundee
, Scotland.
[117]
- 1969 (131st meeting)
Exeter
, England.
[118]
- 1970 (132nd meeting)
Durham
, England.
- 1971 (133rd meeting)
Swansea
, Wales.
[119]
- 1972 (134th meeting)
Leicester
, England.
- 1973 (135th meeting)
Canterbury
, England.
- 1974 (136th meeting)
Stirling
, Scotland.
- 1975 (137th meeting)
Guildford
, England.
- 1976 (138th meeting)
Lancaster
, England.
- 1977 (139th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 1978 (140th meeting)
Bath
, England.
- 1979 (141st meeting)
Edinburgh
, Scotland.
[120]
- 1980 (142nd meeting)
Salford
, England.
[121]
- 1981 (143rd meeting)
York
, England.
- 1982 (144th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
- 1983 (145th meeting)
Brighton
, England.
- 1984 (146th meeting)
Norwich
, England.
- 1985 (147th meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
- 1986 (148th meeting)
Bristol
, England.
- 1987 (149th meeting)
Belfast
, Northern Ireland.
- 1988 (150th meeting)
Oxford
, England.
- 1989 (151st meeting)
Sheffield
, England.
- 1990 (151st meeting)
Swansea
, Wales.
- 1991 (152nd meeting)
Plymouth
, England.
- 1992 (153rd meeting)
Southampton
, England.
- 1993 (154th meeting)
Keele
, England.
- 1994 (155th meeting)
Loughborough
, England.
- 1995 (156th meeting)
Newcastle upon Tyne
, England.
- 1996 (157th meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 1997 (158th meeting)
Leeds
, England.
- 1998 (159th meeting)
Cardiff
, Wales.
- 1999 (160th meeting)
Sheffield
, England.
- 2000 (161st meeting) London, England.
- 2001 (162nd meeting)
Glasgow
, Scotland.
- 2002 (163rd meeting)
Leicester
, England.
- 2003 (164th meeting)
Salford
, England.
- 2004 (165th meeting)
Exeter
, England.
- 2005 (166th meeting)
Dublin
, Ireland.
- 2006 (167th meeting)
Norwich
, England.
- 2007 (168th meeting)
York
, England.
- 2008 (169th meeting)
Liverpool
, England.
- 2009 (170th meeting)
Guildford
, England.
- 2010 (171st meeting)
Birmingham
, England.
- 2011 (172nd meeting)
Bradford
, England.
- 2012 (173rd meeting)
Aberdeen
, Scotland.
Structure
[
edit
]
The organisation is administered from the Wellcome Wolfson Building at the
Science Museum, London
in
South Kensington
in
Kensington and Chelsea
, within a few feet of the northern boundary with the
City of Westminster
(in which most of the neighbouring
Imperial College London
is resident).
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"About Us"
.
British Science Association
.
Archived
from the original on 25 January 2016
. Retrieved
24 January
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
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.
www.charitycommission.gov.uk
.
Archived
from the original on 30 December 2017
. Retrieved
24 January
2016
.
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Robert Winston, New Scientist, 3 February 2009
.
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"Our work"
.
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.
Archived
from the original on 12 April 2019
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19 April
2019
.
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a
b
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.
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.
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2019
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. 10 January 2015.
Archived
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2019
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James, Frank A.J.L. (2013).
"British Association for the Advancement of Science"
. In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.).
Reader's Guide to the History of Science
. Routledge. pp. 106?107.
ISBN
9781134262946
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.
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8 March
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.
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David Knight, 'Johnston, James Finlay Weir (1796?1855)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- ^
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, 6 October 1831.
- ^
Preston Chronicle
, 8 October 1831.
- ^
Jackson's Oxford Journal
, 23 June 1832.
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a
b
c
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a
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Archived
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(1873)
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
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"9th meeting"
.
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.
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.
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.
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"12th meeting"
.
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30th meeting
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- ^
31st meeting
. Vol. 31. 1862.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
32nd meeting
. Vol. 32. 1863.
Archived
from the original on 26 September 2013
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
33rd meeting
. Vol. 33. 1864.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
34th meeting
. Vol. 34. 1865.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
35th meeting
. Vol. 35. 1866.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
36th meeting
. Vol. 36. 1867.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
37th meeting
. Vol. 37. 1868.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
38th meeting
. Vol. 38. 1869.
Archived
from the original on 18 January 2014
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
39th meeting
. Vol. 39. 1870.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
40th meeting
. Vol. 40. 1871.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
41st meeting
. Vol. 41. 1872.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
42nd meeting
. Vol. 42. 1873.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
43rd meeting
. Vol. 43. 1874.
Archived
from the original on 29 October 2013
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
44th meeting
. Vol. 44. 1875.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
45th meeting
. Vol. 45. 1876.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
46th meeting
. Vol. 46. 1877.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
47th meeting
. Vol. 47. 1878.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
48th meeting
. Vol. 48. 1879.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
49th meeting
. Vol. 49. 1879.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
50th meeting
. Vol. 50. 1880.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
51st meeting
. Vol. 51. 1882.
Archived
from the original on 6 May 2014
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
52nd meeting
. Vol. 52. 1883.
Archived
from the original on 8 April 2020
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
53rd meeting
. Vol. 53. 1884.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
54th meeting
. Vol. 54. 1884.
Archived
from the original on 15 April 2013
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
55th meeting
. Vol. 55. 1886.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
56th meeting
. Vol. 56. 1887.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
57th meeting
. Vol. 57. 1888.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
58th meeting
. Vol. 58. 1889.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
59th meeting
. Vol. 59. 1890.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
60th meeting
. Vol. 60. 1891.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
61st meeting
. Vol. 61. 1891.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
62nd meeting
. Vol. 62. 1893.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
63rd meeting
. Vol. 63. 1894.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
64th meeting
. Vol. 64. 1894.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
65th meeting
. Vol. 65. 1895.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
66th meeting
. Vol. 66. 1896.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
67th meeting
. Vol. 67. 1898.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
68th meeting
. Vol. 68. 1899.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"69th meeting"
.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"70th meeting"
.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"71st meeting"
.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"72nd meeting"
.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"73rd meeting"
.
Archived
from the original on 8 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 September
2013
.
- ^
"British Association Meeting for 1946"
.
Nature
.
157
(3985): 330. 16 March 1946.
Bibcode
:
1946Natur.157T.330.
.
doi
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10.1038/157330d0
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"British Association for the Advancement of Science"
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Archived
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30 September
2013
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"DAJ V13/2: The Role of Section H at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in the History of Anthropology"
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"THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LIVERPOOL, 1953"
(PDF)
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[
dead link
]
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Recent developments in electro-organic synthesis, Manuel M. Baizer, Naturwissenschaften August 1969, Volume 56, Issue 8, pp. 405?409.
- ^
Martin, J. W. (1970). "The British Association for the Advancement of Science: The Exeter Meeting".
Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994)
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96
(3): 383?387.
doi
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10.1017/S0020268100016620
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JSTOR
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McKelvey, K. Muir (1973). "The British Association for the Advancement of Science: Annual Meeting 1972, at Leicester".
Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994)
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JSTOR
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Energy in the balance : some papers from BA79 : papers given at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 1979
. Ann Arbor Science Publishers. 1980.
ISBN
9780250403950
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Archived
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30 September
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.
- ^
"The BA at the end of the 20th Century"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 9 February 2013
. Retrieved
30 September
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.
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