Black conductors
are musicians of
African
,
Caribbean
, African-American ancestry and other members of the
African diaspora
who are
musical ensemble leaders
who direct classical music performances, such as an
orchestral
or
choral
concerts, or
jazz
ensemble
big band
concerts by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face and head. Conductors of African descent are rare, as the vast majority are male and
Caucasian
.
History
[
edit
]
1900s
[
edit
]
In the early 1930s, African-American conductor
Dean Dixon
(1915?1976) found that his pursuit of conducting engagements was stifled because of
racial bias
. As a result, he formed his own orchestra and choral society in 1931. In 1940, three conductors: African Americans
Everett Lee
and Dean Dixon, and Jewish American
Benjamin Steinberg
"...attempted to circumvent the institutionalised racism in American classical music by forming an orchestra of black musicians. But the project failed for financial reasons..." Steinberg established an orchestra of 36 black and 52 white musicians, when he formed the
Symphony of the New World
in 1964. It was the first fully racially integrated orchestra in the US, and held its premiere concert at
Carnegie Hall
on May 6, 1965.
In 1945, Everett Lee was the "first African American to conduct a major
Broadway
production".
Leonard Bernstein
asked Lee to conduct
On the Town
, which marked the "first time a black conductor led an all-white production".
[1]
In 1953, Lee was the "first black musician to conduct a white symphony orchestra in the south of the States...in Louisville, Kentucky".
[1]
In 1955, Lee was the "first musician of colour to conduct a major opera company in the US with a performance of
La traviata
at the
New York City Opera
". In 1955
William Grant Still
conducted the New Orleans Philharmonic Orchestra and became the first African American to conduct a major orchestra in the
Deep South of the US
.
Henry Lewis
(1932?1996) was the first African American to lead a major symphony orchestra. He made his
Metropolitan Opera
debut in 1972. Lewis found it hard to "...take on the role of an authoritarian conductor, because such a role was unacceptable for a black man" at this time.
[2]
In the early 1950s, impresario
Arthur Judson
, head of
Columbia Artists Management
told Everett Lee that despite Lee's excellent reviews for conducting, a black conductor could not conduct a white orchestra in the US. Judson stated that black instrumentalists could play solo concertos with white orchestras, dance in white productions and sing in white productions, but leading a white orchestra was not feasible. In 1969,
James Frazier
won the
Cantelli Prize
in
Italy
, and in the 1970s went on to conduct several important orchestras, including the
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
, the
Philadelphia Orchestra
,
London
's
New Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra
, the
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra
, the
Belarusian State Philharmonic
and the
Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
.
[3]
Frazier, however, died young in 1981, just after being named conductor of the
Bogota Symphony
.
[4]
Isaiah Jackson
(born 1945) was the first black principal conductor of
The Royal Ballet
,
Covent Garden
, in 1986, and became its music director 1987?90.
2000s
[
edit
]
According to a 2004 article in
The Guardian
, "black conductors are rare in the classical music world and even in symphony orchestras it is unusual to see more than one or two black musicians." Canadian-born black conductor
Kwame Ryan
, who studied music at
Cambridge University
and in Germany, made his professional conducting debut in 2004. Ryan says the "...message given to young, black people, particularly in North America, was... that you can be a star athlete; you can be a pop star...[but the] possibility for black children [to become a conductor] is not encouraged in schools or in the media."
[5]
Ryan states that young blacks have a lack of "...exposure [to black conductor role models] and it is a deficit that is passed on from generation to generation". Ryan said he has "no optimism for the future".
[5]
In the United Kingdom, the research by
Scott Caizley
argues how through the systemic removal of quality music education in UK
state schools
, many young people are losing opportunities which is contributing to fewer
black, Asian and minority ethnic
(BAME) young people participating in
classical music
.
