Person who uses an anvil and forge to make various types of blades
Bladesmithing
is the art of making
knives
,
swords
,
daggers
and other
blades
using a
forge
,
hammer
,
anvil
, and other smithing tools.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Bladesmiths employ a variety of
metalworking
techniques similar to those used by
blacksmiths
, as well as
woodworking
for knife and sword handles, and often
leatherworking
for sheaths.
[4]
Bladesmithing is an art that is thousands of years old and found in cultures as diverse as China, Japan, India, Germany, Korea, the Middle East, Spain and the British Isles. As with any art shrouded in history, there are myths and misconceptions about the process. While traditionally bladesmithing referred to the manufacture of any blade by any means, the majority of contemporary craftsmen referred to as bladesmiths are those who primarily manufacture blades by means of using a forge to shape the blade as opposed to
knifemakers
who form blades by use of the
stock removal
method, although there is some overlap between both crafts.
[5]
Related trades
[
edit
]
Many blade smiths were known by other titles according to the kind of blade that they produced:
- A swordsmith's specialty is making swords.
- A
knifemaker
makes
knives
and other cutlery.
- A scythesmith is a smith who makes
scythes
.
Historic bladesmithing
[
edit
]
Historically speaking, bladesmithing is an art that has survived and thrived over thousands of years. Many different parts of the world have different styles of bladesmithing, some more well-known than others.
Egyptian
[
edit
]
Ancient Egyptians
referred to iron as "copper from the heavens" because their lack of
smelting
technology limited their accessible iron supplies to what little
native
iron they could recover from
meteorites
. Despite iron's rarity, they gained enough familiarity with ironworking techniques to have used
wrought iron
in the manufacture of swords and blades as early as 3000 BC.
[6]
They exported this technique to Assyria, Babylon and Greece through trade and as they conquered other lands and were conquered themselves.
[6]
[7]
Celtic
[
edit
]
The
Proto-Celtic
Hallstatt culture
(8th century BC) were among the earliest users of iron swords. During the Hallstatt period, they made swords both in bronze as well as iron with rounded tips. Toward the end of the Hallstatt period, around 600-500BC, these swords were replaced with short daggers. The
La Tene culture
reintroduced the sword, which were very different from the traditional shape and construction of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age, characterized by a more pointed tip.
[6]
[8]
Chinese
[
edit
]
Traditional Chinese blades (
jians
) are usually of
sanmei
(three plate) construction, which involved sandwiching a core of hard steel between two plates of softer steel. The central plate protrudes slightly from its surrounding pieces, allowing for a sharp edge, while the softer spine protects the brittle core. Some blades had
wumei
or five plate construction, with two more soft plates being used at the central ridge. Bronze
jian
were often made in a somewhat similar manner: in this case an alloy with a high copper content would be used to make a resilient core and spine, while the edge would be made from a high-tin-content alloy for sharpness and welded onto the rest of the blade.
The swordsmiths of China are often credited with the forging technology that was carried to Korea and Japan, allowing swordsmiths in those places to create such weapons as the
katana
.
[9]
[10]
This technology included folding, inserting alloys, and differential hardening of the edge, which historically has been the most common technique around the world. While the Japanese would be more influenced by the Chinese
d?o
(single-edged swords of various forms), the early Japanese swords known as
ken
are often based on the
jian
. One-sided
jians
from the Tang dynasty provided the basis for various Japanese forging styles and techniques. The Korean version of the
jian
is known as the
geom
or
gum
, and these swords often preserve features found in Ming-era
jian
, such as openwork pommels and sharply angled tips.
Korean
[
edit
]
Korea has a history of swordsmithing dating back 3,000 years.
[
citation needed
]
Although Korea was in close proximity to both Japan and China, no native systems of swordsmanship and swordmaking developed in Korea.
[9]
[11]
[12]
Korean swords
include long swords such as the yeoh do, geom, and hyup do and curved swords such as Samindo.
[
citation needed
]
Metal swords of double bladed leaf structure have been found throughout Korea dating back to the Bronze Age. These bronze swords were around 32 cm (13 in) in overall length, with a short handle.
[
citation needed
]
Japanese
[
edit
]
The technology that led to the development of the Japanese sword originated in China and was brought to Japan by way of Korea.
