Public university in Bologna, Italy
The
University of Bologna
(
Italian
:
Alma Mater Studiorum ? Universita di Bologna
, abbreviated
Unibo
) is a
public
research university
in
Bologna
,
Italy
. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (
studiorum
), it is the
oldest university in continuous operation in the world
, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning. At its foundation, the word
universitas
was first coined.
[3]
[4]
The university's emblem carries the motto,
Alma Mater Studiorum
("Nourishing mother of studies"), the date
A.D. 1088
.
[5]
With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the
largest universities in Europe
.
The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university,
Bettisia Gozzadini
, and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor,
Laura Bassi
. The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated
Nicholas Copernicus
as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.
[6]
It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests.
[7]
The University of Bologna has campuses in
Cesena
,
Forli
,
Ravenna
and
Rimini
as well as branch centres abroad in
Buenos Aires
,
New York
,
Brussels
, and
Shanghai
.
[8]
It houses the fully funded boarding college
Collegio Superiore di Bologna,
the Bologna School of Advanced Studies,
[9]
the
botanical gardens of Bologna
, a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections,
[10]
as well as the
Bologna University Press
.
History
[
edit
]
The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (
Authentica habita
) by
Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I Barbarossa
in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by
Giosue Carducci
traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.
[11]
[12]
[13]
However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term
university
before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."
[14]
The university arose around
mutual aid societies
(known as
universitates scholarium
) of foreign students called "
nations
" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed
collective punishment
on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and
ars dictaminis
(
scrivenery
).
[15]
The lectures were given in informal schools called
scholae
. In time the various
universitates scholarium
decided to form a larger association, or
Studium
?thus, the university. The
Studium
grew to have a strong position of
collective bargaining
with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a
student strike
, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming
collegia doctorum
(professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered
public university
.
[16]
The university is historically notable for its teaching of
canon
and
civil law
;
[17]
indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the
Digest
,
[18]
a central text in
Roman law
, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of
medieval Roman law
.
[19]
Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate.
Bettisia Gozzadini
earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree.
[20]
She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university.
[21]
In 1477, when Pope
Sixtus IV
issued a
papal bull
, authorizing the creation of
Uppsala University
in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna?a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of
theology
, law (
Canon Law
and
Roman law
), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees.
Laura Bassi
was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five.
[22]
Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later
Pope Benedict XIV
). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732.
[23]
In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on
Philosophica Studia
[24]
at the Sala degli Anziani of the
Palazzo Pubblico
. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May.
[25]
She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after
Elena Cornaro Piscopia
in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese
Minerva
.
[26]
[22]
On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics.
[27]
[28]
She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world,
[29]
thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the
Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna
in 1732.
[30]
[31]
Bassi became the most important populariser of
Newtonian mechanics
in Italy.
[32]
In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with
Umberto Eco
, Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS (
acronym
of
discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo
, "Dicipline of
Arts
,
Musics
and
Performance
"). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (in
Italian
:
Delitti del DAMS
), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of
Umberto Eco
), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani.
[33]
[34]
Organization
[
edit
]
Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "
Laurea
" or "
Laurea breve
" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "
Laurea specialistica
" or "
Laurea magistrale
" second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained the previous rules of "
Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico
" or "
Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico
", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the "
Laurea
" one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD).
The 11 Schools (which replace the existing 23 faculties) are:
- School of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine
- School of Economics, Management and Statistics
- School of Engineering and Architecture
- School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpreting and Translation
- School of Law
- School of Arts, Humanities, and
Cultural Heritage
- School of Medicine and Surgery
- School of Pharmacy,
Biotechnologies
and Sport Sciences
- School of
Political Sciences
- School of Psychology and Education Sciences
- School of Sciences
The university is structured in 33 departments
[35]
(66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015.
The 33 departments are:
- Architecture - DA
- Cultural Heritage - DBC
- Chemistry "
Giacomo Ciamician
" - CHIM
- Industrial Chemistry
"Toso Montanari" - CHIMIND
- Arts - DARvipem
- Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FaBiT
- Classical Philology
and
Italian Studies
- FICLIT
- Philosophy and
Communication Studies
- FILCOM
- Physics and Astronomy - DIFA
- Computer Science and Engineering - DISI
- Civil
,
Chemical
,
Environmental
, and
Materials Engineering
- DICAM
- Electrical
,
Electronic
, and
Information Engineering
"Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI
- Industrial Engineering
- DIN
- Interpreting
and
Translation
- DIT
- Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures - LILEC
- Mathematics - MAT
- Experimental Medicine
,
Diagnostic Medicine
and
Specialty Medicine
- DIMES
- Psychology - PSI
- Agricultural Sciences - DipSA
- Management - DiSA
- Biological
,
Geological
, and
Environmental Sciences
- BiGeA
- Biomedical
and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM
- Education Studies
"Giovanni Maria Bertin" - EDU
- Agricultural
and
Food Sciences
- DISTAL
- Economics - DSE
- Legal Studies - DSG
- Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC
- Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET
- Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI
- Political and
Social Sciences
- SPS
- Statistical Sciences
"
Paolo Fortunati
" - STAT
- Sociology
and Business Law - SDE
- History and Cultures - DiSCi
Affiliates and other institutions
[
edit
]
Il Mulino
[
edit
]
In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna.
[36]
In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It.
Societa editrice il Mulino
) was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo.