[6]
Notable individuals
[
edit
]
Classical music
[
edit
]
Historically, the vast majority of classical music conductors have been Caucasian. However, there are a small number of notable conductors who are of African, Caribbean or African-American ancestry. Contemporary Black conductors still comprise a small percentage of the conductors working today and are often overlooked for positions as chief conductors of major orchestras.
[
citation needed
]
- Charles-Richard Lambert
(died 1862) was a black American musician, conductor and music educator. He and his family were noted for talent in music and gained international acclaim.
[7]
He worked as a music teacher and was a conductor for the Philharmonic Society, the first non-theatrical orchestra in
New Orleans
.
[8]
One of his notable students was
Edmond Dede
.
[9]
- William Grant Still
(1895?1978) was one of the first African Americans to conduct a major American symphony orchestra in the
Deep South
, the first to have a symphony (his first symphony) performed by a leading orchestra, the first to have an opera performed by a major opera company, and the first to have an opera performed on national television. As a classical composer, he wrote more than 150 compositions. After finishing college, he won a scholarship to study at the
Oberlin Conservatory of Music
. Between 1919 and 1921, he worked as an arranger for
W. C. Handy
's band. In the 1930s, he arranged music for many films. In 1955 he conducted the New Orleans Philharmonic Orchestra and became the first African American to conduct a major orchestra in the Deep South.
- Leonard De Paur
(1914?1998) attended the
Juilliard School
and
Columbia University
. He was a student of the composer
Henry Cowell
and the conductor
Pierre Monteux
.
[10]
From 1932 to 1936 he was the assistant conductor of the Hall Johnson Choir. He served as music director with the Federal Negro Theatre from 1936 until 1939 while collaborating with a young
Orson Welles
.
[10]
[11]
From 1947 to 1968, he conducted more than 2,000 performances with such groups as: the De Paur Infantry Chorus, the De Paur Opera Gala, the De Paur Gala and the De Paur Chorus
[11]
which toured in 18 African nations for the
United States Information Agency
. He was also a regular conductor of Symphony of the New World and Opera South. In the realm of network television he was an arranger and conductor for such noted programs as
The Bell Telephone Hour
and the
Hallmark Hall of Fame
.
[10]
He is credited with establishing the Lincoln Center Out of Doors Festival and was the director of Community Relations at Lincoln Center for 17 years.
[12]
He received honorary doctorates from Lewis And Clark and Morehouse College.
[10]
- Dean Dixon
(1915?1976) studied conducting with
Albert Stoessel
at the
Juilliard School
and
Columbia University
. When early pursuits of conducting engagements were stifled because of
racial bias
(he was African-American), he formed his own orchestra and choral society in 1931. In 1941, he guest-conducted the
NBC Symphony Orchestra
, and the
New York Philharmonic
during its summer season. He later guest-conducted the
Philadelphia Orchestra
and
Boston Symphony Orchestra
. In 1948 he won the
Ditson Conductor's Award
. Dixon was honoured by the
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers
(ASCAP) with the Award of Merit for encouraging the participation of American youth in music. In 1948, Dixon was awarded the Alice M. Ditson award for distinguished service to American music.
- Everett Lee
(1916?2022) "was [a]...violinist who led the orchestra in the original
Broadway
production of
Carmen Jones
and played the oboe on stage in the country club scene".
[1]
In 1945, he was the "first African American to conduct a major Broadway production". Leonard Bernstein asked Lee to conduct
On the Town
, which marked the "first time a black conductor led an all-white production".
[1]
In 1946, Lee won a Koussevitzky Music Foundation Award to conduct at
Tanglewood
.
[1]
In 1952, he was appointed director of the opera department at
Columbia University
and was also awarded a
Fulbright scholarship
that allowed him to travel to Europe.
[1]
In 1953, Lee was the "first black musician to conduct a white symphony orchestra in the south of the States...in Louisville, Kentucky".
