American biplane military training aircraft in use 1934 through WWII
Model 75 (Stearman Kaydet)
|
|
Boeing Stearman N7058Q in U.S. Navy markings
|
Role
|
Biplane trainer
Type of aircraft
|
Manufacturer
|
Stearman Aircraft
/
Boeing
|
Introduction
|
1934
|
Number built
|
8,584 (includes model 70, 75 and 76)
[1]
|
Variants
|
American Airmotive NA-75
|
The
Stearman (Boeing) Model 75
is an American
biplane
formerly used as a military
trainer aircraft
, of which at least 10,626 were built in the
United States
during the 1930s and 1940s.
[2]
Stearman Aircraft
became a
subsidiary
of
Boeing
in 1934. Widely known as the
Stearman
,
Boeing Stearman
, or
Kaydet
, it served as a primary trainer for the
United States Army Air Forces
, the
United States Navy
(as the NS and N2S), and with the
Royal Canadian Air Force
as the Kaydet throughout
World War II
. After the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years, they became popular as
crop dusters
and sports planes, and for
aerobatic
and
wing walking
use in
air shows
.
Design and development
[
edit
]
In late 1933, Stearman engineers Mac Short, Harold W. Zipp, and J. Jack Clark took a 1931
Lloyd Stearman
design, and added
cantilever
landing gear and adjustable elevator
trim tabs
, to produce the Model 70. Able to withstand +12g and -9g, the aircraft was powered by a 210-hp
Lycoming R-680
, first flew on 1 January 1934, before flight tests were conducted at
Wright Field
,
Naval Air Station Anacostia
, and Pensacola. The Navy then requested a similar model built to Navy specifications, including a 200-hp Wright J-5 engine. The resultant Model 73, was designated NS-1 by the Navy, of which 41 were ordered, including enough spares to build another 20 aircraft.
[3]
In the summer of 1934, Stearman engineers refined the Model 73 into the Model X75. The Army Air Corps evaluated the plane that autumn, powered by a 225-hp Wright R-760 or a 225-hp Lycoming R-680. In July 1935, the Army Air Corps ordered 26 with the Lycoming engine, designated the PT-13A, while the navy ordered an additional 20. In August 1936, the Army ordered an additiional 50 PT-13As, followed by another 30 in October, and another 28 in December. Simultaneously, the company received orders for its primary trainer from the Argentinian navy, the
Philippine Army Air Corps
, and the Brazilian Air Force. In January 1937, the army ordered another 26 PT-13As.
[3]
On 6 June 1941, the U.S. government issued Approved
Type Certificate
No. 743 for the civilian version of the Model 75. Designated the Model A75L3 (PT-13) and Model A75N1 (PT-17), about 60 were sold to civilian flights schools such as
Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology
, and for export.
[3]
: 148
On 15 March 1941, the company delivered the 1000th trainer to the Army, and the 1001st trainer to the Navy. Then on 27 August 1941, the company delivered the 2000th trainer to the Army. On 27 July 1944, the company delivered its 10,000th primary trainer.
[3]
: 145?148, 168
The Kaydet was a conventional biplane of rugged construction, with a large, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and accommodation for the student and instructor in open
cockpits
in tandem. The radial engine was usually not cowled, although some Stearman operators choose to cowl the engine, most notably the
Red Baron Stearman Squadron
.
Operational history
[
edit
]
Post-war usage
[
edit
]
After World War II, thousands of surplus PT-17s were auctioned off to civilians and former military pilots. Many were modified for crop-dusting use, with a hopper for pesticide or fertilizer fitted in place of the front cockpit. Additional equipment included pumps, spray bars, and nozzles mounted below the lower wings. A popular approved modification to increase the maximum takeoff weight and climb performance involved fitting a larger
Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior
engine and a
constant-speed propeller
.
Variants
[
edit
]
Data from:
United States Navy aircraft since 1911,
[4]
Boeing aircraft since 1916
[5]
8,584 Model 70s, 75s and 76s were built, with additional "spares" bringing the number up to the sometimes quoted 10,346.
[1]
USAAC/USAAF designations
[
edit
]
The U.S. Army Air Forces Model 75 Kaydet had three different designations, PT-13, PT-17 and PT-18, depending on which type of radial engine was installed.