Collegio Superiore
[
edit
]
The
Collegio Superiore
is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes.
The institution was founded in 1998 as
Collegio d'Eccellenza
. Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study.
The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework.
All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted a full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses.
Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019.
[37]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Alumni
[
edit
]
- Adone Zoli
, former Prime Minister of
Italy
.
- Cardinal
Alberto Bolognetti
- Pope
Alexander VI
[38]
- Alvaro de Figueroa
, former Prime Minister of
Spain
.
- Anna M. Borghi
, Italian cognitive psychologist
- Augusto Righi
, pioneer in the study of
electromagnetism
[39]
[40]
- Carlo Goldoni
,
[41]
Italian
playwright
- Carlo Rovelli
, Italian
theoretical physicist
- Carlo Severini
[42]
- Saint
Charles Borromeo
,
archbishop of Milan
[43]
- Corrado Gini
, Italian
statistician
, demographer and sociologist who developed the
Gini coefficient/ratio
.
- Dante Alighieri
,
[44]
Italian poet, writer and philosopher
- Daria de Pretis
, Italian jurist, Constitutional Judge of
the Constitutional Court of Italy
.
- Diego Della Valle
, chairman of the Italian leather goods company
Tod's
- Enzo Ferrari
, Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur
- Erasmus of Rotterdam
[45]
- Fabrizio Zilibotti
, Italian economist and Professor of International and Development Economics at
Yale University
.
- Fawziya Abikar Nur
,
Minister for Health and Social Care
-
Somalia
.
- Filip Ivanovi?
,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro
.
- Gabriele Paleotti
[46]
- Gasparo Tagliacozzi
, pioneer of plastic and
reconstructive surgery
[47]
[48]
[49]
- Giacomo Matteotti
[50]
[51]
- Giovanni Pascoli
[52]
[53]
- Pope Gregory XIII
(Ugo Boncompagni);
[54]
[55]
- Pope
Gregory XV
[56]
- Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro
, Italian mathematician and the inventor of
tensor calculus
.
- Guglielmo Marconi
,
[57]
[58]
Italian inventor and radio pioneer
- Henry of Susa
(Hostiensis);
[59]
- Pope
Innocent IX
[60]
- Irnerius
, founder of the
School of Glossators
[61]
- Joaquin Chapaprieta
, former Prime Minister of
Spain
.
- Juan Fernando Lopez Aguilar
, former
Minister of Justice
-
Spain
.
- Julius Caesar Aranzi
, the pioneer
human anatomists
and surgeons.
- Laura Bassi
, the world's first woman to earn a university chair in a
scientific field of studies
[62]
[63]
- Lazzaro Spallanzani
,
[64]
Italian priest, biologist and physiologist
- Leon Battista Alberti
;
[65]
- Luigi Galvani
;
[66]
[67]
[68]
- Manuel Olivencia
, lawyer and academic;
[69]
- Mauro Moretti
, former CEO and general manager of
Leonardo S.p.A.
- Marcello Malpighi
;
[70]
[71]
- Michelangelo Antonioni
;
[72]
[73]
[74]
- Nicolaus Copernicus
, formulator of the heliocentric universal model;
[75]
[76]
- Cardinal
Paolo Burali d'Arezzo
;
[77]
- Paracelsus
, founder of the discipline of
toxicology
;
[78]
- Patrizio Bianchi
,
Minister of Public Education
in the
Draghi Cabinet
- Petrarch
;
[79]
- Pico della Mirandola
;
[80]
[81]
- Pier Luigi Nervi
, Italian Structural engineer and architect of
UNESCO Headquarters
Paris (1950).
- Pier Paolo Pasolini
;
[82]
[83]
- Pierluigi Collina
, Chairman of the
FIFA
referees committee
- Piero Gnudi
, Minister of Tourism and Sports in the Monti cabinet.
- Pietro Mengoli
;
[84]
- Remo Gaspari
, Minister of Relationships with the Parliament and Minister of Public Function in the Bettino Craxi and
Giulio Andreotti
Cabinet.
- Stefano Domenicali
, CEO of
Formula One Group
, former CEO of Italian sports car manufacturer
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
and Team Principal of
Formula One
team
Scuderia Ferrari
.
- Archbishop
Thomas Becket
;
[85]
- Tommaso Perelli
, Italian astronomer
- Torquato Tasso
;
[86]
- Ulisse Aldrovandi
;
[87]
[88]
- Umberto Eco
, Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer
- Mihalj ?ilobod Bol?i?
(1724?1787),
Catholic
priest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist primarily known for writing the first Croatian arithmetic textbook
Arithmatika Horvatzka
(published in Zagreb, 1758)
Faculty and staff
[
edit
]
Notable former faculty include:
[89]
- 11th century
- 12th century
- 13th century
- 14th century
- 15th century
- 16th century
- 17th century
- 18th century
- 19th century
- 20th century
- 21st century
Rankings and reputation
[
edit
]
The 2024
QS World University Rankings
ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability.
[97]
In the 2024
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
, it claimed the 155th place globally.
[98]
In the 2023
THE Impact Rankings
, which measure the universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with the
UN 2030 Agenda
, Bologna took 5th place in Europe and 23rd in the world.
[99]
Furthermore, Bologna topped Italy's 2023 list of large public universities (> 40,000 students), produced by the Italian
Center for Social Investment Studies
, for the 14th year in a row.
[100]
Points of interest
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
ISBN
0-521-36105-2
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