[1]
In 1955, he was the "first musician of colour to conduct a major opera company in the US with a performance of
La traviata
at the
New York City Opera
". He was appointed chief conductor of the
Norrkoping Symphony Orchestra
in Sweden in 1962. In 1976, he conducted the
New York Philharmonic
for the first time, and he performed a piece by African-American composer David Baker for
Martin Luther King Jr.
's birthday. In 1979, he became music director of the
Bogota Philharmonic Orchestra
in Colombia.
[1]
- George Byrd
(1926?2010) studied at Juilliard from 1947, but because of discrimination moved to the
Paris Conservatory
in 1951. On recommendation from
Hans Knappertsbusch
he got a guest spot with the
Munich Philharmonic
and throughout Europe. His career was further enhanced after attending a
master class
of
Herbert von Karajan
. But due to discrimination in Europe, he sought and gained a position in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where he founded the Ethiopian Symphony Orchestra and a conservatory. In addition to the many European languages that he already spoke, he acquired some
Amharic
there. Byrd conducted the
American Ballet Theatre
in 1967 and the
Symphony of the New World
in 1970. Through the
Fulbright Program
, he was invited to the
Federal University of Bahia
, Salvador, Brazil, where he taught conducting, gave master classes, led a
madrigal
choir and an opera ensemble. Byrd stayed in Brazil until 1976. He returned to Europe and worked with many German and other European orchestras and German and Swedish radio and television. Byrd also appeared as actor in film and TV; he played an America soldier in
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
's 1978 film
The Marriage of Maria Braun
opposite
Hanna Schygulla
, and a lead role in the 1984 TV film
Warten auf Beethoven
.
- Henry Lewis
(1932?1996) attended the
University of Southern California
and at the age of 16, joined the
Los Angeles Philharmonic
, becoming the first black instrumentalist in a major symphony orchestra. From 1955 to 1956 he conducted the
Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra
and concertized throughout Europe in support of
cultural diplomacy
after World War II.
[13]
[14]
[15]
Lewis founded the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra. He also became the conductor and musical director of the
New Jersey Symphony
, transforming the group from a small community ensemble into a nationally recognized orchestra. He gained national recognition in 1961 when he was appointed assistant conductor of the
Los Angeles Philharmonic
under
Zubin Mehta
. He was the first African American to lead a major symphony orchestra. He made his
Metropolitan Opera
debut in 1972.
- James DePreist
(1936?2013) was one of the first African-American conductors on the world stage. He was the Director Emeritus of Conducting and Orchestral Studies at the
Juilliard School
and Laureate Music Director of the
Oregon Symphony
. DePreist studied composition with
Vincent Persichetti
at the
Philadelphia Conservatory
while earning a bachelor's degree at the
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
and a master's degree from the
Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania
.
[16]
He won first prize in the Dimitri Mitropoulos International Conducting Competition.
[16]
He was then chosen by
Leonard Bernstein
to become assistant conductor of the
New York Philharmonic
during the 1965?66 season.
- Paul Freeman
(1936?2015) was a conductor, composer, and founder of the
Chicago Sinfonietta
and music director and chief conductor of the
Czech National Symphony Orchestra in Prague
, a position he held simultaneously with his Chicago Sinfonietta post. Freeman earned bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees from the
Eastman School of Music
. A
Fulbright Scholarship
enabled him to study for two years at the Hochshule fur Musik (University for Music) in Berlin, Germany with Ewald Lindemann. He later studied conducting with
Pierre Monteux
at the
American Symphony Orchestra
. He was the music director of the Opera Theatre of Rochester for six years. He then held posts as associate conductor of the
Dallas Symphony Orchestra
from 1968 to 1970,
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
from 1970 to 1979, music director of the
Victoria Symphony
in Canada from 1979 to 1989 and he served as principal guest conductor of the
Helsinki Philharmonic in Finland
. Paul Freeman's papers are held at the Center for Black Music Research at Columbia College Chicago.