- PT-13
- Initial production version with
Lycoming R-680
-B4B engine, 26 built in 1936
- PT-13A
Model A75 with R-680-7 engine, 92 delivered from 1937 to 1938.
- PT-13B
R-680-11 engine, 255 delivered from 1939 to 1941.
- PT-13C
Six PT-13Bs modified for instrument flying.
- PT-13D
Model E75 with R-680-17 engine, 793 delivered
- PT-17
- Version with
Continental R-670
-5 engine, 2,942 delivered.
- PT-17A
136 PT-17s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
- PT-17B
Three PT-17s modified with agricultural spraying equipment for pest control near army bases.
- PT-17C
Single PT-17 conversion with standardized Army-Navy equipment.
- PT-18
- Version with
Jacobs R-755
-7 engine, 150 built. Further production was cancelled as the engines were needed for other types of trainers.
- PT-18A
Six PT-18s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
- PT-27
- USAAF paperwork designation given to 300 D75N1/PT-17 aircraft supplied under
Lend-Lease
to the
Royal Canadian Air Force
.
US Navy designations
[
edit
]
- NS
- Up to 61 Model 73B1 delivered, powered by 220 hp (160 kW)
Wright J-5/R-790 Whirlwind
radials
[6]
- N2S
- Known colloquially as the "Yellow Peril" from its overall yellow paint scheme.
- N2S-1
Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-14 engine, 250 delivered.
- N2S-2
Model B75 with Lycoming R-680-8 engine, 125 delivered in 1941.
- N2S-3
Model B75N1 with Continental R-670-4 engine, 1,875 delivered.
- N2S-4
Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-4 and -5 engines, 457 delivered of 579 ordered, including 99 PT-17s diverted from U.S. Army orders.
- N2S-5
Model E75 with Lycoming R-680-17 engine, 1,450 delivered.
Company designations
[
edit
]
- Stearman 70
- Company designation for prototype, powered by 215 hp (160 kW) Lycoming radial engine, designated XPT-943 for evaluation
[7]
- Model 73
- Initial production version, 61 built for U.S. Navy as
NS
plus export variants
[6]
- Model 73L3
- Version for the Philippines, powered by 200 hp (150 kW) R-680-4 or R-680C1 engines, seven built
[8]
- Model A73B1
- Seven aircraft for
Cuban Air Force
powered by 235 hp (175 kW)
Wright R-790 Whirlwind
, delivered 1939?1940
[8]
- Model A73L3
- Improved version for the Philippines, three built
[9]
- Stearman 75
- (or X75) Evaluated by the U.S. Army as a primary trainer, the X75L3 became the PT-13 prototype. Variants of the 75 formed the PT-17 family.
- Stearman 76
- Export trainer and armed version of the 75 with a gun ring and one or two fixed forward firing machine guns.
- A76B4
- 5 built for Venezuela.
- A76C3
- 15 built for Brazil.
- B76C3
- 15 built with cameras for Brazil.
- 76D1
- 16 built for Argentina and three for Philippines as BT-1.
- S76D1
- seaplane version of 76D1 for Argentina
- 76D3
- 24 built for Philippine Constabulary as BT-1 armed advanced trainer, and 24 built for Cuba.
Other designations
[
edit
]
- Stearman XPT-943
- Designation assigned to the X70 evaluated at Wright Field
- Stearman Kaydet
- Name used for aircraft in Royal Canadian Air Force service
- American Airmotive NA-75
- Single-seat agricultural conversion of Model 75, fitted with new, high-lift wings
[10]
Operators
[
edit
]
-
Argentina
-
Bolivia
-
Brazil
- Brazilian Air Force
Model A75L3 and 76.
[14]
-
Canada
- Royal Canadian Air Force
received 301 PT-27s under Lend Lease.
[15]
-
Republic of China
- Republic of China Air Force
received 150 PT-17s under Lend-Lease,
[16]
and 104 refurbished aircraft post war in Taiwan. The ROCAF used them until 1958.