[9]
The oldest steel swords found in Japan date to the fourth or fifth century A.D.
[9]
Although appearing to be ceremonial in nature, samples of these straight blades preserved in the
Sh?s?in
were hand-forged with hardened cutting edges. By the time of the
Heian period
(794?1185 AD) the Japanese sword took on its distinctive curved shape as a mounted horseman would have more use for a slashing type of blade as opposed to a thrusting type.
[9]
These swords were known as
tachi
.
[9]
Due to the quality of metal found in Japan, Japanese bladesmithing became an extremely rigid, precise process, involving folding and forge-welding the steel many times over to create a
laminated
blade. By the time of the
Kamakura period
(1185?1333 AD), Japan was under the rule of a military class and repelling
Mongol
invasions. This became known as the "Golden era" of Japanese bladesmithing under
Emperor Toba II
, who became a bladesmith himself.
[13]
After abdicating, Toba II summoned Japan's finest bladesmiths around him in an effort to develop the perfect sword.
[9]
It was determined that a sword had to be hard in order to maintain a sharp cutting edge, yet hard steel is brittle and can shatter under the stress of a heavy blow.
[9]
Swordsmiths in Japan found the solution by wrapping a softer low-carbon steel core such as wrought iron, in a jacket of high-carbon steel and then
hardening
the edge.
[9]
However, under heavy usage, the edge would be more prone to chipping than its European counterparts, which were typically designed to deal with heavier armor than Japanese blades.
[9]
This was answered by allowing projections of softer steel known as
ashi
to form in the hardened cutting edge during differential hardening of the blade.
[9]
The
Mongol invasions
brought with them a need for swords also suited for hand-to-hand combat and the smiths began manufacture of shorter blades to meet this need.
[10]
It was during the
Muromachi period
that the
katana
and
tant?
came into being.
[9]
[10]
By the sixteenth century, Japanese bladesmithing had become so renowned throughout Asia that the Japanese turned to large scale manufacturing of swords as an export to China.
[10]
Smiths at
Sakai
[14]
also crafted knives for cutting
tobacco
, which had been introduced by the Portuguese. The Sakai bladesmithing industry received a major boost from the
Tokugawa shogunate
(1603?1868), which granted Sakai a special seal of approval and enhanced its reputation for quality.
[10]
The
Haitorei Edict
in 1876 banned carrying of swords in public, which, combined with the decimation of the
samurai class
caused a heavy decline in the number of swords produced throughout the country. Sword-making was completely banned following World War II and did not resume until 1953, under heavy restrictions to preserve it solely as an art.
[9]
[10]
In modern-day Japan a swordsmith is still only allowed to manufacture two swords a month by law, for example.
[9]
As a result, many smiths travel to Taiwan or China to make extra swords for the export market as foreign-made swords are also illegal in Japan.
[9]
Bladesmithing is still practiced in the cities of Sakai (Osaka Prefecture) and Seki (Gifu Prefecture).
[15]
Germanic
[
edit
]
The Germanic
Migration period
peoples also had advanced bladesmithing techniques for their level of technology. Migration Era smiths would often forge-weld blades of multiple materials, and their blades were typically double-edged and straight. Migration Era blades were often forged with a hard steel edge wrapped around a pattern welded core. Pattern welding was adopted from the neighbouring Romans, who had employed such technique since the second century AD.
[16]
[17]
Indian
[
edit
]
Bladesmithing was common practice in India during the Middle Ages. A special type of steel known as
Wootz
or
Damascus steel
was often used in South Asia. The term Damascus steel can refer to two different types of artefacts. One is the true Damascus steel, or Wootz steel, which is a high carbon alloy with tremendous edge retention possibly due to its composition of carbon nanotubes and carbide nanowires,
[18]
with a wavy surface texture originating from the crystalline structure of alloy metals such as tungsten and vanadium - elements that occur naturally in iron ore from southern India - to the surface during the manufacturing process. This is still in debate as metallurgist John Verhoeven at Iowa State University believes the nanowires to occur in most steels. The other is a composite structure made by welding together iron and steel to give a visible pattern on the surface, called pattern welded steel. Although both were referred to as Damascus steels, true Damascus steels were not replicated in Europe until 1821.
[19]
Spain
[
edit
]
Between the 15th and 17th centuries the
Toledo
sword-making industry enjoyed a great boom, to the point where its
products
came to be regarded as the best in Europe.
