German breed of draft horse
Black Forest Horse
![two dark horses with pale manes pulling a sled carrying a family](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pferdeschlitten.jpg/220px-Pferdeschlitten.jpg) |
Conservation status
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Other names
| - German
:
Schwarzwalder Kaltblut
- German
:
Schwarzwalder Fuchs
- German
:
St. Margener Fuchs
- Black Forest Coldblood
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Country of origin
| Germany
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Distribution
| Baden-Wurttemberg
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Use
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Weight
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Height
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Colour
| chestnut
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Stallion at the
Haupt- und Landgestut Marbach
The
Black Forest Horse
(
German
:
Schwarzwalder Kaltblut
) is an endangered German
breed
of light
draft horse
from the
Black Forest
of southern
Germany
.
[5]
: 444
History
[
edit
]
Driven four-in-hand at
Bernhausen
in 2014
Horse breeding in the
Black Forest
? in what is now
Baden-Wurttemberg
? is documented from the early fifteenth century in the records of the
Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest
.
[6]
A type of heavy horse, the
Walderpferd
, was used for forestry and farm work;
[5]
: 444
it is conjectured that the Black Forest Horse derives from it.
[7]
The main area of breeding lay between the northern
Hotzenwald
to the south and the
Kinzigtal
to the north. Breeding was concentrated round the monasteries of St. Peter and of
St. Margen
; for this reason it was formerly known as the
St. Margener Fuchs
.
[6]
A
breed association
, the Schwarzwalder Pferdezuchtgenossenschaft, was started in
Sankt Margen
in 1896,
[5]
: 444
[8]
and a
stud-book
was begun in the same year.
[7]
In 1935, in the
Nazi period
, it was merged into the general stud-book for
Baden
. This was restarted after the War, in 1947, under the
French administration
. The Schwarzwalder Pferdezuchtgenossenschaft was re-founded in the 1990s.
[6]
After the end of the
Second World War
, there were more than 1200 breeding
mares
registered. With the
mechanisation of agriculture
and of transport, demand for working horses fell rapidly, and by 1977 the number of mares had fallen below 160.
[9]
: 4
In 2007 its
conservation status
was reported by the
FAO
as "endangered".
[1]
: 50
In 2017 a population of 88
stallions
and 1077 mares was reported;
[10]
in 2019 the breed was listed by the
Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefahrdeter Haustierrassen
in its category III,
gefahrdet
, "endangered".
[2]
A number of stallions stand at stud at
Marbach Stud
, where
artificial insemination
is also available.
[6]
Characteristics
[
edit
]
The Black Forest Horse is always
chestnut
with a
flaxen
mane
and tail; no other color may be registered.
[11]
The coat varies from pale to very dark, sometimes almost black; this, with a pale or silvery mane, is the coloring called in German
Dunkelfuchs
, "dark fox". Intentional
selection
for flaxen chestnut coloring began in 1875.
[2]
In a study of 250 horses of the breed published in 2013, two were found to carry
silver
genes, but because they were chestnut, the silver was not expressed; it was thought to have been introduced by outcrossing to some other breed in the past.
[12]
The Black Forest Horse is a draft horse of light to medium weight, well muscled and with a short and powerful neck. The head is short and dry, the shoulders sloped, and the
croup
broad and muscular. The legs are clean, without
feathering
, and the hooves broad and strong.
[6]
[2]
Uses
[
edit
]
The Black Forest Horse was originally bred for work in
agriculture
and
forestry
; it is now used in
harness
and, more and more often, as a
riding horse
.
[5]
: 444
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007).
List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources
, annex to
The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
ISBN
9789251057629
. Accessed January 2017.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Die Rote Liste der bedrohten Nutztierrassen in Deutschland
(in German). Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefahrdeter Haustierrassen. Archived 1 April 2019.
- ^
a
b
Elise Rousseau, Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan (2017).
Horses of the World
. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ISBN
9780691167206
.
- ^
[s.n.] (2010).
Rote Liste der gefahrdeten einheimischen Nutztierrassen in Deutschland: Ausgabe 2010
(in German). Bundesanstalt fur Landwirtschaft und Ernahrung. Archived 28 December 2013.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
(sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI.
ISBN
9781780647944
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Wolf Brodauf (1995).
Schwerpunkt - Pferde: Das Schwarzwalder Kaltblutpferd
(in German). Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefahrdeter Haustierrassen. Archived 14 February 2010.
- ^
a
b
Maarit Muller-Unterberg, Sandra Wallmann, Ottmar Distl (2017).
Effects of inbreeding and other systematic effects on fertility of Black Forest Draught horses in Germany
.
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
59
(1): 70.
doi
:
10.1186/s13028-017-0338-4
- ^
Breed description: Black Forest
. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Archived 14 October 2007.
- ^
Manfred Weber (2010).
Betreuung von einheimischen vom Aussterben bedrohter Rassen dargestellt am Beispiel der Schwarzwalder Fuchse in Baden-Wurttemberg
(in German). St. Margen: Schwarzwalder Pferdezuchtgenossenschaft. Accessed May 2019.
- ^
Rassebeschreibung Pferd: Schwarzwalder Kaltblut
(in German). Zentrale Dokumentation Tiergenetischer Ressourcen in Deutschland (TGRDEU). Accessed May 2019.
- ^
English Site
. Haupt- und Landgestut Marbach. Archived 9 February 2012.
- ^
S. Momke, R. Schrimpf, C. Dierks, O. Distl (2013).
Incidence of Mutation for Silver Coat Color in Black Forest Horses
.
Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science
3
(4): 859?861.
See also
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Thomas Armbruster, Wolf Brodauf, Gerhard Schroder (2007?2013).
Schwarzwalder Kaltblut - Geschichte und Geschichten
(3 volumes, in German). Freiburg: Schillinger-Verlag.
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These are the
horse breeds
considered to be wholly or partly of German origin.
Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively German.
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