[17]
-
Colombia
- Colombian Air Force
[13]
-
Cuba
-
Dominican Republic
-
Greece
-
Guatemala
[18]
-
Honduras
-
Iran
- Imperial Iranian Air Force
[18]
-
Israel
- Israeli Air Force
purchased 20 PT-17s.
[19]
-
Mexico
- Mexican Air Force
[18]
-
Nicaragua
- Nicaraguan Air Force
[
citation needed
]
-
Paraguay
- Paraguayan Air Force
[13]
-
Peru
- Peruvian Air Force
[
citation needed
]
-
Philippines
- Philippine Army Air Corps
[14]
- Philippine Air Force
[18]
-
United States
- United States Army Air Corps
/
United States Army Air Forces
[14]
- United States Marine Corps
[
citation needed
]
- United States Navy
[14]
-
Venezuela
- Venezuelan Air Force
[14]
-
Yugoslavia
- Yugoslav Air Force
Surviving aircraft
[
edit
]
A considerable number of Stearmans remain in flying condition throughout the world, as the type remains a popular sport plane and
warbird
.
Argentina
[
edit
]
Australia
[
edit
]
- 75-6488 ? B75N1 registered as VH-EYC, airworthy, owned by Steven Bradley, South Australia 5134
[20]
- 75-7462 - B75N1 - registered as VH-PWS, airworthy, owned by Michael Murphy, Royal Aero Club of Victoria.
- 75-8314 ? E75 Registered as VH-USE, airworthy, owned by Raalin, Western Australia 6208
[21]
Austria
[
edit
]
Brazil
[
edit
]
Canada
[
edit
]
Colombia
[
edit
]
Iceland
[
edit
]
- T5-1556 ? PT-17 is airworthy with Erling Petur Erlingsson in
Hafnarfjorður, Capital Region
. It is the oldest airplane in Iceland. It was brought to the country in 1941 by the aircraft carrier
USS
Wasp
and damaged in an accident in 1943.
[39]
[40]
[41]
Indonesia
[
edit
]
Israel
[
edit
]
Mexico
[
edit
]
Netherlands
[
edit
]
New Zealand
[
edit
]
- 75-647 ? PT-17 airworthy with R. J. S. Jenkins in
Ardmore, Auckland
.
[49]
- 75-2055 ? PT-17 airworthy with R. B. Mackley in
Milford
.
[50]
- 75-2100 ? PT-17 airworthy with Classic Aircraft Sales Limited in
Blenheim
.
[51]
- 75-2724 ? PT-17 airworthy with B. L. Govenlock in
Hastings
.
[52]
- 75-3132 ? PT-17 airworthy with the Antonievich Family Trust in
Pukekohe
.
[53]
- 75-3655 ? PT-17 airworthy with M. P. Cantlon in
Mount Maunganui
.
[54]
- 75-4245 ? PT-17 airworthy with the Strome Farm Trust in
Drury
.
[55]
- 75-5064 ? PT-13D airworthy with the Stearman Syndicate in Drury.
[56]
- 75-5907 ? PT-13D airworthy with Stearman 03 Limited in Mount Maunganui.
[57]
- 75-8025A ? N2S-3 airworthy with M. J. Dean in Mount Maunganui.
[58]
Peru
[
edit
]
Spain
[
edit
]
Switzerland
[
edit
]
- 75-5436 ? PT-13D is airworthy, registered as HB-RBG, and based at the Fliegermuseum
Altenrhein
.
[61]
Built in 1943 and restored to airworthiness in 1989 after sustaining considerable damage during an emergency landing in the grounds of the
Stadler Rail
factory in Altenrhein due to engine failure.
[62]
Taiwan
[
edit
]
United States
[
edit
]
- Model 70 is airworthy at the
Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum
in
Hood River, Oregon
. It is the original prototype of the Model 75.
[64]
- 37-0099 ? PT-13A is on static display at the
Museum of Flight
in
Seattle, Washington
.
[65]
[66]
- 41-7121 - PT-17 is on static display at the
US Army Aviation Museum
in
Fort Novosel, AL
.
- 41-7960 ? PT-17 is airworthy at
Mississippi State University
in
Starkville, Mississippi
. It is used as a research aircraft and glider tow-plane.