Middle East
[
edit
]
Damascus Steel
was commonly used in the Middle East.
Modern bladesmithing
[
edit
]
Bladesmithing began declining after the
Industrial Revolution
. With improvements in steel production, bladesmiths no longer had to forge steel and knives could be machined from flat bars of steel.
[20]
As cutlery companies moved to mass production of blades and
machine tools
became more available, the art of forging steel began to disappear as knifemakers could
grind blades out of existing stock
.
[20]
By the mid 20th century, bladesmithing had been relegated to a cottage industry carried out by a handful of bladesmiths.
[21]
One of these bladesmiths was
William F. Moran
, who forged his knives using a coal forge in the manner of a blacksmith using a hammer and anvil to shape the steel. Moran began trying to revive the ancient process of forging
Damascus steel
in the late 1960s. However, no living bladesmith knew the exact techniques and without a recipe for the process, it was in danger of being lost; through trial and error he taught himself
pattern welding
and referred to his end product as "Damascus steel".
[22]
In 1972, Moran was elected president of the
Knifemakers' Guild
. The following year he unveiled his "Damascus knives" at the Guild Show and created a revival of interest in the forged blade, and along with the knives he gave away free booklets detailing how he made them, to encourage other knifemakers to take up the hammer and anvil.
[23]
In 1976 he founded the
American Bladesmith Society
(ABS). Despite its name, this was an international group of knife makers dedicated to preserving the forged blade and educating the public about traditional bladesmithing techniques.
[24]
The handful of traditional bladesmiths in the 1960s rose to several hundred by 2005.
[21]
Tools
[
edit
]
The basic art and principles of forging a blade has remained similar for thousands of years and the modern bladesmith uses a variety of tools and techniques in order to produce a blade.
[5]
Forges formerly fed by wood,
coke
, or coal are still in use, but gas forges are becoming the standard.
[5]
Likewise the smith's hammer is being eclipsed by the use of hydraulic forging presses and
power hammers
.
[5]
Steel
[
edit
]
Modern bladesmiths use a variety of
steels
to produce their blades, most commonly
high carbon steel
, such as
SAE 1075
or
SAE 1095
(the '10' representing the 10-series carbon steels, while '75' '85' and '95' reflect the carbon content of the steel),
tool steel
such as O-1, A-2, D2 other tool or high carbon steels, or a variety of steels welded in layers, commonly referred to as "Damascus".
[25]
When forging, the blade material is heated to a high temperature or forging temperature in a forge and shaped with a hammer on an anvil to achieve the desired shape, often to near final dimension, where very little stock removal, if any, is required to finish. Steel can be folded either to form decorative pattern welded steel or to refine raw steel, or as the Japanese call it, tamahagane. Grain size is kept at a minimum as grain growth can happen quite easily if the blade material is overheated.
[4]
Swords
and longer blades, in modern times, are often crafted of 5160 carbon
spring steel
, which is not as hard or brittle as a high carbon steel (such as 1095), but is more durable and less prone to breakage, and therefore more suitable for longer weapons.
[26]
5160 carbon spring steel is sometimes used for
leaf springs
in American trucks, making it readily available in the US.
[27]
In Europe, EN-45 is more commonly used.
[28]
Damascus steel
[
edit
]
Many bladesmiths are able to forge a special type of steel using a technique called
pattern welding
, producing a metal erroneously referred to as Damascus steel.
[29]
[30]
[31]
Modern pattern-welded steel can be highly decorative as well as durable (if welded in certain ways with proper steels), and is often used in custom knife- and sword-crafting.
Bill Moran
is said to be the "Father of Modern Damascus Steel".
[22]
[32]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Barney, Richard W.; Loveless, Robert W. (March 1995) [1977].
How to Make Knives
. Knife World Publications.
ISBN
0-695-80913-X
.
- ^
Hrisoulas, Jim (March 1991).
Master Bladesmith: Advanced Studies In Steel
. Paladin Press. p. 296.
ISBN
978-0-87364-612-3
.
- ^
Hrisoulas, Jim (March 1991).
Pattern-Welded Blade: Artistry In Iron (Equipment & Techniques)
. Paladin Press. p. 120.
ISBN
978-1-58160-544-0
.