- Isaiah Jackson
(born 1945) was appointed for seven years as conductor of the
Pro Arte Chamber Orchestra of Boston
, of which he has been named Conductor Emeritus.
[17]
He is the first African American to be appointed to a music directorship in the Boston area.
[18]
He graduated cum laude from
Harvard University
in 1966. While there, he conducted
Mozart
's opera
Cosi fan tutte
, which helped him decide to pursue music as a career. Subsequently, he went to
Stanford University
and received his M.A. in music in 1969. He studied with
Nadia Boulanger
in
Fontainebleau
, France, before going to the
Juilliard School
in New York City, from which he graduated
D.M.A.
in 1973.
[
citation needed
]
Jackson founded the Juilliard String Ensemble and was its first conductor 1970?71. He was associate or assistant conductor with the
American Symphony Orchestra
(1970?71) where he worked with
Leopold Stokowski
; the
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
(1971?73); and the
Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra
(1973?87). He was appointed music director of the Flint Symphony Orchestra (
Flint, Michigan
) in 1982, the first black music director of the
Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra
in 1987 and principal conductor of
The Royal Ballet
,
Covent Garden
, in 1986, and became its music director 1987?90. He was the first Black and the first American to occupy a chief position with the company.
- Calvin E. Simmons
(1950?1982) was an American symphony orchestra conductor. He was one of the early African-American conductors of a major orchestra. By the age of 11, he was conducting the San Francisco Boys Chorus. After working as assistant conductor of the
Los Angeles Philharmonic
under
Zubin Mehta
, Simmons became musical director of the Oakland Symphony Orchestra at the age of 28; he led the orchestra for four years. He was the first African American to be named conductor of a major U.S. symphony orchestra and a frequent guest conductor with some of the nation's major opera companies and orchestras (such as the
Philadelphia Orchestra
and others). In addition, he was the music director at the
Ojai Music Festival
in 1978. He made his debut at the
Metropolitan Opera
conducting
Engelbert Humperdinck
's
Hansel and Gretel
.
- Dr
Anne "Georgianne" Lundy
(born 1954) was the first African-American woman to conduct the
Houston Symphony Orchestra
during the summer concerts of 1989 and '90 at the
Miller Outdoor Theatre
.
[19]
Dr. Lundy received her Bachelors of Music Education from the University of Texas at Austin in 1977, Master of Music in Orchestra Conducting from the University of Houston in 1979, and Doctor of Musical Arts from the University of Houston's Moores School of Music in 2015. She founded the William Grant Still String Quartet in 1981 and the Scott Joplin Chamber Orchestra, an African-American community orchestra in 1983. The Scott Joplin Chamber Orchestra and the William Grant Still String Quartet specialize in researching and performing the music of black composers. She is the musical director of the Community Music Center of Houston.
- Leslie Dunner
(born 1956) is an American conductor and composer. He went on to the
University of Rochester
's
Eastman School of Music
, where he was awarded his bachelor's degree in 1978. He later attended
Queens College
in New York, where he was awarded a master's degree in 1979, and the
University of Cincinnati ? College-Conservatory of Music
, where he was awarded a PhD in 1982. His reputation as a conductor rests on his ability to communicate with the audience through a wide variety of musical styles, and through his willingness to experiment with tempo and presentation. He was conductor of the
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
. In 1998, Dunner took up the post of music director of the
Annapolis Symphony Orchestra
.
[20]
- Thomas Wilkins
(born c.1956) is principal conductor of the
Hollywood Bowl Orchestra
. He is also artistic advisor of Education and Community Engagement and the Germeshausen Youth and Family Concerts conductor of the
Boston Symphony Orchestra
.
[
clarification needed
]
Born in Norfolk, Virginia, Wilkins earned a bachelor's degree in music education from
Shenandoah Conservatory
and a master's degree in orchestral conducting from the
New England Conservatory of Music
. His past appointments have included assistant director of the Richmond Symphony Orchestra, resident director of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and the Florida Orchestra, and music director of the Omaha Symphony, where he was appointed Music Director Laureate in June 2021.