[67]
[68]
- 41-8786 ? PT-17 is in storage at the
New England Air Museum
in
Windsor Locks, Connecticut
.
[69]
- 41-8882 ? PT-17 on static display at the
Pima Air and Space Museum
in
Tucson, Arizona
.
[70]
- 41-25254 ? PT-17 is airworthy at the
Military Aviation Museum
in
Pungo, Virginia
.
[71]
[72]
[73]
- 41-25284 ? PT-17 is on static display at the
Hill Aerospace Museum
in
Roy, Utah
.
[74]
- 41-25588 ? PT-17 is airworthy at the
Charles M. Schulz?Sonoma County Airport
in
Santa Rosa, California
.
[75]
[
failed verification
]
- 41-25623 ? PT-17 is on display at
Patriots Point
in
Charleston, South Carolina
.
[
citation needed
]
- 42-15687 ? PT-27 is on display at the
Vintage Flying Museum
in
Fort Worth, Texas
.
[76]
- 42-16365 ? PT-17 is on static display at the
Museum of Aviation
in
Warner Robins, Georgia
.
[77]
[74]
- 42-16388 ? PT-17D is on static display at the
March Field Air Museum
near
Riverside, California
.
[78]
- 42-16691 ? PT-17 is on static display at the
Castle Air Museum
in
Atwater, California
.
[74]
- 42-17591 ? PT-13D is on static display at the
Planes of Fame Air Museum
in
Chino, California
.
[79]
[80]
[81]
- 42-17724 ? PT-13D is on static display at the
National Museum of African American History and Culture
in
Washington, DC
. It was used in 1944 to train members of the Tuskegee Airmen.
[82]
[83]
[84]
- 42-17763 ? PT-13D is on static display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in
Valle, Arizona
.
[79]
[80]
[85]
- 42-17800 ? PT-13D is on static display at the
National Museum of the United States Air Force
in
Dayton, Ohio
. This aircraft is the 63rd to last aircraft built and was donated to the museum in 1959 by the
Boeing Aircraft Company
, which purchased the Stearman Company in 1934.
[86]
[87]
[88]
- 3514 ? N2S-3 is airworthy with Neil Alan Raaz in
Colleyville, Texas
.
[89]
[90]
- 3558 ? N2S-2 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.
[79]
[80]
[91]
- 5369 ? N2S-3 is on static display at the
National Naval Aviation Museum
in
Pensacola, Florida
. It was flown by
George H. W. Bush
during his initial training as a naval pilot.
[92]
- 7591 ? N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum
in
Titusville, Florida
.
[93]
[94]
- 7718 ? N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Lone Star Flight Museum
in
Houston, Texas
.
[95]
[96]
- 15923 ? N2S is on static display at the
Carolinas Aviation Museum
in
Charlotte, North Carolina
.
[97]
[
failed verification
]
- 29981 ? N2S-4 is on display at the
Air Zoo
in
Kalamazoo, Michigan
.
[98]
[99]
- 38278 ? N2S-3 is airworthy at the
Tri-State Warbird Museum
in
Batavia, Ohio
.
[100]
[101]
- 38490 ? N2S-5 is airworthy at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.
[95]
[102]
- 43197 ? N2S-5 is under restoration to airworthy condition with the
Commemorative Air Force Utah Wing
in
Heber City, Utah
.
[103]
[104]
- 61064 ? N2S-5 on static display at the
Udvar-Hazy Center
of the
National Air and Space Museum
in
Chantilly, Virginia
.
[105]
[106]
- 92468 ? N2S-3 is on static display at the
Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor
in
Honolulu, Hawaii
. It was flown by George H. W. Bush during his initial training as a naval pilot.
[107]
[108]
- 75-133 ? PT-17 is airworthy at the
Simsbury Airport
in
Simsbury, Connecticut
.
- 75-3845 ? PT-27 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the
Texas Air Museum
in
Slaton, Texas
.
[109]
- 75-7540 - B75N1 is airworthy and resides at the Commemorative Air Force Airbase Arizona, Mesa, Arizona.
- 75-8498 ? N2S-5 is airworthy at the CAF Big Easy Wing in
New Orleans, LA
.