- ^
a
b
Hrisoulas, Jim (March 1987).
The Complete Bladesmith: Forging Your Way To Perfection
. Paladin Press. p. 192.
ISBN
978-0-87364-430-3
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Goddard, Wayne (2000).
The Wonder of Knifemaking
. Krause. p. 160.
ISBN
978-0-87341-798-3
.
- ^
a
b
c
Peterson, Harold L. (2001).
Daggers and Fighting Knives of the Western World
. Dover. p. 128.
ISBN
978-0-486-41743-1
.
- ^
Nicholson, Paul T.; et al. (2000).
Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0-521-45257-0
.
- ^
Pleiner, Radomir; B. G. Scott (April 8, 1993).
The Celtic Sword
. Oxford University Press. p. 256.
ISBN
978-0-19-813411-4
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
Kapp, Leon; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (1987).
The Craft of the Japanese Sword
. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 168.
ISBN
978-0-87011-798-5
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Sato, Kanzan (1983).
The Japanese Sword: A Comprehensive Guide(Japanese arts Library)
. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 220.
ISBN
978-0-87011-562-2
.
- ^
Sugawara, Makoto (1985).
Lives of Master Swordsmen
. Tokyo, Japan: The East Publications.
- ^
Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1980).
Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts
. Kodansha International. p. 71.
ISBN
0870114360
.
- ^
Brower, Robert H. (1972)
"Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's Secret Teachings":
Go-Toba no in Gokuden.
Archived
2016-03-03 at the
Wayback Machine
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,
Vol. 32
- ^
"History of knife making"
.
Sakai Japanese Knives
. Sakai Japanese
. Retrieved
2013-01-24
.
- ^
Walker, Greg (1993).
Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives
. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press. p. 130.
ISBN
0-87364-732-7
.
- ^
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998).
The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature
. Boydell Press. p. 286.
ISBN
978-0-85115-716-0
.
- ^
Peirce, Ian; Oakeshott, Ewart (May 2007).
Swords of the Viking Age
. Boydell Press. p. 160.
ISBN
978-1-84383-089-4
.
- ^
Inman, Mason (November 16, 2006).
"Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says"
. National Geographic News. Archived from
the original
on November 18, 2006.
- ^
S. Srinivasan; S. Ranganathan (November 18, 2000).
"WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD"
. Indian Institute of Science, Department of Metallurgy.
- ^
a
b
Lloyd, Godfrey Isaac Howard (1913).
The cutlery trades: an historical essay in the economics of small-scale production
. Longmans, Green, and Co. pp.
30
?32.
- ^
a
b
Fogg, Don (2005). "Dedicated to the Study of Swordmaking". In Ketzman, Joe (ed.).
Blade's Guide to Making Knives
. F&W Media. pp. 86?88.
ISBN
0-89689-240-9
.
- ^
a
b
Pacella, Gerard (2002).
100 Legendary Knives
. Krause Publications. p. 22.
ISBN
0-87349-417-2
.
- ^
Kertzman, Joe (2007).
Art of the Knife
. Krause Publications. pp. 224?226.
ISBN
978-0-89689-470-9
.
- ^
Rasmussen, Frederick (2005). "William F. Moran".
The Anvil's Ring
.
34
. Blacksmiths' Association of North America: 15?16.
- ^
Loveless, Robert W.
; Barney, Richard (March 1995) [1977].
How to Make Knives
. Knife World Publications. pp. 64?69.
ISBN
978-0-87341-389-3
.
- ^
Pearce, Michael (2007).
The Medieval Sword in the Modern World
. Lulu. pp. 80?82.
ISBN
978-1-4303-2801-8
.
- ^
Goddard(2000)page 27.
- ^
Henning, Jim (2001). "The Business and Technology of Heat Treating".
Heat Treating Progress: The Official Voice of the ASM Heat Treating Society
.
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(3). Michigan: 22.
- ^
Maryon, Herbert
(1948). "A Sword of the Nydam Type from Ely Fields Farm, near Ely".
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doi
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.
- ^
Maryon, Herbert
(February 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades?Part 1: Pattern-Welding".
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doi
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.
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.
- ^
Maryon, Herbert
(May 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades?Part 2: The Damascene Process".
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.
- ^
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. Iola, WI: DBI Books. p. 120.
ISBN
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.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]