- Michael Morgan
(1957?2021) was music director of the
Oakland East Bay Symphony
and the
Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra
, and artistic director of Festival Opera in
Walnut Creek
, California. While a student at
Oberlin Conservatory of Music
, he spent a summer at the Oberlin College Conservatory at Tanglewood. There he was a student of
Gunther Schuller
and
Seiji Ozawa
, and it was at that time that he first worked with
Leonard Bernstein
. In 1980, he won first prize in the Hans Swarovsky International Conductors Competition in Vienna, Austria, and became assistant conductor of the
Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra
, under
Leonard Slatkin
. His operatic debut was in 1982 at the
Vienna State Opera
. In 1986,
Sir Georg Solti
chose him to become the assistant conductor of the
Chicago Symphony Orchestra
.
[21]
- John McLaughlin Williams
(born 1957) is the first African American conductor to win a
Grammy Award
for orchestral conducting. He came to conducting after a career as a violinist that saw him as a member of the Houston Symphony, Concertmaster of the Virginia Symphony, and a freelance concertmaster, soloist, and violinist who performed regularly with the Boston Symphony and as Assistant Concertmaster of the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra. He has conducted many orchestras in America, Ukraine, Russia, and Bulgaria, and is particularly known for his recording activity. Williams made many premiere recordings of American symphonic repertoire for the Naxos label's American Classics Series. He has had felicitous collaborations with such notable artists as Eliesha Nelson, Elmar Oliveira, Brian McKnight, Terrence Blanchard, Hubert Laws, and The Winans. For Nelson's recording of
The
Complete Viola Works of Quincy Porter
, Williams achieved the unique distinction of performing as conductor, violinist, pianist, and harpsichordist. That recording subsequently received a Grammy award and two Grammy nominations.
- Kwame Ryan
(born 1970, Toronto) is a Canadian conductor of
Trinidadian
descent. He attended
Oakham School
, in
Rutland
, England, and then studied at
Cambridge
. Ryan made his professional UK conducting debut at the 2004
Edinburgh International Festival
.
[5]
In 2007, Ryan became music director of the
Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine
(ONBA), a post he held until 2013.
[22]
- Andre Raphel
is an American conductor who has recently appeared as guest conductor of the
Boston Symphony Orchestra
,
Chicago Symphony Orchestra
, the
Cleveland Orchestra
,
New York Philharmonic
, and the
Philadelphia Orchestra
. Born in Durham, North Carolina, Raphel earned a Bachelor of Music degree from the
University of Miami
and a master's degree at
Yale University
, where he studied conducting with Otto-Werner Mueller. He continued studies at the
Curtis Institute of Music
earning a diploma in conducting, and at the
Juilliard School of Music
where he earned an advanced certificate in orchestral conducting. Past appointments have included music director of the
Norwalk Youth Symphony
in 1990, assistant conductor of the
Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra
(1991?1994) working with
Leonard Slatkin
, assistant conductor of the
Philadelphia Orchestra
(1994?2000) working with
Wolfgang Sawallisch
, and assistant conductor of the
New York Philharmonic
(2000?2002) working with
Kurt Masur
. He is currently Conductor Laureate of the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra (2018).
- Jeri Lynne Johnson
is the founder and music director of the Black Pearl Chamber Orchestra, the first multi-ethnic professional orchestra in Philadelphia. A graduate of
Wellesley College
and the
University of Chicago
, she is a conductor, composer and pianist. From 2001 to 2004, she was the assistant conductor of the
Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia
.
[23]
She has led orchestras around the world including the
Colorado Symphony Orchestra
,
Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra
(UK), and the
Weimar Staatskapelle
(Germany). Alongside prominent woman conductors
Marin Alsop
and
JoAnn Falletta
, Johnson was heralded on the
NBC
Today Show
as one of the nation's leading female conductors. In 2005, Johnson made history as the first African-American woman to win an international conducting prize when she was awarded the Taki Alsop Concordia Conducting Fellowship.