[110]
- A75N1 ? PT-17 is on display at the
College Park Aviation Museum
in
College Park, Maryland
. It was flown by
Gus McLeod
for the first open-cockpit flight over the North Pole.
[111]
- N2S-3 is on display at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
[112]
- Stearman on display at Scottsdale Airport (KSDL)
Specifications (PT-17)
[
edit
]
Data from
United States Military Aircraft since 1909
[113]
General characteristics
- Crew:
2
- Length:
24 ft 9 in (7.54 m)
- Wingspan:
32 ft 2 in (9.80 m)
- Height:
9 ft 8 in (2.95 m)
- Wing area:
298 sq ft (27.7 m
2
)
- Empty weight:
1,931 lb (876 kg)
- Max takeoff weight:
2,635 lb (1,195 kg)
- Fuel capacity:
46 US gal (38 imp gal; 170 L)
- Powerplant:
1 ×
Continental R-670-5
7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 220 hp (160 kW)
- Propellers:
2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed:
124 mph (200 km/h, 108 kn)
- Cruise speed:
96 mph (154 km/h, 83 kn)
- Service ceiling:
13,200 ft (4,000 m)
- Time to altitude:
10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 17 minutes 18 seconds
- Wing loading:
9.9 lb/sq ft (48 kg/m
2
)
In popular culture
[
edit
]
An iconic movie image is a Stearman cropduster chasing Cary Grant across a field in
North by Northwest
(the airplane that chased Grant was actually a
Naval Aircraft Factory N3N Canary
; the plane that hits the truck is a Stearman).
[
citation needed
]
A heavily modified PT-17 variant was used as the Tornado in the Sonic The Hedgehog 2 Film.
See also
[
edit
]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Bowers, 1989, p.255
- ^
National Museum of the United States Air Force
gives the figure 10,346 but this includes the equivalent airframes in manufactured spare parts.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Phillips, Edward (2006).
Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History
. North Branch, MN: specialtypress. pp. 118?126.
ISBN
9781580070874
.
- ^
- ^
Bowers, Peter M. (1989).
Boeing aircraft since 1916
(3rd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 251?269.
ISBN
978-0870210372
.
- ^
a
b
Bowers 1989, pp. 252?253.
- ^
Bowers 1989, pp. 251?252.
- ^
a
b
Bowers 1989, p. 253.
- ^
Bowers 1989, p. 254.
- ^
Taylor 1965, p. 178.
- ^
Bowers 1989, p. 268.
- ^
a
b
Nunez Padin, Jorge (2000).
"BOEING STEARMAN N2S KAYDET"
.
Fuerzas Navales
(in Spanish). Jorge N. Padin. Archived from
the original
on 2014-05-17
. Retrieved
2014-05-16
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Andrade 1979, p. 159
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Andrade 1979, p. 158
- ^
Bowers 1989, p. 265.
- ^
Bowers 1989, p. 262.
- ^
Bowers 1989, pp. 260?261.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Boeing-Stearman Kadyet"
. Military Factory. 2013-06-20
. Retrieved
2014-05-17
.
- ^
Nordeen 1991, p. 27.
- ^
"Civil Aircraft Register entry VH-EYC"
.
Civil Aviation Safety Authority
. Retrieved
27 March
2021
.
- ^
"Civil Aircraft Register entry VH-USE"
.
Civil Aviation Safety Authority
. Retrieved
27 March
2021
.
- ^
"PT-17 Stearman The Flying Bulls"
.
The Flying Bulls
. Retrieved
27 March
2021
.
- ^
"BOEING STEARMAN A75L3 ? Kaydet"
.
Museu Aeroespacial
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"BOEING STEARMAN A76C3"
.
Museu Aeroespacial
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing N2S-3 Kaydet, s/n 0131 ARA, c/n 75-7631, c/r LV-FGD"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Boeing PT-17 Stearman"
.
Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GVTI]"
.
Transport Canada
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing PT-13D Kaydet, s/n 42-17456 USAAF, c/n 75-5619, c/r C-GVTI"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GZAL]"
.
Transport Canada
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing N2S-3 Kaydet, s/n 05284 USN, c/n 75-6458, c/r C-GZAL"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-FOXU]"
.