- Marcus Alleyne (born 1983) British-born conductor with Caribbean heritage is one of very few professional conductors in the UK of black descent, working with theatre companies, choirs and orchestras across the UK. With performances in the
Royal Albert Hall
,
Symphony Hall, Birmingham
,
Carnegie Hall
. His career has already seen him appear with
Evelyn Glennie
,
Craig Ogden
,
Patrick Hawes
,
Nigel Shaw
,
Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra
. He is currently artistic director of the South West Philharmonia & Chorus.
- Marlon Daniel
is an American, Chicago-born conductor known as the foremost exponent of the music of
Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges
, and a champion of works by composers of African descent. He conducted the Russian premiere of
William Grant Still
's iconic
Afro-American Symphony
[24]
and has become well known for his performances of works by
Pulitzer Prize
-winning composer
George Walker
, who was one of his mentors.
[25]
A protegee of
Jorma Panula
in Finland and
Ji?i B?lohlavek
in the Czech Republic, Daniel also received advice from
Simon Rattle
at the
Berlin Philharmonic
. Daniel is laureate of the Bucharest Symphony Orchestra International Conducting Competition
[26]
and has performed in halls that include Bulgaria Concert Hall (Sofia), Carnegie Hall (New York), Queen Elizabeth Hall (London), Rudolfinum (Prague), and Severance Hall (Cleveland).
[27]
He is artistic and music director of the
Festival International de Musique Saint-Georges
, music director and founder of Ensemble du Monde (chamber orchestra), principal guest conductor of the
National Symphony Orchestra of Cuba
, guest conductor of the Tatarstan National Symphony Orchestra, and associate conductor of the
Florida Grand Opera
.
Jazz and popular music
[
edit
]
In jazz and popular music, the leader of an ensemble may also be called a bandleader.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Pliable (July 25, 2011).
"
'I don't believe in Negro symphony conductors'
"
.
overgrownpath.com
. Retrieved
March 10,
2024
.
- ^
Paxton, Helen S.,
"Black Conductors; A Symphony of Stature" (letter to the editor)
,
The New York Times
, October 25, 1992. "The writer is the director of marketing and communications for the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra."
- ^
Funke, Phyllis (November 30, 1975).
"A Black Conductor Pushes the Cause of Music"
.
The New York Times
. Archived from
the original
on September 9, 2021
. Retrieved
September 9,
2021
.
- ^
"The Maestros"
.
Ebony
. Vol. 44, no. 4. 1989. p. 60.
ISSN
0012-9011
.
- ^
a
b
c
Higgins, Charlotte,
"Black conductor fears he will remain exception"
,
The Guardian
, August 10, 2004.
- ^
"ABRSM must include more black and BAME composers in exam syllabus, music leaders urge"
.
Classic FM
. July 16, 2020
. Retrieved
May 2,
2022
.
- ^
Macdonald, Robert R.; Kemp, John R.; Haas, Edward F. (1979).
Louisiana's Black Heritage
.
- ^
Price III, Emmett George (2010).
Encyclopedia of African American Music
. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. p. 219.
ISBN
9780313342004
.
- ^
Sybil Kein,
Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000, pp. 80?82, accessed December 28, 2010
- ^
a
b
c
d
Anthony Tommasini
.
"Leonard De Paur Dies at 83; Lincoln Center Administrator"
,
The New York Times
, 11 November 1998.
- ^
a
b
Woods, Timothy E.,
Leonard De Paur's Arrangement of
Spirituals
,
Work Songs
, and
African Songs
as Contribution to Choral Music
. Diss. University of Arizona, 1998.