Transport Canada
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing PT-13B Kaydet, s/n 5293 USN, c/n 75-6467, c/r C-FOXU"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Aviation"
.
Reynolds Museum
. Government of Alberta
. Retrieved
1 December
2019
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing N2S-4 Kaydet, s/n 30083 USN, c/n 75-3522, c/r CF-UWK"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GSDK]"
.
Transport Canada
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing N2S-5 Kaydet, s/n 61105 USN, c/n 75-5227, c/r C-GSDK"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Aircraft Details [C-GQUA]"
.
Transport Canada
. Retrieved
16 July
2021
.
- ^
"Klondike Airways Vintage Biplane Tours ? The Stearman"
.
Klondike Airways
. Retrieved
16 July
2021
.
- ^
"Aircraft Registry Lookup [TF-KAU]"
.
Icelandic Transport Authority
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
Magnusson, Guðmundur (25 April 2019).
"The oldest airplane in Iceland"
.
mbl.is
(in Icelandic)
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
Marteinsson, Olafur; Marteinsson, Þorsteinn (23 April 2020).
"Stearman, Reykjavik Airfield. March 20, 1943"
.
World War II Crash Sites in Iceland
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"Museum TNI AU Dirgantara Mandala Yogyakarta Indonesia"
.
aviationmuseum.eu
. Retrieved
10 January
2021
.
- ^
"MAAM ? The Widow's Web ? Recovery"
.
maam.org
. Retrieved
10 January
2021
.
- ^
"Airframe Dossier ? Stearman-Boeing N2S-5 Kaydet, s/n 2752 IDF, c/n 75-5096, c/r 4X-AIK"
.
Aerial Visuals
. Retrieved
8 May
2020
.
- ^
"EPS-6084 | Boeing PT-17 Kaydet | Mexico ? Air Force | Santiago_MN"
.
JetPhotos
. Retrieved
2022-06-08
.
- ^
"Boeing Stearman ? Oostwold Airport"
(in Dutch). Archived from
the original
on 2021-09-14
. Retrieved
2021-10-20
.
- ^
Vlaanderen, Annelies (2020-05-17).
"Historisch vliegtuigje van Seppe naar Schiphol 100 jaar na eerste commerciele vlucht KLM"
.
BN DeStem
. Retrieved
2023-10-28
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- ^
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Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Andrade, John.
U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909
, Midland Counties Publications, 1979,
ISBN
0 904597 22 9
- Avis, Jim and Bowman, Martin.
Stearman: A Pictorial History
. Motorbooks, 1997.
ISBN
0-7603-0479-3
.
- Bowers, Peter M.
Boeing Aircraft since 1916
. London:Putnam, 1989.
ISBN
0-85177-804-6
.
- Nordeen, Lon.
Fighters Over Israel
. London: Guild Publishing, 1991.
- Phillips, Edward H.
Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History
. Specialty Press, 2006.
ISBN
1-58007-087-6
.
- Sapienza, Antonio Luis (May 2001). "L'aviation militare paraguayenne durant la seconde guerre mondiale" [Paraguayan Military Aviation During the Second World War].
Avions: Toute l'Aeronautique et son histoire
(in French) (98): 30?33.
ISSN
1243-8650
.
- Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers.
United States Military Aircraft since 1909
. London: Putnam, 1963.
- Taylor, John W. R.
Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965?66
. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
- United States Air Force Museum
. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation. 1975.
Videography
[
edit
]
- Stearman, Lloyd.
Stearmans, You Gotta Love Them
. Lap Records, 2005. (
NTSC
Format)
External links
[
edit
]
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Aircraft
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Military designations
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Companies
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Aircraft
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Turbine engines
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Missiles
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Vessels
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Other
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Advanced Trainer
(1925?1948)
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Basic Combat
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Basic Trainer
(1930?1948)
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Primary Trainer
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2
Assigned to multiple types
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USN
/
USMC
trainer aircraft designations pre?1962
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N-series
(1922?1948)
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T-series
(1948?1962)
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- 1
Not assigned
- 2
Assigned to a different manufacturer's type
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