- ^
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc
Archived
2011-07-17 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
A Dictionary for the Modern Composer
, Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 2015, p. 311
ISBN
9780810884014
"Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 conductor Henry Lewis 1955?1956"
- ^
Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Orchestra
John Canaria, University of Rochester Press 1998
ISBN
9781580460 194
Seventh Army Symphony
- ^
New Music New Allies
Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, p. 49,
ISBN
978-0-520-24755-0
"Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952?1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" and cultural diplomacy
- ^
a
b
Erik Eriksson.
James DePreist: Biography
at
AllMusic
. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
- ^
PACO people
Archived
April 13, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
The Harbus
- ^
Cunningham, Carl (June 25, 1989). "Untitled".
Houston Post
.
- ^
Greenfield, Phil (February 5, 1998).
Candidate Dunner has trio of talents; Diversity: Leslie Dunner, who is vying for the directorship of the Annapolis Symphony Orchestra, is a talented conductor, composer and clarinetist
Archived
November 4, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
,
The Baltimore Sun
, Retrieved November 22, 2010
- ^
Voynovskaya, Nastia (August 20, 2021).
"Michael Morgan, Visionary Oakland Symphony Conductor, Dies at Age 63"
.
KQED Inc.
Retrieved
August 21,
2021
.
- ^
"Nomme directeur artistique et musical de l'Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine, Paul Daniel prendra ses fonctions en septembre 2013"
(PDF)
(Press release). Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine. July 15, 2012. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 9, 2013
. Retrieved
July 19,
2012
.
- ^
"Sisters in the Spotlight"
.
Ebony
. March 2003
. Retrieved
May 18,
2010
.
- ^
AfriClassical (February 18, 2012).
"Marlon Daniel and Tatarstan State"
.
AfriClassical
. Retrieved
February 16,
2022
.
- ^
IMusici.
"Marlon Daniel: A Voice for Cultural Diversity"
.
IMusici
. Retrieved
February 16,
2022
.
- ^
Africlassical (July 31, 2018).
"Marlon Daniel Wins Prize at Bucharest"
.
Africlassical
. Retrieved
February 16,
2022
.
- ^
"Marlon Daniel: Biography"
.
Marlon Daniel Biography
. Retrieved
February 16,
2022
.
- ^
De Lerma, Dominique-Rene.
"African Heritage Symphonic Series Vol. III"
. Liner note essay.
Cedille Records
CDR066.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Michael Bowles
:
The Art of Conducting
(Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959); English edition as
The Conductor: His Artistry and Craftsmanship
(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1961).
- Larry G. Curtis and David L. Kuehn:
A Guide to Successful Instrumental Conducting
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992);
ISBN
978-0697126948
.
- Michel Faul:
Louis Jullien
: Musique, spectacle et folie au XIXe siecle
(Biarritz: Atlantica, 2006);
ISBN
9782351650387
.
- Elliott W. Galkin
:
A History of Orchestral Conducting in Theory and Practice
(New York: Pendragon Press, 1988);
ISBN
978-0918728470
.
- Antoinette D. Handy:
Black Conductors
. Scarecrow Press, 1995;
ISBN
9780810829305
.
- Norman Lebrecht
:
The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power
(2nd revised and updated edition, New York: Citadel Press, 2001).
- Brock McElheran
:
Conducting Technique for Beginners and Professionals
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989);
ISBN
978-0193858305
.
- Ilya Musin
:
The Technique of Conducting
(
Техника дирижирования
) (Moscow: Muzyka Publishing House, 1967).
- Ennio Nicotra:
Introduction to the Orchestral Conducting Technique in Accordance with the Orchestral Conducting School of Ilya Musin
, book and DVD in English, German, Italian, Spanish (Milan: Edizioni Curci, 2007).
- Frederik Prausnitz
:
Score and Podium
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1983);
ISBN
978-0393951547
.
- Max Rudolf
:
The Grammar of Conducting
(New York: Macmillan, 2nd ed. 1981);
ISBN
978-0028722207
.